in
!"$#&%('*)+-,/..0
1&24357698 :<;>=?5A@6BDCE@GFHGIE5GJLKMCN6DOPCEFRQTS75UF&6DB5&VW8YX-J:YX-J;X9=Z5[6\5BD57]5^S_6CE`GF?OP`bacKMCEFd:<;eJ;Y8cJ 8 :
BD5UOfZ5US_6DCNg&5hIEiG2jlkff?`mO
56\5YS7CEBnS7koeQTS7CEBDShIN5`bap6DBCq@bFH&IN5W8WXh:YXh;XLf?@GODO
5^O/6\B`&kHG\r8s2/tBD`-gG56D\@-6:uX-J;X-J
K?JKUXW@GB5uSh`GFShilShINCqSbJRv\5hBD5YK^XCEO46D\5uCEFRQwSh5hFm6BD5Y`bax6BDCE@GFHGIE5u8WX_:uXU;4X-2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ
A
C1
I1
B
B1
.in
A1
.1
00
ar
ks
b` 6D5s6\?@-6Km8WXYKm:YXW(Kl;4XYblJ?v\5UB5ceCqO6D\5cCEFRQwBD@&RCEkOL`Ga6D\5s6DBCq@bFHGIE5s8 :<;e2L5hF?S75<K$CEOL6\5
ShCNBnS7ko<QTS75UFm6BD5W`Ga6D\5Y6BDCE@GFHGIE5u8WX7:YXU;X2
3576s=?5e6\5f?`&CNFm6Y`baCEFm65UBDO5US76CE`GF`GaKm:YX<@GF8W;e2e4\5UFAKmlJKm8b$@bFK&8Gmb2
6ea`GIEIE`-vLOs6D\@-6$K&8Gm$@GF!\5UFS75[K&8:YX9G&b2!4\mk?Oe8K&:uXPCEO@bF5UmkCEIE@b65hBn@bI6BDCq@bFH&IN5&2
jRCNoCEIE@GBIEiW6BDCE@GFHGIE58 Kl;X/CqOx@GIEO`L5^&kCNIq@-6D5hBn@bI2p5\5hF?S75`&=R6D@GCNFs8:YX 8W;4X 8 KKm:YXdKl;4X -l2
A5<@GIEO``G=?O
5UBg&56D\@-6u: X Km; X 1^G @bF?K&: X 8W; X CEO@BD\`Go<=kOU24\lkOY: X 8; X 1b @bF9=li
Sh`GFShiRS7IECEShC6i8WXWd&&G24jRCNFSh5c8 :uXW(8;XJ8CqO46\5<oCERfZ`GCEFm6 `ba6D\5c@bBnSu:uX_8;Xb2 6La`GIEIN`-vLO6\@b6
8YX78=CEO5US76DO 8WXW@GF9KUXIECN5^O`GF6\5uIECEF5s8WX78s24\CqOCEoefINCE5UO46D\@-6
: X K X ; X & 8 XU u& G 1b b
jRCNFSh5<:YX7Km;XL1^G&Jv5uS7`&FS7IEkR5Y6D\@-6L:uX-JK?JKUXbJ?;XW@bBD5YS7`GF?S7iRS7IECESG2L}kB
6D\5hBL8CqO46D\5sS75UF&6DB5&2
24CEF9@bIEI6BDCEfIN5^Oux
4O
kSn\6\?@-6?cl ! JRv\5hBD54CEO@efBDCEoe5s@GF
r@bBD5YF@-6DkBD@GIFmkoc=Z5hBnOh2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ A5u=?5UHGCEFrvCN6\r6D\5sO6n@bF@bBnPa}@&S_6`&BCqOD@-6CE`GF
! R!- GhR - &
