WHAT IS RF?Radio frequency ( RF ) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hzto 300 GHz.

This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signalsused to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibrationrate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations inelectrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation. PROPERTIES OF RF: Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct currentsignals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arcwelding. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF currentto the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability toappear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of thesignals. DIFFERENT RANGES PRESENT IN RF AND APPLICATIONS IN THEIR RAN GES?Extremely low frequency ELF 3 to 30 Hz10,000 km to 100,000 kmDirectly audible when converted to sound, communication with submarines Super low frequency SLF 30 to 300 Hz1,000 km to 10,000 kmDirectly audible when converted to sound, AC power grids (50 hertz and 60 hertz) Ultra low frequency ULF 300 to 3000 Hz100 km to 1,000 kmDirectly audible when converted to sound, communication with mine BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RF: Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) havingcharacteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM)field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. Thesefr equencies cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum,extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communicationsfrequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic fieldthat propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportionalto the frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, if f is the frequency in megahertzand s is the wavelength in meters, then s = 300/ f

The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the EM fieldto which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is approximately 33kilometers (km) or 21 miles (mi). At the highest radio frequencies, the EM wavelengthsmeasure approximately one millimeter (1 mm). As the frequency is increased beyond thatof the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV),X rays, and gamma rays.Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone,radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-wayradio services all operate in the RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields. Examples include most television-set remote-control boxes Some cordlesscomputer keyboards and mice, and a few wireless hi-fi stereo headsets.The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of thelowest-frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RFspectrum, showing frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are oftenreferred to as the microwave spectrum. WHY DO WE GO FOR RF COMMUNICATION? RF Advantages: 1.No line of sight is needed 2.Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass throughwalls. 3.Longer range. 4.It is not sensitive to the light;. 5.It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions. WHAT CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN IN RF COMMUNICATION? RF Disadvantages: 1.Interference: communication devices using similar frequencies - wireless phones,scanners, wrist radios and personal locators can interfere with transmission 2.Lack of security: easier to "eavesdrop" on transmissions since signals are spreadout in space rather than confined to a wire 3.Higher cost than infrared 4.Federal Communications Commission(FCC) licenses required for some products 5.Lower speed: data rate transmission is lower than wired and infrared transmission ABOUT THE TRANSMITTER : The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range is required. The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery- powered applications.

The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for best range performance. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433suitable for high volume applications. Features 433.92 MHz Frequency Low Cost 1.5-12V operation Small size PIN DESCRIPTION:

GNDTransmitter ground. Connect to ground plane DATADigital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOSlevel inputs. VCCOperating voltage for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF ceramiccapacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply willdegrade transmitter noise performance. ANT50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power andharmonic emissions. Antenna can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length or PCB

trace antenna TRANSMITER: The typical connection shown in the above figure cannot work exactly at all times because there will be no proper synchronization between the transmitter and themic rocontroller unit. i.e., whatever the microcontroller sends the data to the transmitter,the transmitter is not able to accept this data as this will be not in the radio frequencyrange. Thus, we need an intermediate device which can accept the input from themicrocontroller, process it in the range of radio frequency range and then send it to thetransmitter. Thus, an

encoder is used HOW DOES THE ENCODER WORK?

318 (3 power of 18) series of encoders begins a three-word transmission cycle uponreceipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT600/HT640/HT680 or D12~D17 for theHT6187/HT6207/HT6247, active high). This cy cle will repeat itself as long as thetransmission enable (TE or D12~D17) is held high. Once the transmission enable fallslow, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.
DESCRIPTION:Features Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V. Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology.

 Low standby current. Capable of decoding 18 bits of information. Pairs with HOLTEKs 318 series of encoders. 8~18 address pins. 0~8 data pins. HOW DOES THE DECODER WORK? The 3^18 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control systemapplications. They are paired with the 3^18 series of encoders. For proper operation, a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of address and data format should be selected.

The 3^18 series of decoders receives serial address and data from that series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF medium. A signal on the DIN pin then activates the oscillator which in turns decodes theincoming address and data. It then compares the serial input data twice continuously with its local address. If no errors or unmatched codes are encountered, the input data codes are decodedand then transferred to the output pins.

The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. That will last until theaddress code is incorrect or no signal has been received. The 3^18 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits of information that consists of N bits of address and 18N bits of data.