Rao'S Iit Study Circle Let'S Crack Iit Jee

RAOs IIT Study Circle
LETs crack iit jee
Class : VIII
chemistry BASICS OF LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY
Study Material
[ Symbols and Formulae Valency Basic and Acidic radicals Formula Balancing Chemical equations ] Every science has its own technical terms and usually it requires considerable effort on the part of beginner to master them. Chemistry is no exception. It is full of technical terms as well as certain expressions which stand for the names of certain definite chemical substances. It is absolutely essential to understand some of the important technical terms which we shall come across. Atoms are the smallest bits of ordinary matter and are made from particles called protons (which carry a positive electrical charge), neutrons (which carry no electrical charge) and electrons (which carry a negative electrical charge). The protons and neutrons cluster together in the central part of the atom, called the nucleus, and the electrons 'orbit' the nucleus. A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons.

Atom - smallest unit of all matter, that is composed of 3 sub-atomic particles called protons, electrons and neutrons Proton - the 'heavy' positively-charged particle in the nucleus of an atom Electron - the very 'light' negatively-charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom Neutron - the 'heavy' uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom Uncharged or unreacted atoms have the same number of positive protons and negative electrons. Approximate size of atoms - Millions of atoms could fit on the sharp point of a needle. Also, if you imagine that an atom is the size of an oval, a proton and a neutron would be the size of footballs in the middle of the oval, and the electron would be the size of a rice grain racing around the running lane.
An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. For example, the element hydrogen is made from atoms containing just one proton and one electron. If you had very, very good eyes and could look at the atoms in a sample of hydrogen, you would notice that most of the atoms have no neutrons, some of them have one neutron and a few of them have two neutrons. These different versions of hydrogen are called isotopes. All isotopes of a particular element have the same number of protons, but can have different numbers of neutrons. If you change the number of protons an atom has, you change the type of element it is. If you change the number of neutrons an atom has, you make an isotope of that element. All known elements are arranged on a chart called the Periodic Table of Elements. A compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined. Some examples of compounds are water (H2O), table salt (NaCl), table sugar (C12H22O11) and chalk (CaCO3). A mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. A mixture can usually be separated back into its original components. Some examples of mixtures are a tossed salad, salt water and air,a mixture of gases A radical is a group of atoms that react as single atoms and keep their identity in many reactions. For example the radicals present in sodium chloride are sodium and chloride.
Contact us at : www.raoiitstudycircle.com
RAOs IIT Study Circle AN ATOM
LETs crack iit jee
Courtesy : www.meta-synthesis.com
What is atomic number ?

An atom may be visualized as a miniature solar system, with a large central nucleus orbited by small electrons. The bonding capacity of an atom is determined by the electrons. For example, atoms that in their normal state have one electron are hydrogen atoms and will readily (and sometimes violently) bond with oxygen. What determines the number of electrons and the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. Here, the analogy between an atom and the solar system breaks down. The force that holds the planets in their orbits is the gravitational attraction between the planets and the sun. However, in an atom what holds the electrons in their
LETs crack iit jee
orbit is the electrical attraction between the electrons and the protons in the nucleus. The basic rule is that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Although a proton has more mass than an electron, they both have the same amount of electrical charge, but opposite in kind. Scientists have designated electrons as having a negative charge and protons as having a positive charge. One positive proton can hold one negative electron in orbit. Thus, an atom with one proton in its nucleus normally will have one electron in orbit (and be labeled a hydrogen atom); an atom with ninety-four protons in its nucleus will normally have ninety-four electrons orbiting it (and be labeled a plutonium atom). The number of protons in a nucleus is called the atomic number and always equals the number of electrons in orbit about that nucleus. Thus, all atoms that have the same number of protons--the atomic number--
are atoms of the same element.

Atomic Number - the number of protons in an unreacted atom Mass Number - the number of protons and neutrons together IONS (CHARGED ATOMS)
When atoms react, they may either gain or lose electrons. Electrons have a negative charge. An atom gaining or losing electrons will get an overall charge. Positive Ions are atoms that have lost electrons (e.g. sodium Na1+) Negative Ions are atoms that have gained electrons (e.g. chlorine Cl1-) In chemical reactions, atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to resemble the electron numbers of the stable Noble Gases. SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE
A system of symbols and notation for the chemical elements and the combinations of these elements which form numerous chemical compounds. This system consists of letters, numerals, and marks that are designed to denote the chemical element, formula, or structure of the molecule or compound. These symbols give a concise and instantly recognizable description of the element or compound. In many cases, through the efforts of international conferences, the symbols are recognized throughout the scientific world, and they greatly simplify the universal language of chemistry. Symbols Symbols are a kind of shorthand system for writing down elements and compounds. Each element has a particular one or two letter symbol. The first letter of a symbol is always capital, and if there is a second letter, e.g. Mg (magnesium), this is written in lower case. In 1814, Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius suggested a simple system of representing elements with symbols. The guidelines suggested by him are : (1) Symbols with first letter : For most of the elements, the first letter of the name of the letter is taken as the symbol for that element. The letter is to be written in capital form.

