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MJATF: Perjury Committed in Courts

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PerjuryCommittedinCourts
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3COUNTNo.34 M.C.L.A.750.422 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLXII.PERJURY CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.422.Perjurycommittedincourts Sec.422.PERJURYCOMMITTEDINCOURTSAnypersonwho,beinglawfully requiredtodeposethetruthinanyproceedinginacourtofjustice,shallcommitperjury shallbeguiltyofafelony,punishable,ifsuchperjurywascommittedonthetrialofan indictmentforacapitalcrime,byimprisonmentinthestateprisonforlife,oranytermof years,andifcommittedinanyothercase,byimprisonmentinthestateprisonfornot morethan15years. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.422,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.422. C.L.1970,Sec.750.422. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.1. C.L.1857,Sec.5820. C.L.1871,Sec.7653. How.Sec.9235. C.L.1897,Sec.11305. C.L.1915,Sec.14972.

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C.L.1929,Sec.16563. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Specifiedcriminaloffense,moneylaundering,seeSec.750.411jetseq. Undergroundstoragetankfinancialassurance,falsestatements,reports,claims,bids,or otherrequestsforpayment,prosecutionsunderotherstatelaws,seeSec.324.21548. Interceptionofwireororalcommunications,authorizationpursuanttoorderoffederal court,admissibilityofevidence,seeSec.768.28a. Limitationofactions,seeSec.767.24. LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume Perjuryk6. WESTLAWTopicNo.297. C.J.S.PerjurySecs.22,24. M.L.P.PerjurySec.1. UNITEDSTATESSUPREMECOURT Perjuredstatementswhileundergrantofimmunity,useatsubsequentprosecutionfor perjury,seeU.S.v.Apfelbaum,U.S.Pa.1980,100S.Ct.948,445U.S.115,63L.Ed.2d 250,onremand621F.2d62. M.C.L.A.750.424 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLXII.PERJURY CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.424.Subornationofperjury Sec.424.SUBORNATIONOFPERJURYAnypersonwhoshallbeguiltyof subornationofperjury,byprocuringanotherpersontocommitthecrimeofperjury,shall bepunishedasprovidedinthenextprecedingsection. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES
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1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.424,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.424. C.L.1970,Sec.750.424. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.3. C.L.1857,Sec.5822. C.L.1871,Sec.7655. How.Sec.9237. C.L.1897,Sec.11307. C.L.1915,Sec.14974. C.L.1929,Sec.16565. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Specifiedcriminaloffense,moneylaundering,seeSec.750.411jetseq. LAWREVIEWANDJOURNALCOMMENTARIES 1991MainVolume Coercionbymedicalassociationtoprecludeavailabilityofexperttestimonyinmedical malpracticeaction.58Mich.L.Rev.802(1960). LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume Perjuryk13. WESTLAWTopicNo.297. C.J.S.PerjurySecs.4,53,54. M.L.P. M.C.L.A.750.426 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLXII.PERJURY CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.426.Courtreasonablybelievesperjurycommitted
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Sec.426.PROCEEDINGWHENCOURTREASONABLYBELIEVESPERJURYHAS BEENCOMMITTEDWheneveritshallappeartoanycourtofrecordthatanywitnessor partywhohasbeenlegallyswornandexaminedorhasmadeanaffidavitinany proceedinginacourtofjustice,hastestifiedinsuchamannerastoinduceareasonable presumptionthathehasbeenguiltyofperjurytherein,thecourtmayimmediatelycommit suchwitnessorparty,byanorderorprocessforthatpurpose,ormaytakea recognizancewithsureties,forhisappearingtoanswertoanindictmentforperjuryand thereuponthewitnesstoestablishsuchperjurymay,ifpresent,beboundovertothe propercourt,andnoticeoftheproceedingsshallforthwithbegiventotheprosecuting attorney. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.426,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.426. C.L.1970,Sec.750.426. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.5. C.L.1857,Sec.5824. C.L.1871,Sec.7657. How.Sec.9239. C.L.1897,Sec.11309. C.L.1915,Sec.14976. C.L.1929,Sec.16567. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Indictmentorinformation1 Presumptionsandburdenofproof2 Questionsoflaworfact3 Variance4 1.Indictmentorinformation Inperjuryindictment,thereshouldbeanavermentthatfalseallegationswerematerialto matteratissue,butallcircumstanceswhichrenderedthemmaterialneednotbesetforth. U.S.v.Allen,D.C.Mich.1955,131F.Supp.323. Itisessential,inaninformationforperjury,tospeciallynegativetheoath,orsomepartof itamereallegationthatdefendantsworefalselytocertainfactsbeinginsufficient.
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Peoplev.Vogt(1909)121N.W.293,156Mich.594. Exceptwherethematerialityofallegedperjuredtestimonysufficientlyappearsfromthe oathitself,thematerialityofthatpartoftheoathonwhichperjurywasassignedshould beaverred.Peoplev.Vogt(1909)121N.W.293,156Mich.594. Thataninformationchargedaccusedwithperjuryunderawrongsectionofthestatutes wasimmaterial,wheretheoffensewasfullyallegedtherein,andstatedtobecontraryto thestatutesinsuchcasemadeandprovided,sincethereferencetothesectionofthe statutewasmeresurplusage,anddefendantwasnotmisledthereby.Peoplev.Lane (1900)82N.W.896,124Mich.271. Whereanindictmentforperjurychargedthatdefendanthadswornfalselyinatrialfor larceny,andallegedthatitwasamaterialissueofsuchtrialwhetherdefendanthadpaid theaccusedmoneyonSeptember11,1894,"athisplaceinM.township,"andthat defendanthadtestified,"Ipaiditonthe11thofSeptember,"itwassufficienttoallegeby innuendothatdefendant,bysuchtestimony,meantthathehadpaidtheaccusedmoney onSeptember11,1894,itbeingforthejurytosaywhethersuchinfactwasthemeaning ofthetestimony.Peoplev.German(1896)68N.W.150,110Mich.244. Anallegationinaninformationforperjury"thatitthenandthere,uponsaidexamination, becameamaterialquestionwhether"certainmattersoffactsetforthweretrue,withthe avermentthattherespondentsworetothemasbeingtrue,andthattheywerefalse,and thenecessaryavermentswhichrenderfalseswearingperjury,washeldasufficient avermentofmaterialitytotheissue,andnottobeambiguous.Flintv.People(1877)35 Mich.491. Anallegationinaninformationforperjuryallegedtohavebeencommittedinswearingto abillinequityastothematerialityofthemattersworntothatitthenandtherebecamea materialquestioninthebillofcomplaintandinthejudicialproceedingwhether,etc.,was whollyinsufficientandvariantfromthetruth,wherethebillwasnotonewhose allegationscanbetreatedasevidenceonthetrialofthecause.Peoplev.Gaige(1872) 26Mich.30. Aninformationforperjuryinthemakingofanaffidavitinsupportofamotioninapending suitwhichdoesnotshowthattheaffidavitwasmadetobeusedinanyjudicial proceeding,orthatitwasactuallyused,wasfatallybad.Peoplev.Fox(1872)25Mich. 492. Thepleadingsinthecaseinwhichthefalseoathistakenneednotbesetforthinthe information.Peoplev.Jones,1869,1Mich.N.P.141. Inaprosecutionforperjury,allthefactsnecessarytoshowthematerialityofthealleged falsetestimonymustappearuponthefaceoftheindictment.Peoplev.Collier(1848)1 Mich.137,48Am.Dec.699. 2.Presumptionsandburdenofproof Governmenthasburdenofprovingbeyondreasonabledoubtfalsityoftestimonyon
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whichindictmentispredicated.Kahnv.U.S.,1927,20F.2d782. 3.Questionsoflaworfact Thematerialityoffalsetestimonyasanelementofperjuryisfortrialcourttodetermine. U.S.v.Garvett,D.C.Mich.1940,35F.Supp.644. 4.Variance Inaninformationforperjuryinswearingfalselyunderanoathadministeredinacourton ajurytrial,anallegationthatthejudgepresiding,naminghim,thenandtherehad authoritytoadministertheoath,wasnotanavermentthatthejudgehimselfadministered theoath,andwouldnotexcludeevidencethatitwasadministeredbytheclerkordeputy. Keatorv.People(1875)32Mich.484. Whereaninformationforperjuryinswearingfalselyunderaoathadministeredinacourt onajurytrialallegesthattheoathwasadministeredatthetrialofacausefullyidentified, avarianceofonedayintheproofsfromthetimeallegedasthedayofthetrialwasnot fatal.Keatorv.People(1875)32Mich.484. M.C.L.A.750.427 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLXII.PERJURY CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.427.Perjurytrialsecuringanddetainingpapers Sec.427.SECURINGANDDETAININGPAPERS,ETC.,NECESSARYINPERJURY TRIALIf,inanyproceedinginacourtofjustice,inwhichperjuryshallbereasonably presumed,asaforesaid,anypapers,books,ordocumentsshallhavebeenproduced, whichshallbedeemednecessarytobeusedonanyprosecutionforsuchperjury,the courtmay,byorder,detainthesamefromthepersonproducingthemsolongasmaybe necessaryinordertotheirbeingusedinsuchprosecution. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.427,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.427. C.L.1970,Sec.750.427.
