What Robert Gallucci is doing with the billions at his disposal to figure out world peace.

By Darren Gluckman

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Profile Robert Gallucci

f you wanted some insight into Robert Gallucci, you could do worse than to watch him tear at a hermetically sealed wrapper with his teeth to get at the medication therein. Theres no emergency: The meds, he advises, are something not quite essential, meant to deal with something not at all contagious. Theres nothing particularly telling in the style of his full-jawed dental attack. Its where he is at the time: the dais of the American Security Project, a bipartisan national security think tank, being introduced in laudatory terms by ASPs chairman, who betrays not the slightest acknowledgment of the gnashing and gnawing taking place 10 feet to his left. Its perhaps this cheerful, charming affectlessness that was integral to one of Galluccis former assignments, namely, a special envoy for the U.S. State Department charged with tacklingin part through negotiations with recalcitrant regimes the threat posed by the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. Of course, when youve carved, as he has, an almost comically accomplished career path, it must get

tiresome, whenever youre invited to speak (and the man does not lack for invitations), to have to listen to a recitation of those accomplishments time after time in sonorous, deadeningly respectful tones before you can get a word in edgewise. So while the odd deviation from decorum may be just a symptom of boredom, its not the decrepit, world-weary kind. On Galluccitrim, silver-haired, and youthful at 66 years oldit reads like the foot-twitching restlessness of a 10-year-old, bored by the speechifying, itching just to get outside and slay dragons (or, as he does these days when time permits, ride horses, western-style). The talk at ASP, in March 2012, addressed the threat posed by a nuclear Iran. Gallucci notes, as a starting premise, that the nature of the nuclear threat, generally, has shifted. During the Cold War, military strategy was predicated on the theory of Mutual Assured Destruction, whereby two rational actors are both aware that a strike by one will necessarily result in a response from the other, and that the one who launches the first strike will surely perish. The good news, he says later, in a
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Photo by bob Stefko

Profile Robert Gallucci

Above: Gallucci, in 1994, with President Bill Clinton in the White House briefing room.
Clinton Photo by MarCy nighSwander/aP Photo; galluCCi Photo by lee Jin-Man/aP Photo

conversation from his Chicago office, where he currently presides over the MacArthur Foundation, is that the plausibility of a massive nuclear strike of the kind that would invite an equivalent counterresponse is magnificently reduced as compared with, say, 30 years ago. These days the fear ought to be, because the threat is, a terrorist attack: a single nuclear device in an American city. Thats what I worry about. As he points out, if one assumes Iran is indeed a ratio-

nal actor and thus capable of being deterred from launching a nuclear strike, it may nevertheless achieve deniability (and thus reduce the likelihood of retaliatory action) by transferring fissile material (that is, the kind necessary to ignite a nuclear reaction) to non-state actors, like Al Qaeda. While this prospect is not terPre-sPring 2013 lifestyles magazine 113

Profile Robert Gallucci

ribly new, and has been of late a veritable plot staple for hit television shows, international peace and security is one of the foundations declared areas of interest, and it is in this capacity that Gallucci has been speaking about the need, as he sees it, to reduce global stockpiles of fissile material; as president of the foundation, hes responsible for guiding at least a part of the $5.6 billion endowment toward the study of how best to achieve that objective. One might ask, Whats in it for Iran if it were to pull off such an attack, but under the auspices of a terrorist group? Isnt this, on some level, an exercise in brand management? If an Iranian-orchestrated but terrorist-attributed attack wouldnt raise Irans prestige, garnering the fear of its enemies and respect of the Muslim street, then whats the point? I would say theres an interest in raising the cost of the American presence in the Gulf, and in the Middle East generally. Iran is on the ascendance in the Gulf, relative to its regional competitors, who fear the lack of a credible Sunni bulwark against potential Persian aggression. Egypt, as Gallucci points out, is a long way from the Gulf, and has its own problems. With Egypt on its heels and Iraq an open question, an American retreat would leave a void Iran might exploit. The Gulf states could unite under a defensive pact. Trouble is, one already existsthe Gulf Cooperation Councilwhere the hope was commonality in their military acquisitions, coordinated military exercises, etcetera. The problem, says Gallucci, is that the Gulf states have never been able to work together. Al Qaedas actions are also designed to chill the American calculation about our balance of interests and risks regarding U.S. support for Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, he says, never mind Israel. Thats the first point. Second is aggrandizement, he continues, returning to the question of Iran. Even if the Iranians were to seek deniability, they might nevertheless be hoping for credit. Hes aware of the logical inconsistency, but says that ideally, theyd like to have their cake and eat it, too. Before coming to the foundation, Gallucci was the dean of Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service, which followed several international postings, and before that, a dizzying array of roles in government. A bachelors degree from a SUNY school led to a masters and Ph.D. from Brandeis, which begat a junior assignment at the State Departments Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1974. Within four years, he was division chief of the

departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Several postings later, in 1984, he left Washington for Rome, where he served as the deputy director general of the multinational force charged with keeping the peace in the Sinai. In 1991 he relocated to New Yorks United Nations Headquarters to hand out business cards reading Deputy Executive Chairman of the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM), responsible for oversight in the disarmament of Iraq. In 1992 he was confirmed as the assistant secretary of state for political-military affairs. These positions, you understand, are just a selection of highlights. To read his rsum is to wonder what youve been doing with your life. Born in Brooklyn in 1946 to Samuel and May, Gallucci spent most of his early childhood in Staten Island before moving to Brentwood, on the South Shore of Long Island, where he went to high school and where summers were spent being a lifeguard at the beach. He has one sibling, an older brother, Vincent, currently the director of the Center for Quantitative Science at the University of Washington in Seattle. How did your parents produce this pair of heavyweight intellectuals? You have to understandyou dont have to, but Id like you tothis was a very solid, working-class, bluecollar environment that we grew up in. They didnt discuss current events around the dinner table and his parents werent regular readers of the Times, but what they gave us was an appreciation and respect for learning, and we had to take it from there. Though neither of his parents went to college, there was no question that their sons would go and graduate. What happened after that was
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Profile Robert Gallucci