(2)
LETs crack iit jee
Symbols with two letters : If the first letter is already adopted then the symbol is written by associating another prominent letter. The first letter is in capital form and the second letter in small form. Eg :- Carbon (C); Chlorine (Cl); Cobalt (Co); Chromium (Cr); Cesium (Cs) etc.,. (Ba); Beryllium (Be); Bromine (Br); Boron (B); Barium
(3)
Symbols with latin name : Symbols for some elements are derived from their latin names. Eg:- Sodium ( Natrium Na ); Gold ( Aurum Au ) etc.,. Table :- Symbols based on first letter ::
Element
Hydrogen Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Phosphorous Sulphur Vanadium Iodine Uranium
Symbol H B C N O F P S V I U
Table :- Symbols based on first letter followed by next prominent letter :: Element Helium Lithium Beryllium Neon Aluminum Silicon Argon Calcium Scandium Titanium Cobalt Nickel Table :- Symbols based on Latin names :: Element Sodium Potassium Iron Copper Silver Gold Lead Natrium Kalium Ferroum Cuprum Argentum Aurum Plumbum Latin name Symbol Na K Fe Cu Ag Au Pb Symbol He Li Be Ne Al Si Ar Ca Sc Ti Co Ni

Mercury Tin Antimony Tungsten Hydrogyrum Stannum Stibium Wolfram
LETs crack iit jee

Hg Sn Sb W
Table :- Symbols based on countries/continents names :: Element Europium Silver Americium Francium Germanium Ruthenium Polonium Californium Berkelium Country name Europe Argentina America France Germany Russia Poland California Berkely (city) Symbol Eu Ag Am Fr Ge Ru Po Cf Bk
Table :- Symbols based on Scientist names :: Element Curium Mendelivium Nobelium Einsteinium Fermium Rutherfordium Bohrium Meitnerium Scientist name Madam Curie Mendeleef Alfred Nobel Albert Einstein Ernico Fermi Rutherford Neils Bohr Meitner Symbol Cm Md No Es Fm Rf Bh Mt
Table :- Symbols based on names of planets :: Element Neptunium Plutonium Uranium Neptune Pluto Uranus COMMON ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS TO LEARN Element Symbol H He Li Be B Element Name Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Element Symbol Element Name Chromium Manganese Ferrous ( Iron ) Cobalt Nickel Planet name Symbol Np Pu U

C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium (Natrium) Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur / Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Cu Zn Cd Sn Ag Au Pb U Pt Ra Br I Ba Hg Cs VALENCY
LETs crack iit jee

Cuprum ( Copper ) Zinc Cadmium Stannum ( Tin ) Silver ( Argentum ) Gold ( Aurrum ) Lead ( Plumbum ) Uranium Plutonium Radium Bromine Iodine Barium Mercury (Hydrogyrum) Cesium
But how are we going to decide what is the ratio of atoms combined in a compound. This is decided by the valency of an element. For example, hydrogen has a valency of 1; chlorine has a valency of 1 as well. So hydrogen (H) and chlorine (Cl) will combine to form a molecule of hydrogen chloride in a ratio of 1 hydrogen atom : 1 chlorine atom. The chemical formula will therefore be HCl. One has to remember the valencies of the most common elements. A help to remember this is to know which Group in the Periodic table the element is found in. For example, sodium is in Group 1 and has a valency of 1. Magnesium is in Group 2 and has a valency of 2. Aluminium is in Group 3 and has a valency of 3. Carbon is in Group 4 and has a valency of 4. This rule has to be changed a bit when it comes to Groups 5, 6 and 7. For these groups, the valency is equal to the number of electrons required to achieve an outer shell of 8 electrons which is stable. For Group 5 elements, they have 5 outer electrons and hence need 3 to achieve a noble gas configuration, and so their valency is 3. The same is done for Groups 6 and 7, whose elements have valencies of 2 and 1 respectively. Also,