4\lkOWv5<\?@gG5c - $?@bF?[ - Pd?9a`&BYO`Go5<f?`mO
CN6CEgG5eCNFm6D5hHG5UBDO>@bFOkSn\
6D\@-6Y !2sjlCEFS75< - - RJv5<\@gG5cdO`6D\@-64?RCEgmCqR5^OZ2W4\lkO
- cRCEglCE5UO - R2ABCN6CEFH - s b A Jmv5WCNFRa5UB46\@b6 b
CNglCqR5UO $@bF?$\5UFS75u !- eRCEglCER5^O 2kR6
RL R4!- & c1^
4\lkO - PRCEglCE5UO 1^72jlCEFS75< - RCEgmCqR5^O =Z`b6D\ 9@bF e1^7J?v5cSh`GFShINk5
6D\@-6LCN6 @bIqO`CNglCqR5UO 24\CEO4H&CNg&5UO4 !- u1&JRJ `&B 2
a b 1GJ6D\5hFP1c@bF9 RJ?HGCEgmCEFHs@bF?9[1&2 a - RJ6\5UF
-H&CNglCEFH29kR6<6\5UF!l bCqOsF`b6s6D\5PfZ`-v5UBs`baL@fBDCEoe5&24\5$5^&k?@-6CE`GF?O
- @GF b \@g&5F`uCNFm6D5hHG5UBO`GIEkR6CE`GFOU2A5Sh`GFShINk?R546\@b6x
x
RU1Gh1
CqO46D\5u`GFIEi$O`GIEkR6CE`GF2
I6D5hBDF@-6DCNg&5hIEiGJRkOCEFH b Y @GFr b Y Jv5Yo@i$HG576
e r lZ M1
a/JR6D\5hF[RCEglCE5UO `&B2 a[RCEglCER5^O J6\5UFr(R2 a[CNglCqR5UO ZJ6\5UF !b c?
O\`-vLO6D\@-6x$RCEgmCqR5^Ou@bF?<\5hFSh5d2kR66\5UF$bcl r J&v\CqSn\PO
\`-vLO6D\@-6<CqO5UgG5hF2@blCEFH
dGJ&v5HG5h64bG & 1&24\CEOCNofIECE5UO6\@b6<c@bF?\5hF?S75 J&v\CqSn\PCqO@<S7`&F&6DBD@&RCqS_6CE`GF2
4\lkOL@bF? !- u1G24\CqO4HGCEgG5^O4e1u@GFr\5hFSh54dJR1&2
2435768=Z5L@uO
5h6`baZB5^@bIRFlkoc=Z5hBnO/OkSn\e6\@b68\@GO/@b6IN5^@GO
6a`&kB5UIN5Uoe5UFm6DOU2jlkff?`mO
58\?@GO6\5fB`&f?5UB
6i
6D\@-6s _ CqOu@PBn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlkoc=Z5hBWa`GBu@GINI/RCqO6DCNF?S_6uFlkoc=Z5hBnOY? CNFA8s2etBD`-gG5u6D\@-6W6\5UB5e57RCqO6nOY@
fZ`&OCN6CEgG5YCNFm6D5hHG5UB OkSn\r6\@b6 CEO@Bn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UB4a`GB5hg&5hBDi$CEF8s2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ jRkffZ`&O5c[8s244\5UF9 d CEOLBD@b6CE`GF@GI@bF9 CEO@bIqO
`Bn@-6CE`GF?@bIa`GB
@GINIx? CNF8sJZ[d
J d
J 2L5hF?S75cX a`GBO
