Exercise 7, Chapter 2 In the three examples, incidence will be set membership.

No IA1 Points: A, B, C Lines, {A,B} No IA2: Points: A, B, C Lines {A,B},{B,C},{A,C},{A} No IA3 Points: A, B Lines: {A,B} Exercise: complete the following sentences with the definitions. You are only allowed to use the following terms (and their synonyms) in your definitions: point, line, incidence, congruence, between, angle, right angles, quadrilateral, sides and angles f a quadrialteral, interior of an angle. 1. Two rays are opposite if they have a common vertex A, and there exist points B and C such that B*A*C and one of the rays is the ray AB and the other ray is the ray AC. 2. The interior of a quadrilateral is the intersection of the interiors of its four angles. 3. A quadrilateral is convex if for every pair of points A and B such that A and B are in the union of the sides of the quadrilateral, if C is a point such that A*C*B then C is in the interior of the quadrilateral. Exercise: Construct a model of incidence geometry such that has neither elliptic, hyperbolic or Euclidean parallel property. Points: A, B, C, D, E Lines: {A,B},{B,C}{C,D},{D,A}, {A,E,C},{B,E,D} The elliptic parallel property does not hold because there is a line, namely {A,B} and a point C not in that line, and a parallel to {A,B} through C.({C,D}) The hyperbolic and Euclidean parallel properties do not hold because there exist a line, namely {A,E,C} and a point not in that line, D, such that there is no parallel to {A,E,C} through D. Exercise: Given that A*B*C and A*C*D, 1. Prove that A, B, C and D are four distinct points 2. Prove that A, B, C and D are collinear 3. Prove: If A and B are on opposite sides of l, and B and C are on the same side of l, then A and C are on opposite sides of l. Use only betweenness and incidence axioms in all your proofs.

Proof of 1. By Axiom B1 since A*B*C, AB, AC and BC By Axiom B1 since A*C*D, , AD, AC and DC To complete the proof, we need to show that BD. Asume by RAA that B=D. a. Since A*B*C, B is beween A and C b. Since A*C*D and B=D, C is between A and B. a and b contradict Axiom B3. So BD. Proof of 2. By Axiom B1 since A*B*C, A, B and C lie on the same line. Denote this line by l By Axiom B1 since A*C*D, , A, C and D lie on the same line. Denote this line by m Assume by RAA that lm. Points A and C lie on l and on m. So we have two distinct lines with two points in common. This contradicts Axiom IA1 and then by RAA, l=m. Proof of 3. 1. B and C are on the same side of l, BC does not intersect l. 2. RAA hypothesis: A and C are on the same side of l. 3. Then by Axiom B4.1, by 1. and 2., A and B are on the same side of l. 4. By hypothesis, A and B are on opposite sides of l. 5. Since 3 and 4 are contradictory statements, A and C are on opposite sides of l.

Exercise : In the following interpretation, determine which of the axioms of incidence geometry are satisfied. Study also Euclidean, elliptic and parallel properties. Fix a circle C in the Euclidean plane. Points are points inside C, lines are chords of C, incidence is set membership. IA1: This axiom holds because it holds in the Euclidean plane. IA2: This axiom holds. Every line in the Euclidean plane contains infinitely many points. If the line intersects C in two distinct points, then there are infinitely many points of the line of our model IA3: Any triple of non-collinear points inside C shows that this axiom holds. Hyperbolic parallel property: Holds, because given a line l and a point P not in l, any line that m that intersects l outside C is, by definition, parallel to l. Given l and P there are many lines m that intersect l outside C. Euclidean and elliptic parallel properties do not hold because the Hyperbolic parallel property holds.