i.
LETs crack iit jee
ii.
there are some elements that have variable valencies, i.e. they may have more than one valency. This is a property of the transition metals, e.g. Copper has can have a valency of either 1 or 2; iron may have a valency of either 2 or 3; even radicals have valencies
Oxidation and Reduction When forming compounds, it is important to know something about the way atoms will react with each other. One of the most important manners in which atoms and/or molecules react with each other is the oxidation/reduction reaction. Oxidation/Reduction reactions are the processes of losing and gaining electrons respectively. Just remember, "LEO the lion says GER:" Lose Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction. Oxidation numbers are assigned to atoms and compounds as a way to tell scientists where the electrons are in a reaction. It is often referred to as the "charge" on the atom or compound. The oxidation number is assigned according to a standard set of rules. They are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. An atom of a pure element has an oxidation number of zero. For single atoms in an ion, their oxidation number is equal to their charge. Fluorine is always -1 in compounds. Cl, Br, and I are always -1 in compounds except when they are combined with O or F. H is normally +1 and O is normally -2. The oxidation number of a compound is equal to the sum of the oxidation numbers for each atom in the compound.
Other common ions are listed in the table below: Positive ions (cations) 1+ ammonium (NH4+) copper(I) (Cu+) Cuprous + hydrogen (H ) silver (Ag+) Argentous + Lithium(Li ) Sodium(Na+) Potassium(K+) Mercury(I) (Hg+) mercurous Gold(I) (Au+) aurous
Negative ions (anions) 1acetate (C2H3O2-) azide (N3-) chlorate (ClO3-) Chloride(Cl-) Chlorite(ClO2-) perchlorate (ClO4-) Hypochlorite(ClO-) Superoxide(O2-) Hydroxide(OH-) Cyanate(CNO-) cyanide (CN-) dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) hydride (H-) bicarbonate (HCO3-) hydroxide (OH-) nitrate (NO3-) nitrite (NO2-) Hydrogen carbonate(HCO3-) permanganate (MnO4-) thiocyanate(SCN-) 2carbonate (CO32-) chromate (CrO42-) dichromate (Cr2O72-)
2+ cadmium (Cd2+) cobalt(II) (Co2+) copper(II) (Cu2+) iron (Fe2+) lead (Pb2+) manganese(II) (Mn2+) mercury(I) (Hg22+) mercury(II) (Hg2+) nickel (Ni2+) tin (Sn2+) zinc (Zn2+) Magnesium(Mg2+)
cupric ferrous plumbous mangannous mercuric stannous

Calcium(Ca2+) Barium(Ba2+ Uranium(U2+) Beryllium(Be2+) 3+ aluminum (Al3+) chromium(III) (Cr3+) iron(III) (Fe3+) Ferric Boron (B3+) Gold(III) (Au3+) Aurric 3+ Antimony(III) (Sb ) Antimonous Cobalt(III) (Co3+) Cobaltic 4+ Lead(IV) (Pb4+) Plumbic 4+ Tin(IV) (Sn ) Stannic Manganese(IV) (Mn4+) Manganic Platinum(IV) (Pt4+) Platinic 5+ Arsenic(V) (As5+) Antimony(V) (Sb5+)