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PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.6. C.L.1857,Sec.5825. C.L.1871,Sec.7658. How.Sec.9240. C.L.1897,Sec.11310. C.L.1915,Sec.14977. C.L.1929,Sec.16568. REFERENCES UNITEDSTATESSUPREMECOURT Perjuredstatementswhileundergrantofimmunity,useatsubsequentprosecutionfor perjury,seeU.S.v.Apfelbaum,U.S.Pa.1980,100S.Ct.948,445U.S.115,63L.Ed.2d 250,onremand621F.2d62. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Evidence1 1.Evidence Inprosecutionforperjurycommittedduringbankruptcyproceeding,creditstatementof bankruptpartnershipshowingvalueofequityinpropertywasadmissibletoshowland contractwasnottransferredasdefendanttestified.Jacobsv.U.S.,1929,31F.2d568, certioraridenied49S.Ct.483,279U.S.869,73L.Ed.1006. Proofofperjuryneednotbemorepositivethanthatofanyothercriminalact,andhence averdictofguiltywillnotbesetaside,thoughtheonlyevidenceofthetestimonyon whichtheindictmentwaspredicatedwasatranscriptofthestenographicnotestakenat thetrial,whichwasnotshowntocontainallthetestimony,ortohavebeencorrectly transcribed.Peoplev.Dowdall(1900)82N.W.810,124Mich.166. M.C.L.A.750.478 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLXX.PUBLICOFFICESANDOFFICERS CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.478.Wilfulneglectofduty
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Sec.478.WILFULNEGLECTOFDUTYWhenanydutyisorshallbeenjoinedbylaw uponanypublicofficer,oruponanypersonholdinganypublictrustoremployment, everywilfulneglecttoperformsuchduty,wherenospecialprovisionshallhavebeen madeforthepunishmentofsuchdelinquency,shallbedeemedamisdemeanor, punishablebyimprisonmentinthecountyjailfornotmorethan1yearorbyafineofnot morethan500dollars. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.478,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.478. C.L.1970,Sec.750.478. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.25. C.L.1857,Sec.5844. C.L.1871,Sec.7677. How.Sec.9259. C.L.1897,Sec.11329. C.L.1915,Sec.14996. C.L.1929,Sec.16587. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Crueltytoanimals,dutyofpublicofficer,seeSec.750.52. Deliveryofbookstosuccessorofficer,damages,penalty,seeSec.24.34. Enforcementoflawsgoverningbuildingconstruction,seeSec.339.2411. Limitationofactions,seeSec.767.24. Liquorlaw,seeSec.436.1etseq. LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume OfficersandPublicEmployeesk121. WESTLAWTopicNo.283. C.J.S.OfficersandPublicEmployeesSecs.255to259. ANNOTATIONS
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NOTESOFDECISIONS Duty1 Sheriffs2 1.Duty ProvisionofSec.257.309thatpolice"may"beappointedexaminingofficersconcerning applicationsforoperator'sandchauffeur'slicensesimposedthemandatorydutyupon Detroitpolicedepartmenttoacceptandcarryoutsuchfunction,andpenaltiesforfailure todosowouldbefoundinSec.257.901makingitamisdemeanorforanyonetoviolate theCodeandinSec.750.478relatingtopublicofficer'swillfulneglectofduty,butlackof personnelorfundswouldbeamatterofdefense.Op.Atty.Gen.195152,No.1550,p.465. 2.Sheriffs Undersheriffhassamedutyassherifftoobeyandenforcelawsofstateandfailureto enforcethelaworpreventaviolationofwhichheiscognizantconstitutesbreachofthat duty.Peoplev.Bommarito(1971)190N.W.2d359,33Mich.App.385. Wherestatuteswhichformerundersheriffallegedlyviolatedwerespecificallymentioned ineachcountofinformationcharging"fixing"oftrafficviolationticketsandcomplaints, conductingoflotterybydeputysheriffswithformerundersheriff'sknowledge,andformer undersheriff'sencouragingdeputysheriffsunderhissupervisiontosolicitfundsfor politicalpurposesbysaleoftestimonialdinnerticketstofinancecampaignforreelection ofsheriff,ifviolationswereproved,theywouldconstituteaneglectofduty.Peoplev. Bommarito(1971)190N.W.2d359,33Mich.App.385.

M.C.L.A.765.25 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTERS760TO776.CODEOFCRIMINALPROCEDURE CHAPTER765.CODEOFCRIMINALPROCEDUREBAIL CHAPTERV.BAIL CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 765.25.Perjuryinaffidavitofjustificationpenalty Sec.25.Anysuretywhoshallswearfalselytoanyofthematerialfactssetupinhis affidavitofjustificationshallbedeemedguiltyofperjuryanduponconvictionthereof, shallbepunishedinaccordancewiththelawinsuchcasemadeandprovided. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES
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1982MainVolume Source: P.A.1927,No.175,c.V,Sec.25,Eff.Sept.5. C.L.1929,Sec.17187. C.L.1948,Sec.765.25. C.L.1970,Sec.765.25. PriorLaws: P.A.1926,Ex.Sess.,No.17,Sec.6. REFERENCES CONSTITUTIONALPROVISIONS 1982MainVolume Forconstitutionalprovisionsrelatingtobail,seeConstitutionalProvisionsunderSec. 765.1. CROSSREFERENCES Perjury,seeSec.750.422etseq. M.C.L.A.752.11 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER752.CRIMESANDOFFENSES LAWENFORCEMENT CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 752.11.Upholdingorenforcingthelawdutyofpublicofficials Sec.1.Anypublicofficial,appointedorelected,whoisresponsibleforenforcingor upholdinganylawofthisstateandwhowilfullyandknowinglyfailstoupholdorenforce thelawwiththeresultthatanyperson'slegalrightsaredeniedisguiltyofa misdemeanor. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source:
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P.A.1966,No.158,Sec.1,Eff.March10,1967. C.L.1948,Sec.752.11. C.L.1970,Sec.752.11. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Publicofficesandofficers,seeSec.750.478etseq. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Constructionandapplication1 1.Constructionandapplication Misdemeanorstatuteprohibitingfailuretoupholdthelawmerelyproscribedactsof omissionanddidnotincludeactoffalsifyingpolicereportbydefendantpoliceofficer,an actofomission.Peoplev.Thomas(1991)475N.W.2d288,438Mich.448. M.C.L.A.752.12 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER752.CRIMESANDOFFENSES LAWENFORCEMENT CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 752.12.Penalty Sec.2.Anypersonconvictedofviolatingthisactshallbepunishedbyafineofnotmore than$1,000.00orimprisonmentfornotmorethan1year,orboth. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1966,No.158,Sec.2,Eff.March10,1967. C.L.1948,Sec.752.12. C.L.1970,Sec.752.12.