Above: Gallucci, in 1994, flanked by Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Director General Shunji Yanai and South Koreas Special Ambassador for the Nuclear Issue Kim Sam-Hoon. Right: Tetsuya Endo, Japans ambassador to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, with Gallucci.

up to us. Gallucci recalls it as a time full of possibility, the happy 50s, when he and Vincent could be credibly reminded, over and over again, that this is a country where anything is possible, but you must get a good education. Samuel, who worked routing packages for UPS, was from Italy, and both of Mays parents were, too. May was a homemaker most of the year, but in the run-up to Christmas, as was the
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custom in the neighborhood, she would supplement the family income by taking seasonal work at one of the local department stores. You talk of the happy 50s, but you grew up in the shadow of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Cold War threat of nuclear annihilation. Did that reality temper the joys of your youth, even as it formed the terrain of your subsequent career? I dont know that anyone else in my high school had checked out Herman Kahns book On Thermonuclear War, but I had. I was interested in war. It was an organizing thought for me. Rather than filling him with existential

Profile Robert Gallucci

despair, the idea of doom piqued his intellectual interest. But the prospect of an imminent apocalypse did nothing to mar what he describes as an idyllic high school experience, when life rotated around things like the junior prom and the varsity club dance. It was a terrific time to grow up. Asked how he met his wife, Jennifer, with whom he has a boy and a girl (and, recently, twin grandsons), he chuckles. I married the summer intern. It was 1976. The State Department was hiring. Jennifer Sims was a graduate student at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, with an undergraduate degree from Oberlin. I interviewed her, Gallucci says, adding impishly, and I thought she had real promise. It took a month before her security clearance came through. Gallucci gives himself credit for at least waiting until the afternoon of her first day at work to ask her out. Six weeks later they were engaged; four months after that they were married. Do you apply your negotiation and diplomacy skills to your marriage? Gallucci says its the other way around, that being married and having children helped to inculcate certain capacities for empathy and problem solving that became useful tools in his professional arsenal. The Obama administration has been criticized for not having done more, whether covertly or overtly, during the 2009 popular uprising in Iran, but Gallucci dismisses the suggestion that it was a missed opportunity. As a general rule, he thinks the United States shouldnt be going around the world intervening in countries to fix them. Thats too heavy a burden. Does that mean you werent sympathetic to the argument for going to war against Iraq in 2003? I wasnt at all sympathetic to it, no. What about the claims (made, for example, by the late Christopher Hitchens) that the war resulted in the roll-up of the Libyan nuclear program and the dismantling of the notorious A. Q. Khan network in Pakistan? Gallucci isnt impressed, insisting that neither outcome was contingent on the war, that Libya would have surrendered its program in any event, having been subject to intense and effective diplomatic pressure, and that A. Q. Khans network was well known to Western intelligence by then and was already in the process of being neutralized. In talking with him, one gets the sense that Gallucci is a repository of some of the juiciest back-stage gossip attending the most pressing geostrategic issues of the day, but the foundations public affairs veep, Andrew Solomon,

is on hand to ensure the conversation doesnt run long. Time for one more question. As a former deputy director of the Sinai peacekeeping force, does the ceding of the Sinai by Israel (and the countrys increasingly fractured relationship with Egypt) and its unilateral withdrawal from Gaza (and the rocket barrage thats followed), to say nothing of the concessions Ehud Barak was prepared to make to Yasser Arafat in 2000 (which immediately preceded the second intifada), belie the idea of land for peace as a viable solution to the Israeli-Arab conflict? I dont believe that, he says, not quite convincingly, and despite the optimistic posture, there is a sobering tenor to his explanation. I dont see peace around the corner. I think regimes and even the Arab street can change over time. I think Israel is a fact in the Middle East; I pray it is a permanent fact. I recognize and respect all the tensions that go with that, and the concerns for the Palestinians, but Im not about to embrace the proposition that it is inconceivable or impossible to eventually get to the point where there is territorial integrity for Israel and some sort of justice for the Palestinians. Even an optimist would struggle to see silver in that cloudy expression of hope, that prayerful refusal to accept the impossibility of peace. Gallucci, in conversation and at the lectern, has an infectiously upbeat demeanor, but he didnt get where he is by countenancing fantasies. There is, of course, more to discuss, including the time his horse broke his wifes leg, and the fact that he has yet to see an episode of Homeland (its on order, he advises). But Gallucci has to go. Hes got dragons to slay.
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yanai Photo by Joe Marquette/aP Photo; endo Photo by tSugufuMi MatSuMoto/aP Photo