LETs crack iit jee

hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) oxide (O2-) peroxide (O22-) sulfate (SO42-) sulfide (S2-) sulfite (SO32-) Thiosulphate (S2O32-) Persulphate (S2O82-) Silicate (SiO32-) Zincate (ZnO22-) 3nitride (N3-) Boride(B3-) Borate(BO3-) Aluminate(AlO33-) Phosphate(PO33-) phosphate (PO43-) phosphide (P3-) 4Carbide(C4-)
Valency - the charge of an ion or radical which has either lost or gained electrons. Note that metals lose electrons easily to become positive ions. This is why most metals are good conductors of electricity NAMING COMPOUNDS PREFIX OR SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
MonoDiBi-ide -ate
There is 1 atom of that type in that molecule There are 2 atoms of that type in the molecule Hydrogen is present in the molecule There are only 2 types of atoms present in the molecule There are 3 or more types of atoms in the molecule, and 1 type is oxygen
Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Lead oxide (PbO) Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
The outline below provides the rules for naming ionic compounds: Positive Ions 1. Monatomic cations (a single atom with a positive charge) take the name of the element plus the word "ion"
LETs crack iit jee
Examples: o Na+ = sodium ion o Zn+2 = zinc ion 2. If an element can form more than one (1) positive ion, the charge is indicated by the Roman numeral in parentheses followed by the word "ion" Examples: 2+ o Fe = iron(II) ion 3+ o Fe = iron (III) ion Negative Ions 1. Monatomic anions (a single atom with a negative charge) change their ending to "-ide" Examples: o O2- = oxide ion o Cl- = chloride ion Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are formed from the covalent bonding between non-metallic elements. The nomenclature for these compounds is described in the following set of rules. 1. The more positive atom is written first (the atom which is the furthest to the left and to the bottom of the periodic table) 2. The more negative second atom has an "-ide" ending. 3. Each prefix indicates the number of each atom present in the compound. Number of Atoms Prefix Number of Atoms Prefix 1 mono 6 hexa 2 di 7 hepta 3 tri 8 octa 4 tetra 9 nona 5 penta 10 deca 4. Examples: CO2 = carbon dioxide P4S10 = tetraphosphorus decasulfide Naming Inorganic Acids 1. Binary acids (H plus a nonmetal element) are acids that dissociate into hydrogen atoms and anions in water. Acids that only release one hydrogen atom are known as monoprotic. Those acids that release more than one hydrogen atom are called polyproticacids. When naming these binary acids, you merely add "hydro-" (denoting the presence of a hydrogen atom) to the beginning and "-ic acid" to the end of the anion name. Examples: HCl = hydrochloric acid HBr = hydrobromic acid
LETs crack iit jee
2. Ternary acids (also called oxoacids, are formed by hydrogen plus another element plus oxygen) are based on the name of the anion. In this case, the -ate, and -ite suffixes for the anion are replaced with -ic and -ous respectively. The new anion name is then followed by the word "acid." The chart below depicts the changes in nomenclature. Anion name hypo___ite ___ite ___ate per___ate Acid name hypo___ous acid ___ous acid ___ic acid per___ic acid
Example: ClO4- to HClO4 => perchlorate to perchloric acid ClO- to HClO => hypochlorite to hypochlorous acid WORKING OUT FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (THE CROSS-OVER METHOD)

Step 1 - In the ionic compounds to be learnt in junior science, there are two parts to the ionic compound the first is a positive ion (usually a metal e.g. Na1+) and the second is a negative ion (e.g. Cl1-). Step 2 - Using the valency table, write the two ions and their valencies. Step 3 - Now ignore the positive and negative signs. Cross-over the top valency number to the bottom of the other ion symbol. Do this for both. Step 4 - Write the completed formulae with those same numbers at the bottom. Step 5 - If the numbers on each part are the same (e.g. Na1 Cl1 or Mg2 O2), ignore them and rewrite the formulae without them (e.g. Na Cl or Mg O). Step 6 - Brackets may be used around radicals (groups of atoms that are charged e.g CO3).
FORMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

Knowing the oxidation number of a compound is very important when discussing ionic compounds. Ionic compounds are combinations of positive and negative ions. They are generally formed when nonmetals and metals bond. To determine which substance is formed, we must use the charges of the ions involved. To make a neutral molecule, the positive charge of the cation (positively-charged ion) must equal the negative charge of the anion (negatively-charged ion). In order to create a neutral charged molecule, you must combine the atoms in certain proportions. Scientists use subscripts to identify how many of each atom makes up the molecule. For example, when combining magnesium and nitrogen we know that the magnesium ion has a "+2" charge and the nitrogen ion has a "-3" charge. To cancel these charges, we must have three magnesium atoms for every two nitrogen atoms: 3Mg2+ + 2N3- --> Mg3N2 Knowledge of the charges of ions is crucial to knowing the formulas of the compounds formed.

alkalis (1st column elements) form "+1" ions such as Na+ and Li+ alkaline earth metals (2nd column elements) form "2+" ions such as Mg2+ and Ba2+ halogens (7th column elements) form "-1" ions such as Cl- and I-
LETs crack iit jee
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL NAMES OF COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL FORMULA CO2 CO Na Cl Cu O carbon dioxide carbon monoxide sodium chloride copper oxide CHEMICAL NAME