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M.C.L.A.600.2907 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER600.REVISEDJUDICATUREACTOF1961 CHAPTER29.PROVISIONSCONCERNINGSPECIFICACTIONS CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 600.2907.Maliciousprosecutionoractioncivilliability,penalty Sec.2907.Everypersonwhoshall,forvexationandtroubleormaliciously,causeor procureanyothertobearrested,attached,orinanywayproceededagainst,byany processorcivilorcriminalaction,orinanyothermannerprescribedbylaw,toanswerto thesuitorprosecutionofanyperson,withouttheconsentofsuchperson,orwherethere isnosuchpersonknown,shallbeliabletothepersonsoarrested,attachedor proceededagainst,intrebletheamountofthedamagesandexpenseswhich,byany verdict,shallbefoundtohavebeensustainedandincurredbyhimandshallbeliableto thepersoninwhosenamesucharrestorproceedingwashadinthesumof$200.00 damages,andshallbedeemedguiltyofamisdemeanor,punishableonconvictionby imprisonmentinthecountyjailforatermnotexceeding6months. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1986MainVolume Source: P.A.1961,No.236,Sec.2907,Eff.Jan.1,1963. C.L.1948,Sec.600.2907. C.L.1970,Sec.600.2907. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.107,Sec.18. C.L.1857,Sec.4519. C.L.1871,Sec.6163. How.Sec.7747. C.L.1897,Sec.10388. P.A.1915,No.314,c.XX,Sec.4. C.L.1915,Sec.12740. C.L.1929,Sec.14454. C.L.1948,Sec.620.4. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Limitationofactions,seeSec.600.5805.
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Misdemeanor,seeSecs.750.8,750.9. LAWREVIEWANDJOURNALCOMMENTARIES 1986MainVolume Civilrightsacts:Civilliabilityofstateofficialsactingwithintheirdiscretionarypowers.54 Mich.L.Rev.696(1956). Falseimprisonment:AnnualsurveyofMichiganlaw1972.MarcusL.Plant,19Wayne L.Rev.746(1973). Lawyer'sdutytorejectgroundlesslitigation.26WayneL.Rev.1561(1980). Liabilityforinstigationofpoliceinvestigationorprosecution.56Mich.L.Rev.1219(1958). Preventivedetention.BernardH.Baumrin,19WayneL.Rev.1067(1973). Tortsfalseimprisonment.WallaceH.Glendening,16WayneL.Rev.915,921(1970). LIBRARYREFERENCES 1996InterimUpdate Forms. Maliciousprosecution,generally,seeM.C.R.P.Dean,Sec.46.01. 1986MainVolume MaliciousProsecutionk65to69. C.J.S.MaliciousProsecutionSecs.108,112to115. M.L.P.MaliciousProsecutionSec.1etseq. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Governmentalimmunity27 Ingeneral1 Admissibilityofevidence24 Attorneyfees,damages21 Burdenofproof,probablecause9 Civilactions,probablecause6 Criminalproceedings,probablecause7 Damages1922 DamagesIngeneral19 DamagesAttorneyfees21 DamagesInterest22
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DamagesTrebleandexemplarydamages20 Defenses18 Elementsofaction,ingeneral3 Evidence23,24 EvidenceIngeneral23 EvidenceAdmissibilityofevidence24 Exemplarydamages20 Factquestions,ingeneral25 Instructions26 Interest,damages22 Juryquestions10,25 JuryquestionsIngeneral25 JuryquestionsProbablecause,ingeneral10 Legalquestions,probablecause11 Limitationofactions16 Malice12 Personsliable,ingeneral15 Pleading8,14,17 PleadingIngeneral17 PleadingProbablecause8 PleadingSpecialinjury14 Presumptionsandburdenofproof,damages21.5 Presumptionsandburdenofproof,probablecause9 Priorproceeding4 Probablecause511 ProbablecauseIngeneral5 ProbablecauseCivilactions6 ProbablecauseCriminalproceedings7 ProbablecauseJuryquestions,ingeneral10 ProbablecausePleading8 ProbablecausePresumptionsandburdenofproof9 ProbablecauseQuestionsoflaw11 Punitivedamages20 Purposeoflaw,ingeneral2 Questionsoffact,ingeneral25 Questionsoflaw,probablecause11 Specialinjury13,14 SpecialinjuryIngeneral13 SpecialinjuryPleading14 Trebleandexemplarydamages20 1.Ingeneral Defendantfailedtostateacauseofactioninitsmaliciousprosecutioncounterclaims broughtagainstplaintiffunderNewYorkandMichiganlawandbasedonallegationsthat plaintiffhadinterferedwithitspropertyinfilingmultiplelawsuits,contactingdefendant's lenders,protractingdiscovery,restrainingitsproperty,andgenerallythreateningand coercingdefendantintosubmission,inthatdefendantfailedtoallegeadequate interferencewithitspropertyandresultinginjuries.ChryslerCorp.v.FeddersCorp., D.C.N.Y.1982,540F.Supp.706.
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Maliciousprosecutionactionsarenotfavoredorencouragedexceptinplain,compelling cases.Koskiv.Vohs(1984)358N.W.2d620,137Mich.App.491,appealgranted, reversed395N.W.2d226,426Mich.424,rehearingdenied. Existenceofactionformaliciousprosecutionofcivilproceedingshasbeenrecognizedin Michiganonlyincircumstanceswhere,consistentwithEnglishRule,interferencewith plaintiff'spersonorpropertyoccurred.Friedmanv.Dozorc(1981)312N.W.2d585,412 Mich.1. InMichigan,maliciousprosecutionisbothcommonlawandstatutoryaction.Drouillardv. MetropolitanLifeIns.Co.(1981)310N.W.2d15,107Mich.App.608. Iffullandfairdisclosureisnotmade,defendantmaynotescapeliabilityformalicious prosecution,evenifgrandjuryreturnsindictmentthus,returnofindictmentstanding alone,willnotestablishprobablecauseforprosecutionaswouldabsolvedefendantfrom liability.FortWayneMortg.Co.v.Carletos(1980)291N.W.2d193,95Mich.App.752. Judgmentobtainedbyinsureragainstplaintiffsforpaymentsmadebymistakeafter cancellationofautomobilepolicywasnotthesortofjudgmentthatwarrantedaclerk's certificationofunsatisfiedjudgment,andinsurer'scausingcourtclerktofilecertification ofunsatisfiedjudgmentwouldnotsupportclaimofabuseofprocessbutwasactionable asclaimformaliciouscivilproceedings.Rowbothamv.DetroitAuto.InterInsurance Exchange(1976)244N.W.2d389,69Mich.App.142. Tortofmaliciousprosecutionhasbeenexpandedtoincludemaliciouscivilproceedings. Rowbothamv.DetroitAuto.InterInsuranceExchange(1976)244N.W.2d389,69 Mich.App.142. Thissectiongoverningmaliciousprosecutiondoesnotcreatecauseofactionforabuse ofprocess.Peisnerv.DetroitFreePress(1976)242N.W.2d775,68Mich.App.360. Correctcauseofactionforwrongfulinstitutionofalawsuitisanactionformaliciouscivil prosecution.Peisnerv.DetroitFreePress(1976)242N.W.2d775,68Mich.App.360 Anactionforabuseofprocessormaliciousprosecutionmusthaveasitsheartthe malicious,wilfuldisregardofrights,orintentionallyinjuriousconduct,ofdefendant. particularlyinattemptingtosubvert,processesoflaw.Ricev.WinkelmanBros.Apparel, Inc.(1968)164N.W.2d417,13Mich.App.281. "Anyother"withinprovisionofthissectionthateverypersonwhoshallcauseorprocure anyothertobearrested,attached,orinanywayproceededagainstshallbeliablefor trebledamagesreferstoanyotherperson,notthing,andappliesonlytocriminalarrest andattachmentofperson,nottoattachmentofpersonalproperty.Leesebergv.Builders PlumbingSupplyCo.(1967)149N.W.2d263,6Mich.App.321. Actionformaliciousprosecutionisstrictlyguardedandneverencouragedexceptinplain cases.Rendav.InternationalUnion,UnitedAuto.,AircraftandAgr.ImplementWorkers ofAmerica(1962)114N.W.2d343,366Mich.58.