`&oe5uBn@-6DCN`&F@bIXY@GFrF@-6DkBD@GIFlkoc=Z5hB2
`GBL@GFmi
Jv5Y\@gG5
h X
v\CESn\9CqO@<Bn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UBU2
5hFSh5sv5uo@ir@GODO
koe5sCqOF`G6 CEF98c2 a6D\5hBD5sCqOL@Flkoc=Z5hB CEF[8O
k?Sn\6D\@-6<LPCqOL@bIqO
`CEF[8sJ6\5UF
@GH&@GCNFv5 Sh@GFHG5h66\5S7`&FS7IEkOCN`&FP@GOa`&INIE`-vLOU2/`&FO
CqR5UB6v`s`b6D\5hB5hIE5ho5hFm6DO DsCEF$8s2/4\5UF &<CEO
Bn@-6DCN`&F@bI@bF? mCEO4@bIqO`cBn@-6CE`GF?@bI2 64a`GIEIE`-vLO6D\@-6 CEOBn@-6DCN`&F@bI@bF&PCEOBn@-6CE`GF?@bI2jlCEoCNIq@bBDIEiGJR
@GF P@bBD5Y@bIqO
`eBD@b6CE`GF@GIEOU2/4\lkO4 }mR RCEO4Bn@-6DCN`&F@bI2 `G65W6\@b6v5uSh@GFg-@GBiP`-g&5hB48(vC6D\
@GF
?2 H&@GCNF CEOWBn@-6DCN`&F@bICNofIECE5UOW6\?@-6 X a`&BYO`Go5eBD@b6CE`GF@GI X @GFF?@-6kBD@GI
Flko<=?5UB25u`&=O5hBDgG56\@b6 X CEO4Bn@-6DCN`&F@bIJ@bF?
X
.1
00
ar
ks
.in
CEO
6CEFS_6W5hIE5ho5hFm6nO`ba/8s24A5so@i$@GODO
koe5$ 244\5hF @GF9 7 @bBD5WBn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UBDO
@GFO`sCEO6\5UCNB4RCNZ5UB5UFS75 7 2xABDC6DCNFH< d _ } _ 7JG@bF?kO
CEFHu6D\5La}@&S_6nO [_ J
7 @bBD5 Bn@-6DCN`&F@bIqOUJGv5WSh`GFShINk5 6D\@-6 CqO4@bIqO
`e@cBn@-6DCN`&F@bI?Fmkoc=Z5hB^2/jRCNoCEIE@GBIEiGJ CEO4@GIEO`
@eBn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UBU2
`&FOCER5UB
`b6D5u6\@b6 24\mk?O CqOL@Bn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UB @bF9 24\CqOHGCEgG5^O _2
3576LkO6D@b&5 24\5UF
G
v\5hBD5@bF?@bBD5$F?@-6kBD@GIFlko<=?5UBDOU2@bG59 24\5UF( CEO@BD@b6CE`GF@GIFlko<=?5UBU2
CEF@bIEIEiGJRa`&BL@bFli CNF8sJv5u\@g&5
CqOL@GIEO`e@eBn@-6DCN`&F@bIFlko<=?5UBU2
2 NI I6D\5Wf?`&CNFm6DOvCN6\CNFm65UHG5UBSh`m`&BDCNF@b65^OCEF$6D\5?mQfIq@bF5@bBD5Sh`GIE`GkBD5UPkO
CEFHc6\BD5h5YS7`&IN`&kBDOUJmB5^Jl=INk5
