A project report on Study of GSM and CDMA architecture and basic introduction on broadband and WiMax

Name and address of organization: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L.) Telephone Exchange Boundary Estate Chhotta Shimla -171002 Training In-charge: Name: Rajender Singh

Designation: SDE(OCB) Period of Training: Name of Student: Department: Roll No.: Name of Institute: From 4/06/12 to 13/07/12 Sahil Mohindroo Electronics and Communication 09102353 Jaypee Institute of Information Technology

Content:
Acknowledgement Declaration Introduction Description of organization BSNL OSI and TCP/IP model About the exchange GSM CDMA SSTP IP tax Generations of mobile communication Broadband WiMax Conclusion References

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Acknowledgement
First of all I am thankful to my mentor Mr. Rajender Singh on the successful completion of training .No doubt without his support this would never have been possible. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to him for giving me the opportunity to gain more knowledge and practical experience of working on some hardware and software tasks. I started working on with great zeal and zest and consulted him whenever certain subtask was successfully met or when i was stuck in between some job. With his wise guidance I was able to understand GSM and CDMA architecture and also got basic introduction of broadband and WiMAx. I owe profound gratitude and specials thanks for his support. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family, friends for giving me moral support I needed and I would like to thank God for not letting me down at time of crisis and showing us the silver lining in the dark clouds.

Sahil Mohindroo

Declaration
I, Sahil Mohindroo, student of B.Tech. 7th semester, studying at Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, hereby declare that the summer training report on Study of GSM and CDMA architecture and basic introduction on broadband and WiMax submitted to Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida in partial fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of Technology is the original work conducted by me. The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This summer training is not being submitted to any other University for award of any other Degree, Diploma and Fellowship.

Sahil Mohindroo

Introduction
Let us consider an example from daily life. When you receive a phone on your mobile. What exactly happens? How a person sitting on some other end is able to talk to you? A caller dials the number of called party. The no. is sent to BSC(base station center) from BTS(base trans receiver station). BSC decides it is a data call or a voice Call. BSC sends voice call to MSC(mobile switching center). MSC sends it to GMSC(gateway MSC) where it is checked in which circle the called party belongs and it sends it to the MSC of the called party. Where HLR(home location register) is checked to find out if the no. is in the circle or not and the VLR(visitor location register) is further checked. Then the call is send to BSC and further to BTS and the to the device of called party. This is the basic call routing procedure. Development is both GSM and CDMA gave rise to higher data speed and other facilities like video calling, conferencing, SMS and many more. And the emerging of new technologies like WiMax have given a very high data speeds which have helped a lot in various fields.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)

Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country. When it comes connecting the four corners of the country , and much beyond , one solitary name BSNL. A company that has gone past the number games and the quest to attain the position of the leader. It is working round the clock to take India in to the future by providing excellent telecom services for people of India. Driven by the very best of telecom technology from global leaders, it connects each inch of India to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step in to tomorrow. The telecom services have been recognized the world over as an important tool for socioeconomic development for a nation and hence telecom infrastructure is treated a crucial factor to realize the socio-economic objectives in India. Accordingly the Department of Telecom has been formulating developmental policies for the accelerated growth of the telecommunication services in various cities. The department is also responsible for frequency management in the field of radio connection in close coordination with the international bodies.

OSI and TCP/IP Model

OSI Model
The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. There are seven layers with layer 1 at the bottom.

Layer 1: physical layer

The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium, such as a copper or fiber optical cable. This includes the layout of pins, hubs, repeaters, network adapters and more.

Layer 2: data link layer

At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits using bit and byte stuffing. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. It transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link.

Layer 3: network layer

This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking , congestion control and packet sequencing. Routers
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operate at this layer, sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. This is a logical addressing scheme values are chosen by the network engineer.

Layer 4: transport layer

The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred.

Layer 5: session layer

The session layer controls the dialoguesbetween computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes check pointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.

Layer 6: presentation layer

This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Layer 7: application layer

This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services.

TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP is based on a four-layer reference model.

Layer 1: physical and data link layer

It is the combination of data link layer and physical layer. Does the same work as the both layers do in OSI model.