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Maliciousprosecutionsuitsarenotdiscouraged,inapropercase,buttheyareregarded withjealousyandoughtnottobefavoredbutmanagedwithgreatcaution.Roblyerv. Hoyt(1955)72N.W.2d126,343Mich.431. 2.Purposeoflaw,ingeneral Thissectionisintendedonlytoreachthoseactionsinwhichpartybringssuitagainst personwhohadinstitutedproceedingsagainstcurrentplaintiffinthenameofanother, withoutthenamedperson'sconsent,orinwhichthereisnosuchpersonknown.Camaj v.S.S.KresgeCo.(1986)393N.W.2d875,426Mich.281. Thissectionauthorizingtreblingofdamagesinmaliciousprosecutionactionisintended topunishdefendantandnottocompensateplaintiff,andappliestoentireawardof damages,includingcompensationformentalaswellasphysicalinjuriesdisagreeing withZmijav.Baron,119Mich.App.524,326N.W.2d908,LaLonev.Rashid,34 Mich.App.193,191N.W.2d98Kingv.GeneralMotorsCorporation,136Mich.App.301, 356N.W.2d626.Camajv.S.S.KresgeCo.(1985)372N.W.2d359,143Mich.App.604, appealgranted,reversed393N.W.2d875,426Mich.281. Purposeofmaliciousprosecutionstatute(thissection)istopermitpersonwithvalid commonlawcauseofactiontorecovertrebledamages.Peisnerv.DetroitFreePress (1976)242N.W.2d775,68Mich.App.360. Actionformaliciouscivilprosecutionisdirectedagainstintroductionofgroundlesssuits broughtmerelytoharass.Peisnerv.DetroitFreePress(1976)242N.W.2d775,68 Mich.App.360. Causeofactionformaliciousprosecutionwasdevelopedasameanstoresolvethe inherentconflictbetweenanindividual'sinterestinavoidingunjustifiableandoppressive litigationofcriminalchargesandsociety'sinterestineffectivelawenforcementthrough fullreportingofsuspectedcriminalactivity.Wilsonv.Yono(1975)237N.W.2d494,65 Mich.App.441. 3.Elementsofaction,ingeneral Elementsofmaliciousprosecutionarecriminalproceedinginstitutedorcontinuedby defendantsagainstplaintiff,whichterminatedinfavorofplaintiff,forwhichprobable causewaslacking,andwhichwasactuatedbymaliciousmotives.Raudabaughv.Baley (1983)350N.W.2d242,133Mich.App.242Markowiczv.Pappas(1980)300N.W.2d 713,102Mich.App.1Taftv.J.L.HudsonCo.(1972)195N.W.2d296,37Mich.App. 692Beltv.Ritter(1969)171N.W.2d581,18Mich.App.495,affirmed189N.W.2d221, 385Mich.402. Elementswhichestablishmaliciousprosecutionincludepresentdefendantinstituting priorlegalactionagainstpresentplaintiff,prioractionterminatinginfavorofpresent plaintiff,presentdefendantlackingprobablecausetobringprioraction,andpresent defendanthavingactedmaliciouslyinbringingprioraction.Pauleyv.Hall(1983)335 N.W.2d197,124Mich.App.255LaLonev.Rashid(1971)191N.W.2d98,34Mich.App. 193.
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Theelementsofacauseofactionformaliciousprosecutionarecriminalprosecution institutedagainstplaintiffbydefendant,terminationinplaintiff'sfavor,absenceof probablecauseforcriminalproceeding,andmaliceorprimarypurposeinbringingaction otherthanbringingoffendertojustice.Riversv.ExCellOCorp.(1980)300N.W.2d420, 100Mich.App.824FortWayneMortg.Co.v.Carletos(1980)291N.W.2d193,95 Mich.App.752Ringov.Richardson(1979)278N.W.2d717,88Mich.App.684Wilson v.Yono(1975)237N.W.2d494,65Mich.App.441. Failuretoincludeallexculpatoryfactsisnotadequatetosustainsuitformalicious prosecution.Paytonv.CityofDetroit(1995)536N.W.2d233,211Mich.App.375. Elementsofmaliciousprosecutionare:aprosecutioncausedorcontinuedbyoneperson againstanotherterminationoftheproceedinginfavorofpersonwhowasprosecuted absenceofprobablecauseforinitiatingorcontinuingtheproceedingandinitiatingor continuingtheproceedingwithmaliceorprimarypurposeotherthanthatofbringing offendertojustice.Koskiv.Vohs(1984)358N.W.2d620,137Mich.App.491,appeal granted,reversed395N.W.2d226,426Mich.424,rehearingdenied. Anactionformaliciousprosecutionrequiresproofthatapriorproceedingterminatedin favorofplaintiff,thatpriorproceedingwaswithoutprobablecause,thattherewasmalice onpartofdefendantininstitutingpriorproceeding,andthattherewasaspecialinjury flowingdirectlyfrompriorproceeding.Youngv.MotorCityApartmentsLtd.Dividend HousingAss'nNo.1andNo.2(1984)350N.W.2d790,133Mich.App.671. Elementsofmaliciousprosecutionactionarepriorproceedingterminatedinfavorof presentplaintiff,absenceofprobablecauseforthoseproceedings,purposeforbringing priorproceedingsotherthanthatofsecuringproperadjudicationofclaim,andinjury, includingspecialinjury.Parisiv.MichiganTownshipsAss'n(1983)332N.W.2d587,123 Mich.App.512. Apartfromspecialinjury,elementsoftortactionformaliciousprosecutionofcivil proceedingsarepriorproceedingsterminatedinfavorofpresentplaintiff,absenceof probablecauseforsuchproceedingsandmalice.Friedmanv.Dozorc(1981)312 N.W.2d585,412Mich.1. Essentialelementsinactionformaliciousprosecutionarefactofallegedprosecution andthatithascometoalegalterminationinplaintiffs'favorandlackofprobablecause ondefendants'parttobelieveplaintiffsguiltyofoffensechargedwhendefendants initiatedprosecutionandmaliceofdefendants.Tomitav.Tucker(1969)171N.W.2d564, 18Mich.App.559.

