Frequency Range of Vocals and Musical Instruments Vocal Woodwind Brass Strings Keyboards Percussion Approximate Frequency VOCAL

Range Soprano 250Hz - 1K Contralto 200Hz - 700Hz Baritone 110Hz - 425Hz Bass 80Hz - 350Hz WOODWIND Top Piccolo 630Hz - 5K Flute 250Hz - 2.5K Oboe 250Hz - 1.5K Clarinet (B flat or A) 125Hz - 2K Clarinet (E flat) 200Hz - 2K Bass Clarinet 75Hz - 800Hz Basset Horn 90Hz - 1K Cor Anglais 160Hz - 1K Bassoon 55Hz - 575Hz Double Bassoon 25Hz - 200Hz Soprano Saxophone 225Hz - 1K Alto Saxophone 125Hz - 900Hz Tenor Saxophone 110Hz - 630Hz Baritone Saxophone 70Hz - 450Hz Bass Saxophone 55Hz - 315Hz BRASS Top Trumpet (C) 170Hz - 1K Trumpet (F) 300Hz - 1K Alto Trombone 110Hz - 630Hz Tenor Trombone 80Hz - 600Hz Bass Trombone 63Hz - 400Hz Tuba 45Hz - 375Hz Valve Horn 63Hz - 700Hz STRINGS Top Violin 200Hz - 3.5K Viola 125Hz -1K Cello 63Hz - 630Hz Double Bass 40Hz - 200Hz Guitar 80Hz - 630Hz KEYBOARDS Top Piano 28Hz - 4.1K Organ 20Hz - 7K PERCUSSION Top Celeste 260Hz - 3.5K Timpani 90Hz - 180Hz Glockenspiel 63Hz - 180Hz Xylophone 700Hz - 3.5K

Typical Sound Pressure Levels Sound Pressure (N/m2) 200 63 20 6.3 6.3 X 10-1 2 X 10-1 2 X 10-2 6.3 X 10-3 2 X 10-3 2 X 10-5 Sound Pressure Level (dB) 140 130 120 110 90 80 60 50 40 0 Environment Description

Military Aircraft Intolerable Taking Off Pneumatic Drill Ships Engine Room Factory Heavy Lorry (6m) Busy Road (kerbside) Restaurant Very Loud

Loud Noisy

Conversational Speech Nightime Quiet (residential area) Normal Hearing Threshold Function Lecture/Conference Halls Theatres Cinemas Multi- purpose Halls Opera Houses Recital Halls Concert Halls Churches

Reverberation Targets Reverb time Only Speech 0.6 - 1.2 secs

Speakers (trained) 1.0 - 1.4 secs Reproduced Sound 0.8 - 1.2 secs Multi-purpose use 1.0 - 1.5 secs Opera 1.0 - 1.6 secs Solo Instruments 1.2 - 1.6 secs Orchestras 1.6 - 2.2 secs Choirs/Organs 2.0 - 4.0 secs Musical Range and Frequency (Piano Keyboard Equal Temperament) Note 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 28Hz 55Hz 110Hz 220Hz 440Hz 880Hz 1.760K 3.520K A 31Hz 62Hz 123Hz 247Hz 494Hz 987Hz 1.974K 3.949K B 33Hz 65Hz 131Hz 262Hz 523Hz 1.47K 2.093K 4.186K C 37Hz 73Hz 147Hz 294Hz 587Hz 1.175K 2.350K D 41Hz 82Hz 165Hz 330Hz 659Hz 1.318K 2.637K E 44Hz 87Hz 175Hz 349Hz 698Hz 1.397K 2.794K F 49Hz 98Hz 196Hz 392Hz 784Hz 1.568K 3.136K G