Layer 2: network layer

Does the same work as the layer does in OSI model.

Layer 3: transport layer

Does the same work as the layer does in OSI model.

Layer 4: application layer

It is the combination of session layer, presentation layer and application layer. Does the same work as the layers do in OSI model.

About the exchange

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchanges central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:-

1. Computer Unit: -

As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange. The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room.

2. Power Plant:-

As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. During power failure other sources are used like batteries, ups and generators. In chhota shimla division there are two batteries one of 2400Ah and other of 4000Ah to provide backup to exchange during power outage.

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3. AC Plant: Used to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange). For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are following-It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment, It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipments, It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.

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GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Call Routing
The no. is sent to BSC(base station center) from BTS(base trans receiver station). BSC decides it is a data call or a voice Call. BSC sends voice call to MSC(mobile switching center). MSC sends it to GMSC(gateway MSC) where it is checked in which circle the called party belongs and it sends it to the MSC of the called party. Where HLR(home location register) is checked to find out if the no. is in the circle or not and the VLR(visitor location register) is further checked. Then the call is send to BSC and further to BTS and the to the device of called party.

Functions of BTS
Radio resources Signal Processing Signaling link management Synchronization
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Local maintenance handling Functional supervision and Testing

Functions of BSC
Radio Network management RBS Management TRC Handling Tx. Network Management Internal BSC O&M Handling of MS connections

Functions of MSC
Switcing and call routing Charging Service provisioning Communication with HLR Communication with VLR Communication with other MSCs Control of connected BSCs Echo canceller operation control Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR. Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers Handle interworking function while working as GMSC
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Visitor Location Register:

It controls those mobiles roaming in its area. VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA. VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.

Home Location Register:

Reference store for subscribers parameters, numbers, authentication & Encryption values. Current subscriber status and associated VLR. Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC.

one PLMN may contain one or several HLR. Permanent data in HLR Data stored is changed only by commands. IMSI, MS-ISDN number. Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not ) Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ). Supplementary services like call forwarding

Cell

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A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the radio coverage given by one BS antenna system.

Location Area
A LA is defined as a group of cells.Within the network, a subsribers location is known by the LA which they are in. The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is stored in the VLR. (LAI)

PLMN Service Area

A PLMN service area is the entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers radio coverage and access to its network.

GSM Service Area

The GSM service area is the entire geographical area in which a subscriber can gain access to a GSM network.

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GSM MSs consist of:

Mobile Equipment Subscriber Identity Module

Functions of Mobile Station

Voice and data transmission& receipt Frequency and time synchronization Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location updates even during inactive state

SIM
Fixed data stored for the subscription:

IMSI, Authentication Key, Ki Security Algorithms:kc,A3,A8 PIN&PUK

Network Identities
MSISDN IMSI IMEI
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Mobile Station ISDN Number

The MSISDN is registered in the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing. MSISDN shall not exceed 15 digits. NDC--National Destination Code SN--Subscriber Number

International mobile subscriber Identity

The IMSI is an unique identity which is used internationally and used within the network to identify the mobile subscribers. The IMSI is stored in the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR database.

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MCC--Mobile Country Code, MNC--Mobile N/W Code, MSIN--Mobile Station Identification Number

NMSI--National Mobile Station Identity,assigned by Individual Administration.

Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR-id of Mobile subs.

International Mobile Equipment Identity

The IMEI is an unique code allocated to each mobile equipment. It is checked in the EIR. IMEI check List White List Grey List Black List

Equipment Identity Register ( EIR )

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This data base stores IMEI for all registered mobile equipments and is unique to every ME.

Only one EIR per PLMN. White list : IMEI, assigned to valid ME. Black list : IMEI reported stolen Gray list : IMEI having problems like faulty software, wrong make of equipment etc.

Authentication Center (AUC)

To authenticate the subs. attempting to use a network. AUC is connected to HLR which provides it with authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.

Operations and Maintenance Centre

O&M data function Configuration management Fault report and alarm handling Performance supervision/management Storage of system software and data

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Large number of transmissions are combined on the same rf channel at the same time but are separated by codes.

CDMA is a method in which users occupy the same time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using a correlator that accepts only signal energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals contribute only to the noise. A CDMA system uses effective power control process.