M.C.L.A.750.157a MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERXXIV.CONSPIRACY

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CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.157a.Conspiracytocommitoffenseorlegalactinillegalmannerpenalty Sec.157a.Anypersonwhoconspirestogetherwith1ormorepersonstocommitan offenseprohibitedbylaw,ortocommitalegalactinanillegalmannerisguiltyofthe crimeofconspiracypunishableasprovidedherein: (a)Exceptasprovidedinparagraphs(b),(c)and(d)ifcommissionoftheoffense prohibitedbylawispunishablebyimprisonmentfor1yearormore,thepersonconvicted underthissectionshallbepunishedbyapenaltyequaltothatwhichcouldbeimposedif hehadbeenconvictedofcommittingthecrimeheconspiredtocommitandinthe discretionofthecourtanadditionalpenaltyofafineof$10,000.00maybeimposed. (b)Anypersonconvictedofconspiringtoviolateanyprovisionofthisactrelativeto illegalgamblingorwageringoranyotheractsorordinancesrelativetoillegalgambling orwageringshallbepunishedbyimprisonmentinthestateprisonfornotmorethan5 yearsorbyafineofnotmorethan$10,000.00,orbothsuchfineandimprisonment. (c)Ifcommissionoftheoffenseprohibitedbylawispunishablebyimprisonmentforless than1year,exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b),thepersonconvictedunderthissection shallbeimprisonedfornotmorethan1yearnorfinedmorethan$1,000.00,orbothsuch fineandimprisonment. (d)Anypersonconvictedofconspiringtocommitalegalactinanillegalmannershallbe punishedbyimprisonmentinthestateprisonfornotmorethan5yearsorbyafineofnot morethan$10,000.00,orbothsuchfineandimprisonmentinthediscretionofthecourt. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.157a,addedbyP.A.1966,No.296,Sec.1,Eff.March10,1967. C.L.1948,Sec.750.157a. C.L.1970,Sec.750.157a. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Undergroundstoragetankfinancialassurance,falsestatements,reports,claims,bids,or otherrequestsforpayment,prosecutionsunderotherstatelaws,seeSec.324.21548. LAWREVIEWANDJOURNALCOMMENTARIES
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1991MainVolume Dualconvictionofaidingandabettingextortionandconspiracytocommitextortiondoes notviolatedoublejeopardy.61U.Det.J.Urb.L.505(1984). Overbreadthofconspiracystatuteandproposedcurebyrevisedcriminalcode.14 WayneL.Rev.819(1968). ProposedrevisionofMichiganPenalCode:Rejectionofjudiciallydevelopedprinciples ofjusticeingradingofhomicide.AlanSaltzman,60U.Det.J.Urb.L.507(1983). LIBRARYREFERENCES 1996InterimUpdate Comments. Indictableoffenseatthecommonlaw,seeM.P.vol.11,Saltzman,Sec.1.12. 1991MainVolume Conspiracyk28(1)to(3),51. WESTLAWTopicNo.91. C.J.S.ConspiracySecs.47etseq.,96. UNITEDSTATESSUPREMECOURT Hearsaystatementsofcoconspirator,useindeterminingexistenceofconspiracyand defendant'sinvolvementinit,seeBourjailyv.U.S.,1987,107S.Ct.2775,483U.S.171, 97L.Ed.2d144. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Ingeneral2 Abortion12,13 AbortionIngeneral12 AbortionInstructions13 Acquittalordismissalofcoconspirator41 Admissibilityofevidence,ingeneral50 Admissionsandconfessions,evidence52 Agentsofgovernmentascoconspirators40 Agreement5.5 Bankruptcy14 Bribery15 Civilrightsdeprivation21 Coconspirator'sstatement,evidence53 Completionofoffense8.5
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Concealingstolenproperty31 Conductofcounsel56 Confessions46,52 ConfessionsIngeneral46 ConfessionsEvidence52 Confrontation48 Conspiracytodefraud1619 ConspiracytodefraudIngeneral16 ConspiracytodefraudContractsandsales17 ConspiracytodefraudIndictmentorinformation18 ConspiracytodefraudWeightandsufficiencyofevidence19 Continuingoffense9 Contractsandsales,conspiracytodefraud17 Controlledsubstances,deliveryorsale20 Defenses47 Delays38 Deliveryorsaleofcontrolledsubstances20 Deprivationofcivilrights21 Dismissalofcoconspirator41 Dogfighting22 Doublejeopardy4,5 DoublejeopardyIngeneral4 DoublejeopardyWharton'srule5 Drugs,deliveryorsale20 Elementsofoffense,generally2.5 Equalprotection3 Evidence19,4954 EvidenceIngeneral49 EvidenceAdmissibility,ingeneral,50 EvidenceAdmissionsandconfessions52 EvidenceCoconspirator'sstatement53 EvidenceConspiracytodefraud,weightandsufficiency19 EvidencePhotographs54 EvidenceWeightandsufficiency,ingeneral,51 Fairtrial45 Forgery33 Fraud16 Gambling23 Governmentagentsascoconspirators40 Guiltyplea44 Harmlesserror59 Immunityforcoconspirator42 Includedoffenses34 Indictmentorinformation18,35 IndictmentorinformationIngeneral35 IndictmentorinformationConspiracytodefraud18 Informantsandgovernmentagentsascoconspirators40 Instructions13,57 InstructionsIngeneral57 InstructionsAbortion13
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Intent6 Jurisdiction62 Knowledge7 Larceny24 Lesserincludedoffenses34 Libelandslander25 Motorvehicletheft26 Multipleconspiracies36 Murder27 Narcotics,deliveryorsale20 Newtrial60 Objections58 Obstructionofjustice28,29 ObstructionofjusticeIngeneral28 ObstructionofjusticeWeightandsufficiencyofevidence29 Overtact8 Parties39 Perjury30 Photographs,evidence54 Preliminaryhearingorexamination43 Prosecutorialmisconduct56 Receivingandconcealingstolenproperty31 Robbery32 Saleofcontrolledsubstances20 Searchandseizure37 Sentenceandpunishment61 Slander25 Stolenproperty,receivingandconcealing31 Substantiveoffensedistinguished11 Theft,motorvehicle26 Utteringandpublishingforgedinstrument33 Validity1 Venue63 Weightandsufficiencyofevidence19,29,51 WeightandsufficiencyofevidenceIngeneral51 WeightandsufficiencyofevidenceConspiracytodefraud19 WeightandsufficiencyofevidenceObstructionofjustice29 Wharton'srule5 Withdrawal10 Witnesses55 1.Validity Thissectionwasnotoverbroadbyincludingwithinitsscopeexpressionswhichfell withinconstitutionalguaranteesoffreespeechandassociationsincethissection requiredconspiratorstointendtofurther,promoteorcooperateinunlawfulenterprise whichStatehadpowertoregulate.Peoplev.Cyr(1982)317N.W.2d857,113Mich.App. 213.

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2.Ingeneral "Criminalconspiracy"ismutualunderstandingoragreementbetweentwoormore persons,expressedorimplied,todooraccomplishsomecriminalorunlawfulact. Peoplev.Hamp(1981)312N.W.2d175,110Mich.App.92Peoplev.Wright(1980)298 N.W.2d857,99Mich.App.801. A"conspiracy"isnotthecommissionofthecrimewhichitcontemplates,andneither violatesnorarisesunderthestatutewhoseviolationisitsobject.Bravermanv.U.S., U.S.Mich.1942,63S.Ct.99,317U.S.49,87L.Ed.23. Evenifsomeconspiratorsarenotmembersfrominceptionofconspiracy,allare nonethelessboundbyactsdoneinfurtheranceofconspiracy.Peoplev.Meredith(1995) 531N.W.2d749,209Mich.App.403. Factthatdefendant,whodidtwoovertactsinfurtheranceofconspiracytodeliver cocaine,wasromanticallyinvolvedwithanotherconspiratordidnotmeanthatdefendant lackedabilitytoenterconspiracy.Peoplev.Meredith(1995)531N.W.2d749,209 Mich.App.403. "Conspiracy"isanagreement,expressorimplied,betweentwoormorepersonsto commitunlawfulorcriminalact.Peoplev.Weathersby(1994)514N.W.2d493,204 Mich.App.98,appealdenied528N.W.2d740,reconsiderationdenied533N.W.2d318. "Conspiracy"isagreement,expressorimplied,betweentwoormorepersonstocommit unlawfulorcriminalact,proofofwhichmaybeestablishedbycircumstantialevidence. Peoplev.Barajas(1993)499N.W.2d396,198Mich.App.551,applicationheldin abeyance503N.W.2d900,affirmed513N.W.2d772,444Mich.556. "Conspiracy"ismutualagreementbetweentwoormoreindividualstocommitcriminal actortoaccomplishlegalactthroughcriminalmeans,andessenceofconspiracyis agreementitselfestablishedbyactsoftheparties.Peoplev.Buck(1992)496N.W.2d 321,197Mich.App.404,appealden.(95566)appealheldinabeyance(93406)498 N.W.2d742,appealdenied498N.W.2d742,442Mich.859,applicationheldin abeyance505N.W.2d577,applicationheldinabeyance505N.W.2d578,reversedin part508N.W.2d502,444Mich.853,appealdenied521N.W.2d607,appealdenied521 N.W.2d607,445Mich.937. "Noonemanconspiracy"ruledoesnotapplywhereconspiratorsaretriedatsametime butbeforeseparatefactfinders.Peoplev.Jemison(1991)466N.W.2d378,187 Mich.App.90,appealdenied,reconsiderationoforderof9/30/91denied. Wheredefendantandcoconspiratorsweretriedatsametimebutbeforeseparatefact finders,defendant'sconspiracyconvictionwasnotrequiredtobevacatedongroundthat coconspiratorswerefoundnotguilty.Peoplev.Jemison(1991)466N.W.2d378,187 Mich.App.90,appealdenied,reconsiderationoforderof9/30/91denied. A"conspiracy"isacombinationoftwoormorepersons,bysomeconcertedaction,to accomplishanunlawfulpurpose,ortoaccomplishalawfulpurposebycriminalor unlawfulmeans.Rosenbergv.RosenbergBros.SpecialAccount(1984)351N.W.2d