Ag Br KI H Cl NH4 Cl K OH Na OH Ca (OH)2 Ca S Na NO3 H NO3 Na HCO3 Zn SO4 Mg CO3 Ca SO4 Cu CO3 Al PO4 Fe SO4 Fe CO3 NH4 NO3 NH4 HCO3 H2 SO4 Na2 SO4 (NH4)2 CO3 silver bromide potassium iodide hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) ammonium chloride potassium hydroxide sodium hydroxide calcium hydroxide calcium sulphide sodium nitrate hydrogen nitrate (nitric acid) sodium bicarbonate zinc sulphate magnesium carbonate calcium sulphate copper carbonate aluminium phosphate iron sulphate iron carbonate ammonium nitrate ammonium bicarbonate hydrogen sulphate (sulphuric acid) sodium sulphate ammonium carbonate
LETs crack iit jee
RAOs IIT Study Circle WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE
LETs crack iit jee
Naming Compounds
In the following exercises you will be given chemical formulas. Name the compound. For example, Na2CO3 is Sodium Carbonate and NaHCO3 is Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate 1. NaCl 17. BaCrO4 33. CrO3 2. NaI 18. Mg(OH)2 34. PCl3 3. NaBr 19. ZnSO4 35. NO 4. K2CO3 20. K2CO3 36. Cr2O3 5. FeH2 21. Pb(NO3)2 37. Ag2S 6. Ba(CN)2 22. MnCl2 38. N2O4 7. K2Cr2O7 23. NiS 39. MnO2 8. KF 24. AlH3 40. N2F4 9. KCl 25. Zn3(PO4)2 41. CsF 10. CrCl3 26. KClO3 42. KClO3 11. NH4Cl 27. (NH4)2CrO4 43. BaSO3 12. NaOH 28. CuSO4 44. HgSO4 13. K3PO4 29. NH4Cl 45. NH4Cl 14. CaCl2 30. SrI2 46. Pb(OH)2 15. AgNO3 31. TiO2 47. Ca(NO3)2 16. KMnO4 32. P4O10 48. Sn(CO3)2 49. CuNO3 50. Ti3(PO4)4
Writing Formulas Part I

Build a correctly written chemical formula from the two ions given. Write the name of the compound, too. For example, Ca2+ and F- => CaF2 Calcium Fluoride and NH4+ and SO42- => (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium Sulfate. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. Cu2+ | OHK+ | CO32Fe3+ | OHNH4+ | PO43Sn4+ | ClTi4+ | O2Ag+ | ClZn2+ | F59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Na+ | SO42H+ | BrMn3+ | O2Sr2+ | N3Al3+ | ClAl3+ | O2Ca2+ | C2H3O2Na+ | N3-
Part II
In the following exercises you will be given names of compounds. Write the formula. For example, Potassium Bromide is KBr and iron(III) oxide is Fe2O3 Contact us at : www.raoiitstudycircle.com
RAOs IIT Study Circle 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Ammonium Bromide Dinitrogen Pentoxide Potassium Permanganate Iron(III) Hydroxide Potassium Chlorate Csium Sulfate Magnesium Dihydrogen phosphate Lithium Hydroxide
LETs crack iit jee
75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.
Potassium Nitrate Gold(I) Chloride Rubidium Cyanide Diboron Hexahydride Copper(II) Nitrate Ammonium Sulfite Nickel(II) Sulfate Strontium Sulfide
Part III
(a) Write the ionic form of each of the following elements, showing the charge you would expect it to have based on its location in the periodic table. (b) Then build a compound from those ions, writing a chemical formula. Also, (c) write the name of the compound. Remember, the total positive and negative charges must be equal so that the compound is neutrally charged. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. Sodium, Calcium, Caesium, Aluminum, Barium, Magnesium, Iron(III), Potassium, Strontium, Lithium, Iodine (example) Sulfur Bromine Chlorine Oxygen Fluorine Oxygen Sulfur Nitrogen Phosphorus Na+ + I- NaI Sodium Iodide
Part IV
Write formulas for the following compounds. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. Lithium Bromide Carbon Monoxide Aluminum Fluoride Mercury(II) Sulfate Barium Hydride Lead(IV) Oxide Calcium Phosphate Phosphorus Pentachloride 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. Copper(I) Oxide Sodium Sulfide Dinitrogen Tetrasulfide Iodine Monobromide Beryllium Bromide Lead(II) Carbonate Cobalt(III) Chloride Xenon Tetrafluoride

Rao'S Iit Study Circle Let'S Crack Iit Jee

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Rao'S Iit Study Circle Let'S Crack Iit Jee

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

RAOs IIT Study Circle

LETs crack iit jee

chemistry BASICS OF LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY

RAOs IIT Study Circle AN ATOM

LETs crack iit jee

What is atomic number ?