The main advantages of this technology are:

1. Fast Network deployment.
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2. Reduced service interruptions. 3. Low Maintenance & operational cost. 4. Better system coverage flexibility 5. Higher capacity 6. Easy transition to mobile services.

Salient Features of CDMA

It is an advanced comm. Technology. It has Anti-jam and security features. Large capacity as compared to other Technology like FDMA and TDMA. It uses spread spectrum technology

Spreading Spectrum
Shannons Equation C= W Log (1+S/N) Where C=Capacity (bps), W=Bandwidth, S=Signal Power, N=Noise Power Shannons Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum. System with large band width can operate at very low SNR level & can provide acceptable data rate per user. Therefore in CDMA - All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum. - Each user has unique Digital code identifier. - Digital codes separate users to avoid interference. Originally spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise

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tospread spectrum. A spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment. Frequency Bands for CDMA Uplink 824- 849 MHz Downlink 869- 894 MHz

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Stand Alone Signaling Transfer Point Network (SSTP)

The Signaling Transfer Point (STP) system is a digital system used in the telecommunication network for transfer of signaling data between telecommunication system (mobile exchanges, local exchanges, trunk exchanges etc). Signaling data is the information related to calls between subscribers or those related to management of calls or network management messages. The Short Message Service (SMS), widely used in the mobile network is also treated as signaling data. The STP system acts as a transit system for the transfer of Signaling data from one location to a distant location through defined transmission network. The capacity of a STP system is measured by the equipped capacity of narrow band signaling link (64 kbps) as well as high speed signaling link (2Mbps). ITI Palakkad has set up the Stand Alone Signaling Transfer Point Network (SSTP) for the State owned operator, BSNL, covering the entire country. The STP system is supplied by M/s Tekelec, USA, who is the world leader in STP related products. ITI had bagged the orders from BSNL for setting up the SSTP network in 2005 and have successfully completed three phases of the project covering 5000 Signaling links.

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IP Tax
Words IP TAX is the replacement of existing Level I TAX exchanges to IP based network (Packet switching network) and rest all the network still remaining circuit switched network.The other reasons why we should evolve our existing network to NGN are that the existing circuit switched networks have following problems:

Slow to develop new features and capabilities. Expensive upgrades and operating expenses. Proprietary vendor troubles Large power and cooling requirements. Limited migration strategy to New tech. Model obsolescence.

NGN is a packet based network which is able to provide multimedia telecom services and able to make use of multiple broadband, QoS enabled transport technologies in which service related functions are independent from underlying transport related technologies.

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Generation of mobile communication

0G

0G refers to pre-cellphone mobile telephony technology, such as radio telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cellphones. One such technology is the Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network

1G

1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cellphones. These are the analog cellphone standards that were introduced in the 80's and continued until being replaced by 2G digital cellphones. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Another is AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States. Anticedant to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G. 2G

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer data, such as email or software, other than the digital voice call itself, and other basic ancillary data such as time and date. Nevertheless, SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards.

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2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service or PCS in the US. 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are: GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide IDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada. IS-136 aka D-AMPS, (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply TDMA in the US), used in the Americas. IS-95 aka cdmaOne, (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan 2.5G services are already available in many countries and 3G will be widely available in many countries during 2004. Work on 4G has already started although its scope is not clear yet.

2.5G

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well. While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. The commonly known 2.5G technique is GPRS. Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and CDMA2000 1xRTT for CDMA, officially qualify as "3G" services (because they have a data rate of above 144kbps), but are considered by most to be 2.5G services (or 2.75G which sounds even more

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sophisticated) because they are several times slower than "true" 3G services. 2G is the current generation of full digital mobile phone systems. It transmits primarily voice but is used for circuit-switched data service and SMS as well. 3G is now the third generation of mobile phone systems. They provide both a packet-switched and a circuit-switched domain from the beginning. It requires a new access network, different from that already available in 2G systems. Due to cost and complexity, rollout of 3G has been somewhat slower than anticipated. 2.75G

A 2G mobile phone is a circuit switched digital mobile phone. A 3G mobile is a digital phone with rapid data according to one of the standards being a member of the IMT-2000 family of standards. After those terms were defined, slow packet switched data was added to 2G standards and called 2.5G. 2.75G is the term which has been decided on for systems which don't meet the 3G requirements but are marketed as if they do (e.g. CDMA-2000 without multi-carrier) or which do, just, meet the requirements but aren't strongly marketed as such. (e.g. EDGE systems). The term 2.75G has not been officially defined anywhere, but as of 2004 is beginning to be used quite often in media reports. 3G

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging).