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563,134Mich.App.342. Conspiracystatute(thissection)isbilateral,requiringproofofagreementbetweentwoor morepersons,ratherthanunilateral,allowingconvictionwithoutproofofsuch agreement.Peoplev.Anderson(1983)340N.W.2d634,418Mich.31. Aconspiracyisaseparateanddistinctoffensefromtheoffensewhichistheobjectofthe conspiracy.Peoplev.Braylock(1982)324N.W.2d530,118Mich.App.54. M.C.L.A.750.157v MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERXXIVA.FINANCIALTRANSACTIONDEVICES CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.157v.Makingoffalsewrittenstatementwithintenttodefraud Sec.157v.Apersonwho,knowinglyandwithintenttodefraud,makesorcausestobe made,directlyorindirectly,afalsestatementinwritingregardinghisorheridentityorthat ofanyotherpersonforthepurposeofprocuringtheissuanceofafinancialtransaction device,isguiltyofafelony. CREDIT(S) 1991MainVolume P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.157v,addedbyP.A.1987,No.276,Sec.1,Eff.March30,1988. M.C.L.A.750.215 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERXXXV.FALSEPERSONATION CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.215.Falsepersonationofpublicofficer Sec.215.Anypersonwhofalselyassumesorpretendstobeasheriff,deputysheriff, conservationofficer,coroner,constable,policeofficer,ormemberoftheMichiganstate police,andshalltakeuponhimselforherselftoactassuch,ortorequireanypersonto aidandassisthimorherinanymatterpertainingtothedutyofasheriff,deputysheriff, conservationofficer,coroner,constable,policeofficer,ormemberoftheMichiganstate
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police,orshallfalselytakeuponhimselforherselftoactorofficiateinanyofficeorplace ofauthority,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanor,punishablebyimprisonmentfornotmore than1year,orbyfineofnotmorethan$500.00. CREDIT(S) 1996InterimUpdate AmendedbyP.A.1991,No.145,Sec.1,Imd.Eff.Nov.25,1991. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1996InterimUpdate 1991Legislation The1991amendmentdeleted"justiceofthepeace,"following"pretendstobea"and "thedutyofa",inserted"orherself"and"orher"throughout,andsubstituted "imprisonmentfornot"for"imprisonmentinthecountyjailnot". 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.215,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.215. P.A.1957,No.41,Sec.1,Eff.Sept.27. C.L.1970,Sec.750.215. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.156,Sec.18. C.L.1857,Sec.5837. C.L.1871,Sec.7670. How.Sec.9252. C.L.1897,Sec.11322. C.L.1915,Sec.14989. P.A.1925,No.67. C.L.1929,Sec.16580. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES AbolitionofMichiganstatepoliceandtransferoffunctionstodepartmentofstatepolice, seeSec.16.253. Limitationofactions,seeSec.767.24. Nameandinsigniaofcertainorganizations,penaltyforwilfulunauthorizeduse,see Secs.430.6,430.55,430.105,430.151.
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Privatedetectivecertificates,shields,orbadges,unauthorizeduse,seeSecs.338.830, 338.836,338.838. Weightsandmeasures,impersonationofofficers,seeSec.290.630. LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume FalsePersonationk1. WESTLAWTopicNo.169. C.J.S.FalsePersonationSecs.1,2. M.L.P.OfficersSec.6. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Ingeneral1 Elementsofoffense2 Indictmentorinformation3 1.Ingeneral C.L.1857,Sec.5837,authorizingacriminalprosecutionagainstapersontakingon himselftoofficiateinanofficeorplaceofauthority,didnotapplywhereingoodfaithand duringarealcontroversyastothetitletheaccusedcontinuedtoactinanofficetowhich hehadbeenchosen.Hallv.People(1870)21Mich.456. 2.Elementsofoffense Thecrimeoftheftisnotembracedin18U.S.C.A.Sec.912,definingoffenseof impersonatingUnitedStatesofficer,asimpersonationneednotbeprovedtoestablish larceny,thoughbothoffensesmayariseoutofsametransaction.Laingv.U.S.,1944,145 F.2d111. 18U.S.C.A.Sec.912,penalizingfalseimpersonationofUnitedStatesofficermaybe violatedbymereimpersonationwithintenttodefraud,asdefinedinthatsection,without proofthataccusedobtainedmoneyorpropertybydeception.Laingv.U.S.,1944,145 F.2d111. 3.Indictmentorinformation Whereinformationchargedextortionandnotimpersonationofanofficeranddefendant wasnotmisled,defendantcouldnotforfirsttimeonappealchargethatinformationwas duplicitousinthatitchargedfalseimpersonationofanofficerandamaliciousthreatto extort.Peoplev.Parker(1943)11N.W.2d924,307Mich.372. UnderHow.Sec.9252,whichmadeitacriminaloffenseforanypersontofalselypretend tobeajusticeofthepeace,sheriff,constable,orcoroner,orfalselytakeuponhimselfto
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actorofficiateinanyofficeorplaceofauthority,aconvictioncouldnotbehadonan informationchargingdefendantwithassumingtobeamemberofthemetropolitanpolice forceofDetroit,withoutallegingthatheundertooktoactassuch.Peoplev.Cronin (1890)45N.W.479,80Mich.646. M.C.L.A.750.218 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERXXXVI.FALSEPRETENSESANDFALSEREPRESENTATION CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.218.Falsepretenseswithintenttodefraud Sec.218.Anypersonwho,withintenttodefraudorcheat,shalldesignedly,bycolorof anyfalsetokenorwritingorbyanyfalseorboguscheckorotherwritten,printedor engravedinstrument,byspuriouscoinormetalinthesimilitudeofcoin,orbyanyother falsepretense,causeanypersontogrant,convey,assign,demise,leaseormortgage anylandorinterestinland,orobtainthesignatureofanypersontoanywritten instrument,themakingwhereofwouldbepunishableasforgery,orobtainfromany personanymoneyorpersonalpropertyortheuseofanyinstrument,facilityorarticleor othervaluablethingorservice,orbymeansofanyfalseweightsormeasuresobtaina largeramountorquantityofpropertythanwasbargainedfor,orbymeansofanyfalse weightsormeasuressellordisposeofalessamountorquantityofpropertythanwas bargainedfor,ifsuchlandorinterestinland,money,personalproperty,useofsuch instrument,facilityorarticle,valuablething,service,largeramountobtainedorless amountdisposedof,shallbeofthevalueof$100.00orless,shallbeguiltyofa misdemeanorandifsuchland,interestinland,money,personalproperty,useofsuch instrument,facilityorarticle,valuablething,service,largeramountobtainedorless amountdisposedofshallbeofthevalueofmorethan$100.00,suchpersonshallbe guiltyofafelony,punishablebyimprisonmentinthestateprisonnotmorethan10years orbyafineofnotmorethan$5,000.00. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.218,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.218. P.A.1957,No.69,Sec.1,Eff.Sept.27. C.L.1970,Sec.750.218. PriorLaws:
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R.S.1846,c.154,Sec.39. C.L.1857,Sec.5783. P.A.1867,No.164. C.L.1871,Sec.7590. P.A.1879,No.218. How.Sec.9161. P.A.1895,No.234. C.L.1897,Sec.11575. P.A.1915,No.245. 750.279.Personalpropertyfraudulentdisposition Sec.279.FRAUDULENTDISPOSITIONOFPERSONALPROPERTYWhenever money,oranygoods,waresormerchandiseorotherpersonalproperty,shallbe delivered,committedorentrustedto,orputinchargeofanypersonasagentwithwritten instructions,oruponanywrittenagreementsignedbythepartysoinstructedasagent,or suchwritteninstructionsshallbedeliveredorsuchwrittenagreementshallbemade,at anytimeafterdeliverytosuchagent,ofanymoneyorgoods,wares,merchandise,or otherpersonalproperty,whichinstructionsoragreementsshallexpressthe appropriation,purpose,orusetowhichsuchmoneyshallbeapplied,ortheterms,mode ormanneroftheapplicationoremploymentofsuchmoney,orwhichshallexpressor directthedispositionorusetobemadebysuchagent,ofanygoods,wares, merchandiseorotherpersonalproperty,sodeliveredorentrustedtosuchagentifthe persontowhomanysuchmoneyorgoods,wares,merchandiseorotherpersonal propertyshallbesodelivered,committedorentrusted,shallpurposelyandintentionally apply,appropriate,disposeof,oruseanysuchmoneyorgoods,wares,merchandiseor otherpersonalpropertyinanyotherwayormanner,orforanyotherpurpose,useor intent,thansuchasshallbeexpressedinsuchwritteninstrumentoragreementtouching thesame,thepersonorpersonssodoing,shallbeguiltyoffelony. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.279,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.279. C.L.1970,Sec.750.279. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.154,Sec.36. C.L.1857,Sec.5780. C.L.1871,Sec.7587. How.Sec.9158. C.L.1897,Sec.11572. C.L.1915,Sec.15317. C.L.1929,Sec.16913.