@GF9HGBD5h5UFpJ5^@GSn\9S7`GIE`GkBL=?5UCNFHPkO5U9@-6 IE5U@&O6L`&FS75&2 6 CqOLlF`-vFr6D\@-66D\5sfZ`GCEF&6e}D&CqO Sh`GIE`GkBD5UB5^
@GF$6\5YfZ`GCEF&6sh1CEO4S7`&IN`&kBD5UP=INk5&2tBD`-gG56D\@-646D\5hBD5Y57RCEO
646\BD5h5WfZ`GCEF&6nO4vC6D\CEFm65UHG5hBSh`m`&BDCNF@b65^O
`GaCEO
6CEFS_6 Sh`GIE`GkBnOv\CqSn\a`&Bo6\5ug&5hB6CqS75UO`Ga@e }Z~7nxZ{}l 6DBCq@bFH&IN5&2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ `GF?O
CqR5hBs6\5IE@b6
6CqS75f?`&CNFm6nOU}f?`&CNFm6DO<vCN6\CEFm65hH&5hBcSh`l`GBnRCNF?@-65^ODu`GF6\5$IECNF5^Oc[@GF
1&Jb`b6D\5hB6\@GF9D&@bF?rU1^_J aZ`&F5`baZ6\5ho9JmOD@ic8dxh1^7JGCqOS7`&IN`&kBD5U<HGBD5h5hFJ-6\5UFv5\@g&5@
BDCEHG\m6
QT@bFH&IN5^<6BDCE@GFHGIE5vC6D\}m_J}U1^/@GF8d@&Og&5hB6CqS75UOUJ&@GINI?\@glCNFHsRC5hBD5hFm64S7`GIE`GkBDOU2jl5h5WxCEHGkB5^O
1u@GFR2
(0,q)
A (p,1)
g
D (p,q)
r
r
A(0,q)
Fig-1
B (c,0)
b
Fig-2
(p,0)
r/ b
Fig-3
ar
ks
.in
axF`b6^Jl6\5WIE@b6
6DCESh5 fZ`GCEF&6nO`GFP<@bF$e1W@bBD5@GINIZB5^P`&B=IEk5G2/A5YS7`GF?O
CqR5hB6\B5U5RCNZ5UB5UFm64SU@GO5UOU2
<^(? jlkff?`mO
5@f?`&CNFm6: D&YCqOs=INk5&2A`GF?O
CqR5hBe@HGBD5h5UFf?`&CNFm6e YCNF6\5fIE@GF5G2
jRkffZ`&O5ud
2 a4C6nOufBD`b5US76CE`GFD&W`&F6D\5PQT@-RCqOYCEOYBD5UpJp6\5hFx _J4xm@GF D&Y@GB5<6\5
g&5hB6CqS75^Oc`Ga@BD5UmkCEBD5U6ilfZ5r`Ga BDCNH&\&6Qw@GFHGIE5UA6DBCq@bFHGIE5G2 a<msCqOe=IEk5GJ6\5UFMv5rSU@bFSh`GFOCqR5hB<6\5
6DBCq@bFHGIE5<v\`mO
5egG5UB
6DCESh5UOW@bBD5rD&_JD&@bFx _2 axAJ6\5UF6D\5f?`&CNFm6nOuJ}&@bF?M m
vCEIEIpv`&B2q}CEHGkBD5W2
<^p fZ`GCEFm6 h1_JR`GF6\5uINCEF5u1GJRCqO4BD5U2 OCNoCEIE@GBL@bBDHGko5UF&64v`GBDlOCEFr6\CqOLSh@&O
5&2
E (p,q)
K r
.1
00
Fig-4
<^M jlkffZ`&O5@bIEI/6\5Iq@-66CqS75fZ`GCEF&6nOu`GF6\5INCEF59@bBD5B5^@GFA@bIEI`GF6\5IECEF51@bBD5
=INk5<f?`&CNFm6nOh2W`&FOCER5UB@H&B5U5hF9fZ`GCEF&6Y _JZv\5hBD5
P@bF?
