Formulas for solving tutorial-III

Terminology: V1 = Primary Voltage V2= Secondary Voltage N1 = Primary Turns S = rated KVA Single Phase Transformers: Rated Primary Current I1 = S/ V1 Rated Secondary Current I2 =S/V2 Minimum load resistance for the transformer to operate at rated KVA = RL (min) = S/ I22 If no-load current = Io and no-load power factor = cos 0 Magnetizing Component of no-load current Im = Io cos 0 Working component of no-load current (Iron loss current) Iw = I0 sin 0 If a = N1/N2 ( turns ratio of primary to secondary) , then Equivalent resistance of the secondary referred to primary = R2=a2*R2 Equivalent current of the secondary referred to primary = I2=I2/a Equivalent voltage of the secondary referred to primary = =V2=a*V2 Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary = Req = R1+R2 =R1+a2*R2 Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary = Xeq = X1+X2 =X1+a2*X2 Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary = Zeq = Z1+Z2 =Z1+a2*Z2 Efficiency of a transformer at full load FL=
.

I1= Primary Current I2 = Secondary Current N== Secondary Turns

Output Power = operating KVA* operating power factor (i.e. at half load and 0.6 pf, output power = {(rated KVA/2)* o.8}) Core losses are constant at any load and at any power factor.

Copper losses are proportional to square of the current and hence Copper losses at x p.u. of load (i.e (1/x) th of the rated load) are Cu. loss at x p.u. of load = x2 * {Cu. Loss at full load} (i.e. at half load Cu losses = th the Cu losses at full load) Condition for maximum efficiency in a transformer is, Core losses = Cu losses at that load i.e.assuming max. Efficiency occurs at x p.u. of the rated load, the value of x for the transformer to operate at maximum efficiency is obtained as, Pc = x2 * Pcu at full load

Tests on a transformer From Open Circuit Test:

cos 0 =
Working component of current= I w = I 0 cos 0 Magnetizing component of current= I m = I 0 sin 0 From Short Circuit test:

Poc Voc * I oc

R01 =

Psc I sc 2

Z 01 =

Vsc I sc

X 01 = Z 012 R012

Transformers in Parallel: For two transformers connected in parallel, with open circuit voltages EA and EB and individual impedances ZA and ZB, sharing a load of impedance ZL, the individual currents shared by the two transformers are,
IA = E A Z B + ( E A EB ) Z L Z A Z B + Z L (Z A + Z B ) EB Z A ( E A EB ) Z L Z A Z B + Z L (Z A + Z B )

IB =

Three Phase transformers:

In a star connected winding, If line voltage = VL and line current =IL, then Phase Voltage =

Phase Current = Ip=IL For a delta connected winding, If line voltage = VL and line current =IL, then Phase Voltage = Vp =VL Phase Current=

For any three phase transformer, Active Power in the circuit = P = 3

cos

cos

Apparent Power in the circuit = 3