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REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Computers,usetocommitviolation,seeSec.752.796. LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume Embezzlementk11(1). WESTLAWTopicNo.146. C.J.S.EmbezzlementSec.11. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Agent2 Juryquestions3 Writtenagreements1 1.Writtenagreements Awritteninstrumentrecitingthereceiptofasumofmoney"for10Moh.,"meaningfor10 sharesofstockoftheMohawkMiningCo.signedbyafirmofbrokersbytheiragent,was asufficientwrittenagreementtofallwithinC.L.1897,Sec.11572(nowthissection), whichprovidedthatwhenevermoneyshouldbeintrustedtoanypersonasagentona writtenagreementsignedbythepersonsointrustedasagent,expressingthe appropriationtowhichthemoneyshallbeapplied,ifthepersontowhomthemoneywas intrustedshouldintentionallyappropriateitinanyothermannerorforanyotherpurpose thanthatexpressedintheagreement,hewouldbeguiltyofafelony.Peoplev.Ritchie (1906)108N.W.747,145Mich.440. Whereareceiptformoneyforaparticularpurposewassignedinthenameofafirmof brokers,"PerR.,"andR.assumedtoactforthefirm,forwhichhewasbookkeeper,this didnotshowanagreementbetweenR.andthepersonfromwhomthemoneywas receivedwithinC.L.1897,Sec.11572,whichprovidedthatwhenevermoneyshallbe deliveredtoanypersononawrittenagreement,expressingtheappropriationtowhich themoneywastobeapplied,andthepersonshouldintentionallyapplyittoanother purpose,hewouldbeguiltyofafelony.Peoplev.Ritchie(1906)108N.W.747,145 Mich.440. 2.Agent WhereC.L.1897,Sec.11572,whichprovidedthatwhenevermoneyshouldbedelivered toanypersonasagent,withwritteninstructionsastotheusetowhichitshouldbe
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applied,andsuchpersonshouldintentionallyappropriatethemoneyinanyother mannerthandirected,hewouldbeguiltyofafelonytheterm"agent"assoused, includedabroker,andjustifiedhisconvictionformisapplyingmoneydepositedwithhim tobeusedinthepurchaseofstock.Peoplev.Karste(1903)93N.W.1081,132Mich. 455. 3.Juryquestions Whereprosecutorsentmoneytodefendant,withwhichtopurchasecertainstockassoon asitcouldbepurchasedatthepricenamed,anddefendantrepliedthatthemoneyhad beenplacedtoprosecutor'scredit,whethertheintentionofthepartieswastocreatethe relationofdebtorandcreditor,ortoconstitutethefundaspecialdeposit,soastorender defendantliableforitsmisapplication,prohibitedbyC.L.1897,Sec.11572,wasa questionforthejury.Peoplev.Karste(1903)93N.W.1081,132Mich.455.

M.C.L.A.750.280 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERXLIII.FRAUDSANDCHEATS CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.280.Grossfraudsandcheatsatcommonlaw Sec.280.GROSSFRAUDSANDCHEATSATCOMMONLAWAnypersonwhoshall beconvictedofanygrossfraudorcheatatcommonlaw,shallbeguiltyofafelony, punishablebyimprisonmentinthestateprisonnotmorethan10yearsorbyafineofnot morethan5,000dollars. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.280,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.280. C.L.1970,Sec.750.280. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.154,Sec.40. C.L.1857,Sec.5784. C.L.1871,Sec.7591. How.Sec.9162.
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C.L.1897,Sec.11576. C.L.1915,Sec.15321. C.L.1929,Sec.16917. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Larcenyofrationedgoods,waresandmerchandise,stealing,seeSec.750.367a. Undergroundstoragetankfinancialassurance,falsestatements,reports,claims,bids,or otherrequestsforpayment,prosecutionsunderotherstatelaws,seeSec.324.21548. LAWREVIEWANDJOURNALCOMMENTARIES 1991MainVolume Boundsofthelawforlawyerasadviser.SanfordA.Klein,61Mich.B.J.756(1982). LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume Fraudk69(1). WESTLAWTopicNo.184. C.J.S.FraudSec.155etseq. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Elementsofoffense1 Evidence2 1.Elementsofoffense Questionoffraudinvolveselementofintentdirectevidenceofsuchintentisnot essentialtoproofoffraud,andcircumstantialevidence,ifstrongenoughtoconvincejury ofguiltbeyondreasonabledoubt,issufficienttosustainverdict.U.S.v.Leggett,C.A.6 (Mich.)1961,292F.2d423,certioraridenied82S.Ct.194,368U.S.914,7L.Ed.2d131, rehearingdenied82S.Ct.476,368U.S.979,7L.Ed.2d441. 2.Evidence Defendantwillnotbepermittedtogiveatestorexhibitioninopencourtofhispowerto communicatewiththespiritsofdeceasedpersons,onatrialforfraudinpretendingto havesuchpower.U.S.v.Ried,D.C.Mich.1890,42F.134. Inprosecutionforconspiracytodefraudbymeansoffalsepretenses,trialcourtdidnot
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errinadmittinginevidenceanenvelopeinwhichoneofthedefendantshadstage moneywhichwastobesoldascounterfeitUnitedStatescurrency,thoughtheenvelope hadnomarksofidentification,wherestate'switnesstestifiedthatitwastheenvelopein whichoneofthedefendantshadthestagemoney,sincetheauthenticityoftheenvelope wasafactquestionforthejury.Peoplev.Smith(1941)295N.W.605,296Mich.176. Wheretheprincipalissueisfraudorfraudulentintent,awidelatitudeisrecognizedin receivingevidenceoffactstendingeithertoinculpateorexculpateaccused.Peoplev. Willson(1919)171N.W.474,205Mich.28. M.C.L.A.750.363 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLII.LARCENY CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.363.Larcenybyfalsepersonation Sec.363.LARCENYBYFALSEPERSONATIONAnypersonwhoshallfalsely personateorrepresentanother,andinsuchassumedcharactershallreceiveanymoney, orotherpropertywhatever,intendedtobedeliveredtothepartysopersonated,with intenttoconvertthesametohisownuse,shallbedeemedbysodoing,tohave committedthecrimeoflarceny,andshallbepunishedasprovidedinthefirstsectionof thischapter.[FN1] [FN1]Section750.356. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.363,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.363. C.L.1970,Sec.750.363. PriorLaws: R.S.1846,c.154,Sec.38. C.L.1857,Sec.5782. C.L.1871,Sec.7589. How.Sec.9160. C.L.1897,Sec.11574. C.L.1915,Sec.15319.
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C.L.1929,Sec.16915. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Commercialpaper,imposters,seeSec.440.3405. LIBRARYREFERENCES 1996InterimUpdate Comments. Larcenybyfalsepersonation,seeM.P.vol.12,Saltzman,Sec.7.63etseq. 1991MainVolume Larcenyk14(4). WESTLAWTopicNo.234. C.J.S.LarcenySecs.7,23,36. M.L.P.FalsePretensesSec.1. M.L.P.LarcenySec.10.

