PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E.

Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 1

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

Self-Evaluation: PVT Concepts
1.Reservoir Fluids:
"Black Oil" (p>pb): Bo, o, co are ASSUMED constant "Solution-Gas Drive" (all p): Bo, o, co = f(p) "Dry Gas" (p>pd): Bg, g, cg = f(p) "Black Oil" case. "Solution-Gas Drive" case. "Dry Gas" case.

2.Diffusivity Equations:

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 2

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

Reservoir Fluids:
Schematic Phase Diagrams Generic (single and multi-component cases) Black Oil Solution-Gas Drive Dry Gas "Black Oil" (p>pb) Properties: Bo, o, co (ASSUMED constant) "Solution-Gas Drive" (all p) Properties: Bo, o, co "Dry Gas" (p>pd) Properties: Bg, g, cg Summary of Fluid Properties and Sources

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 3

Reservoir Fluids
Schematic Diagram for a Single Component System

From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Bursik (1957).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Single Component System

Note the "Liquid+Vapor" line. Single component systems not of interest, other than for illustration. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 4

Reservoir Fluids
Generic Schematic Diagram for a Multi-Component System

From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Multi-Component (Hydrocarbon) System

Note the "Bubble Point" and "Dew Point" lines. Location of critical point determines fluid type. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 5

Reservoir Fluids
Generic Schematic Diagram for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids
From: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Calhoun (1953). (modified to reflect various reservoir fluid cases)

Schematic p-T Diagram: Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids

Names represent conventional nomenclature. Locations of names represent relative locations of these fluid types. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 6

Reservoir Fluids
Black Oil p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Black Oil

Fluid is typically dark black, brown, or dark green. o>40o API, (GOR)i < 2000 scf/STB, Boi < 2.0 RB/STB, C7+ > 20 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 7

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Volatile Oil p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Volatile Oil

Fluid is typically dark brown, orange or green. o<45o API, 2000 < (GOR)i < 3300 scf/STB, Boi > 2.0 RB/STB, 12.5 < C7+ < 20 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 8

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Retrograde Gas p-T Diagram
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Retrograde Gas

Fluid is typically light brown, orange, green, or water-white. 45<o<60o API, 3300 < (GOR)i < 150,000 scf/STB, C7+ < 12.5 %. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 9

Reservoir Fluids
Wet Gas p-T Diagram

Schematic p-T Diagram: Wet Gas

Fluid is typically very light water-white. (GOR)i > 50,000 scf/STB. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 10

From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Reservoir Fluids
Dry Gas p-T Diagram
From: Properties of Petroleum Fluids McCain (1990).

Schematic p-T Diagram: Dry Gas

No fluid is produced at surface or in the reservoir. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 11

Reservoir Fluids "Black Oil" Fluid Properties (Various)

"Black Oil" PVT Properties: (general behavior, pb=5000 psia)

Note the dramatic influence in properties at the bubblepoint pressure. The oil compressibility is the most affected variable (keep this in mind). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 12

"Solution-Gas Drive" Properties (1/(oBo) for p<pb)

Reservoir Fluids

"Solution-Gas Drive" PVT Properties: (1/(oBo), p<pb, pb=5000 psia) Attempt to illustrate that 1/(oBo) constant for p<pb.
This would allow us to approximate behavior using "liquid" equations. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 13

"Solution-Gas Drive" Properties (oco for p<pb)

Reservoir Fluids

"Solution-Gas Drive" PVT Properties: (oco, p<pb, pb=5000 psia) Attempt to illustrate that oco is NEVER constant.
CAN NOT approximate behavior using "liquid" equations (or so it seems). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 14

"Dry Gas" gz vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (gz vs. p)

Basis for the "pressure-squared" approximation (i.e., use of p2 variable). Concept: (gz) = constant, valid only for p<2000 psia. Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 15

"Dry Gas" p/(gz) vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (p/(gz) vs. p)

Basis for the "pressure" approximation (i.e., use of p variable). Concept: (p/gz) = constant (never valid). Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 16

"Dry Gas" gcg vs. p

Reservoir Fluids

"Dry Gas" PVT Properties: (gcg vs. p) Concept: If gcg constant, pseudotime NOT required. Readily observe that gcg is NEVER constant, pseudotime required.
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 17

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Formation Volume Factor

Formation Volume Factor: Bo,g,w

Fluid volume at reservoir conditions Bo,g,w = Fluid volume at standard conditions

Bo,g,w is defined as a volume conversion for oil, gas, or water and is defined on a mass (or density) basis.

The Formation Volume Factor "converts" surface volumes to downhole conditions. Typical values:
Orientation Phase Behavior

Oil: 1.2 to Gas: 0.003 to

2.4 RB/STB 0.01 rcf/scf

Slide 18

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Fluid Viscosity

Viscosity: o,g,w
Is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow ... the proportionality of shear rate to shear stress, a sort of internal friction. Fluid viscosity depends on pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. Typical values: Oil: 0.2 to 30 cp Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp

Orientation Phase Behavior

Slide 19

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Fluid Compressibility Fluid Compressibility: co,g,w
1 dBo Bg dRso + co = Bo dp Bo dp
1 dBg cg = Bg dp

1 dBw Bg dRsw + cw = Bw dp Bw dp

Typical values: Oil: 5 30 Gas: 50 Water: 3

to to to to

20 x10-6 psi-1 (p>pb) 200 x10-6 psi-1 (p<pb) 1000x10-6 psi-1 5 x10-6 psi-1

Formation Compressibility: cf
1 d cf = dp

Typical values: Normal: 2 to 10 x10-6 psi-1 Abnormal: 10 to 100 x10-6 psi-1

Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 20

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Oil PVT Correlations Oil PVT Correlations
Rs/pb Standing Lasater Vasquez and Beggs Glaso Lasater- Standing Petrosky and Farshad Beggs and Robinson Beal Bo

co

generally used as default)

Slide 21

Orientation Phase Behavior

Reservoir Fluids
Summary: Gas PVT Correlations Gas PVT Correlations
z-factor Dranchuk, et al. Beggs and Brill Hall and Yarborough Lee, et al. Carr, et al.

generally used as default)

Gas compressibility (cg) is computed from the z-factor using: 1 dBg 1 1 dz = cg = Bg dp p z dp

Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 22

PVT Concepts (Reservoir Fluids)

End of Module

Thomas A. Blasingame, Ph.D., P.E.

Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA) +1.979.845.2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
Orientation Phase Behavior Slide 23