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Broadband
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered broadband. Requirement for providing Broad Band connection 1. Personal Computer 2. ADSL Modem 3. Land Line Connection 4. Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer

ADSL Modem
ADSL stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. It is a technology that allows copper telephone pairs to be used to provide a broadband connection. It provides always-on Internet connection that is automatically established once the PC and ADSL modem are switched on. Benefit of ADSL is Fast downloads Upto 140 times faster than dial-up connection, Always on connection, Telephone and Internet access can be used together , No telephone call charges ,Cost effective way to access Internet, A host of free content on the web can be downloaded faster

Splitter
A telephone line splitter has been provided so that your ADSL Modem and your phone may use the same connection. The splitter splits the line into two. Remember - you always need the filter in place in front of any telephone device. The voice calls are sent on low frequency and data calls are sent on high frequency.

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The Broadband service are available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning more than 690 cities.

Services available through Broadband High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps. Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video Conferencing session. Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for application in distance education, telemedicine etc. Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure. Video and Audio Conferencing: Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and time shifted TV Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a pool of movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either on a TV or a PC. Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any music of his choice. TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be available in the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new channels, particularly the educational and scientific channels, depending on demand. Additional equipments required in the customer's premises are
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Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form compatible with the TV set.

PC and TV

The TV services envisaged are: i. ii. iii. S-VoD : Subscription based Video Content, as in Pay Channels. Video-On-Demand N-VoD : Near Video-On-Demand. NVOD provides playouts on fixed time bands which people can watch against payment. iv. T-VOD : Transaction or Pay-Per-View service.

The video content will have Hindi, international and regional movies, music, soaps and serials, sports, news, interactive gaming, e-learning and niche channels. "The driver in entertainment will be on-demand movies, interactive gaming, broadband Internet connectivity and e-learning," Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services IP Telephony Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-site MPLS VPN with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. Wi-Fi Web hosting & web co-location. Lease line service.

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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax)

WiMax is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. It is a part of a fourth generation, or 4G, of wireless-communication technology. WiMax far surpasses the 30metre wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". WiMax offers data-transfer rates that can be superior to conventional cable-modem and DSL connections, however, the bandwidth must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice.

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.

Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.

Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. Smart grids and metering

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Conclusion
During the course of my training I studied about the basic call routing technique, GSM and CDMA architecture, broadband and WiMax. First of all I studied the OSI model. Then I learnt about IPv4 addressing. Further, GSM architecture and how a call is routed were discussed. Then we shifted to CDMA. Where we studied about its architecture and different generations of CDMA and GSM and also discussed some advantages and disadvantages of CDMA and GSM over each other and discussed why CDMA is not so popular . Then we discussed uplink and downlink frequencies of both CDMA and GSM. Further we discussed about SIM and various securities a SIM has like PIN, security algorithms, IMSI etc. and other securities like the IMEI no. and its checklist. We then studied various other function of SIM like authentication etc. Further MNP was discussed and what all changes were it brought to call routing were discussed like the introduction of LRN. At last we discussed basic about broadband and WiMax.

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References
1. IP basics ppt. by Faculty of network planning ALTTC,Ghaziabad 2. GSM architecture ppt. provided by BSNL Chhotta Shimla office. 3. Wireless Broadband Service Technique ppt. by Ashish Tayal DGM(WLL & VAS) ALTTC BSNL 4. Handout No.1 (WLL an overview) pdf. provided by BSNL Chhotta Shimla office. 5. Handout No.2 CDMA concepts pdf. provided by BSNL Chhotta Shimla office. 6. Broadband trough wifi and wimax pdf. provided by BSNL Chhotta Shimla office. 7. www.google.com

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