M.C.L.A.750.369 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE CHAPTERLIII.LEGALPROCESS CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.369.Abuseoflegalprocess Sec.369.ABUSEOFLEGALPROCESSAnyofficerorpersonwhoshallwilfullymake anyarrestorinstituteanylegalproceedings,orsueoutanyprocessforthepurposeof obtainingthefeesormileagethatmightaccruetheretoortherefor,shallbeguiltyofa misdemeanor. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume
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Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.369,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.369. C.L.1970,Sec.750.369. PriorLaws: P.A.1879,No.187,Sec.1. How.Sec.9263. C.L.1897,Sec.11333. C.L.1915,Sec.15000. C.L.1929,Sec.16595. REFERENCES LIBRARYREFERENCES 1991MainVolume Processk168. WESTLAWTopicNo.313. C.J.S.ProcessSecs.106to111. M.L.P.ProcessSec.6. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Ingeneral1 1.Ingeneral Elementsofabuseofprocessareanulteriorpurposeandanactbydefendantwhichis improperintheregularconductorprosecutionofaproceeding.PiletteIndustries,Inc.v. Alexander(1969)169N.W.2d149,17Mich.App.226. Properissuanceofprocessmaybetaintedbyitssubsequentuse,butregularuseof processwithbadintentionisnotmaliciousabuseofprocess.PiletteIndustries,Inc.v. Alexander(1969)169N.W.2d149,17Mich.App.226. Mannerofuseofprocess,notintentionofonewhoprocuresit,isdeterminativeof whetherprocesshasbeenabused.PiletteIndustries,Inc.v.Alexander(1969)169 N.W.2d149,17Mich.App.226. M.C.L.A.750.370 MICHIGANCOMPILEDLAWSANNOTATED CHAPTER750.MICHIGANPENALCODE THEMICHIGANPENALCODE
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CHAPTERLIV.LIBELANDSLANDER CurrentthroughP.A.1995,Nos.1to3,5to8,10to24,26, 28to58,and61to100 750.370.Falselyandmaliciouslyaccusinganother Sec.370.FALSELYANDMALICIOUSLYACCUSINGANOTHEROFCRIME,ETC. Anypersonwhoshallfalselyandmaliciously,byword,writing,sign,orotherwise accuse,attribute,orimputetoanotherthecommissionofanycrime,felonyor misdemeanor,oranyinfamousordegradingact,orimputeorattributetoanyfemalea wantofchastity,shallbeguiltyofamisdemeanor. HISTORICALNOTES HISTORICALANDSTATUTORYNOTES 1991MainVolume Source: P.A.1931,No.328,Sec.370,Eff.Sept.18. C.L.1948,Sec.750.370. C.L.1970,Sec.750.370. PriorLaws: P.A.1879,No.192,Sec.1. How.Sec.9315. P.A.1885,No.210. C.L.1897,Sec.11762. C.L.1915,Sec.15573. C.L.1929,Sec.16812. REFERENCES CROSSREFERENCES Civilaction,seeSec.600.2911. Indictmentandinformation,seeSec.767.1etseq. Limitationofactions,seeSec.767.24. Misdemeanor,seeSecs.750.8,750.9. LAWREVIEWANDJOURNALCOMMENTARIES 1991MainVolume FirstAmendmentasprecludingrecoveryfornonmaliciousdefamationbyonewhohas projectedhimselfintoarenaofpublicconcern.13WayneL.Rev.392(1967). LIBRARYREFERENCES
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1991MainVolume LibelandSlanderk141,145. WESTLAWTopicNo.237. C.J.S.LibelandSlanderInjuriousFalsehoodSecs.7,8. M.L.P.LibelandSlanderSec.3. ANNOTATIONS NOTESOFDECISIONS Constitutionalandstatutoryprovisions2 Elementsofoffense1 Oraldefamation3 Personsliable5 Printedmaterial4 1.Elementsofoffense Affidavitsconcerningallegedlylibelouspublicationofstatementconcerningplaintiff politicalpartyworkersweresuchthatreasonablemindscouldfindorreasonablyinfer thatallegedlydefamatorydocumenthadbeenpreparedandpublishedwithanintentto causeharmthroughfalsehoodorinrecklessdisregardoftruthorfalsityofallegations precludingthegrantingofsummaryjudgmenttodefendantswhoassertedthatplaintiffs werepublicfigureswhocouldnotrecoverfordefamationunlessactualmalicewas proved.Arberv.Stahlin(1969)170N.W.2d45,382Mich.300,certioraridenied90S.Ct. 927,397U.S.924,25L.Ed.2d103. Determinationofactualmaliceonpartofdefendantssuedforlibeldependsonmorethan ameredenialandmustberesolvedfromastudyofwitnessonstand,hisinterestorlack ofinterestincase,hisroleinpublicationofallegedlibel,andthemanyotherfactors makingupissueofcredibility.Arberv.Stahlin(1969)170N.W.2d45,382Mich.300, certioraridenied90S.Ct.927,397U.S.924,25L.Ed.2d103. UnderHow.Sec.9315,makingguiltyofamisdemeanoranyonewhofalselyand maliciouslyaccusedorimputedtoanotherthecommissionofanycrimeoranyinfamous ordegradingact,thefactthatthecomplainingwitnessconstruedthelanguageusedas imputingthecommissionofacrimeratherthananinfamousordegradingactdidnot renderthecomplaintandwarrantvoid,buttheoffensechargedwastohavebeen determinedbythewordsallegedtoconstituteit,andnotbytheinferencedrawnfrom thembytheaffiant.Schultzv.Huebner(1896)66N.W.57,108Mich.274. Alibelthatwascriminalatcommonlaw,butwhichwasnotenumeratedinP.A.1879,No. 192,couldnotbepunished,sincethatact,enumeratingcriminallibelsandspecifyingthe punishment,excludedasoffensesthosenotmentioned.Glassmirev.ManisteeCircuit Judge(1891)47N.W.965,84Mich.447. Imputationinwritingofviolationofstatuteprohibitinguseofamotorvehiclewithout
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authoritybutwithoutintenttosteal,ifmadefalselyandifmaliciouslypublished,is libelous,but,ifmadetruthfullyandwithoutmaliceisnotlibelous.Op.Atty.Gen.194748, No.468,p.366. 2.Constitutionalandstatutoryprovisions PriortothepassageofP.A.1879,No.192,thestatutescontainednoexpressprovision forthepunishmentoflibelandslander,buttheywerepunishableasmisdemeanorsat thecommonlawunderHow.Sec.9261.Glassmirev.ManisteeCircuitJudge(1891)47 N.W.965,84Mich.447. 3.Oraldefamation Acomplaintchargingthatthedefendantimputedtotheaffiantacrimebyfalselyand maliciouslysaying:"Youareaswindler.Youbeatthepoorpeopleoutoftheirmoney, andareacheatandafraud,"chargedanoffense,underHow.Sec.9315,makingita misdemeanortoimputetoanotherthecommissionof"anycrime,felony,ormisdemeanor oranyinfamousordegradingact."Schultzv.Huebner(1896)66N.W.57,108Mich.274. 4.Printedmaterial Anarticlewrittenbyplaintiffwaserroneouslyprinted,buttherewasnoevidencetoshow thatthealterationwastheresultofintentiononthepartofthepartiesitcouldnotbe madethebasisofdamagesforanactionbythewriterformaliciouslibel.Sullingsv. Shakespeare(1881)9N.W.451,46Mich.408,41Am.Rep.166. Apamphletissuedinsupportofapoliticalcandidatewhichcontainedcertain accusationswasnotcriminallylibelousonitsfacewherethetruthorfalsitywould dependonproofoutsidetheprintedmatteritself.Op.Atty.Gen.194748,No.468,p.366. 5.Personsliable OnewhocirculatedalibelmaybeguiltyoftheoffensedenouncedbyC.L.1897,Sec. 11762,makingitamisdemeanortofalselychargeanotherwiththecommissionofa crime.Mackv.Sharp(1904)101N.W.631,138Mich.448,5Am.Ann.Cas.109. UnderP.A.1885,No.210,whichmadeitamisdemeanortofalselyandmaliciously imputetoanotherbywordorwritinganinfamousordegradingact,acomplaintwhich chargeddefendantwithpublishinginanewspaperthatcomplainant'sarmwasbroken whilebeingejectedfromahouseofillfamechargedadegrading
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