1&2Ejl5h5cCEHGkBD5 2 [`&FO
CqR5UB
@GFCEO`&ODS75UIN5^OBDCNH&\&6Qw@GFHGIE5U$6BDCq@bFH&IN5ssAvC6D\A(GmsOkSn\96\?@-6L6D\5c\lilf?`G65UFmk?O
5sA CqO @f?@bB6
`Ga6\5cQT@-RCqOh2Y3p5h6Wc CNFm65UBDO5US76 9CEF 2W4\5UFCEOW@PBD5UfZ`GCEFm6W@GF CqOY@P=IEk5<f?`&CNFm6U2u 5hFSh5
c CEO@5UOCNBD5U$6BDCE@GFHGIE5G2
2435768 :<;=?59@96BDCq@bFH&IN5&V J J =Z5P6D\BD5h5$5^mk@bIJRCqO`&CNFm6eShCNBnS7IE5UOcCNF?O
CqR58:<;OkSn\6D\@- 6
6D`GkSn\5UOW8 :@GF[8W;e
V 6D`GkSn\5UOW8 :PV@GF[:<;eJp@GF 6`Gk?Sn\5UOW:<;@GF;Y8s2Y3p5h6 =?5@PS7CEBnS7IE5
6D`GkSn\CNFHS7CEBDShIN5^
O J J 57l6D5hBDF@bIEINi&2LtBD`-gG5Y6D\@-66\5<INCEF5L`&CNFCNFH$6\5eS7CEBDShkoeQwSh5hFm6BD5 @GFr6\5
CEFRQTS75UF&6DB5uK`Ga6DBCq@bFH&IN5u8:<;f@GODO
5^O6\BD`GkHG\6\5sSh5hFm6BD5Y`ba 2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ 3p5h6 YXbJ J
W=Z56D\5uS75UF&6DB5^O`Ga6D\5WShCNBnS7IE5UO J J BD5UOf?5^S_6CEgG5UINi&Jm@GFIN5h6 =?56\5
ShCNBnS7ko<QTS75UFm6BD5u`ba6\5c6 BDCE@GFHGIE5YX G2L3576 AR5hF`b65s6\5cSh`Goo`GFBn@GRCEkO`Ga/6\BD5h5<S7CEBDShIN5^O J J
2 `G65u6D\@-
6 CqO @GIEO`6D\5cS75UFm6BD5s`ba6\5cS7CEBDShIN5 J?@&O YX J J !5^@GSn\957Sh5h5Ur6D\5cBn@GCNkOL`ba
=liPx23p5h6LJ"JJ J?=?5uBD5UOf?5^S_6DCNg&5hIEi6\5ufB`G5US_6DCN`&FO`ba KJJeJ#WXbJ `GF9:<;2
O1
P
O
O2
O3
D
X K
.1
00
ar
ks
.in
-
: " : " % $ b Y - V
$ :c:c % $ V
" :c&
: " x b x b
5hFSh5uv5YH&576
"
P
A5u`G=?O
5UBg&5 6D\@-66D\5sO
CqR5^O4`ba6BDCE@GFHGIE(5 Y*X
u@GB5
}AZ7+
X }AZ7+
X }WAZ
4\lkOL6\5eO
CqR5^O`b,a YX c@GF6\`mO
5c`ba8 :e;@bBD5uCNF6D\5sBn@-6DCN`[}uA m2kB6\5UBUJZ@GOL6\5cOCqR5UO `ba
YX*
@bBD5f@bBn@bIEIN5UI6`6D\`&O5`baL8:<;eJv5PO5h5P6\@b6<K[CqOY6\5PCNFQwSh5hFm6BD5`ba
YX $@&Ouv5UINI294\CEO
H&CNg&5UO -K .K (WAZ lJ?@bF?$\5UFS7&5 & -K l24\lkO4v5u`G=6D@bCEF
" &
P K-
6a`&INIE`-vLO6\?@-6 K?/ 40 @bBD5uS7`&INIECNF5U@bB^2
I6D5hBDF@-6D5hIEiGJ/v5$@bIqO`[CNFa5hB<6\@b6eKCEOs6\5rS75hFm6DB5`ba\`Go`G6\5h6iAv\CESn\6n@bG5^Ou6D\25 1H&kBD35 W*X 6D`
8:<;e2 5hFSh5uC66n@b&5UO6D`2e2 6a`GIEIN`-vLO6D\@-6 K?/44@GB5uSh`GIEINCEF5U@GB
24357
6 }Z4=Z5s@eHGCEgG5hFrfZ`GIEimF`GoCE@GIvC6D\9CNFm65UHG5UBLS7`l5 5PS7CE5hFm6nOh2/tBD`-gG56\?@-66\5hBD5W5hRCEO
66v`fZ`GIEilF`GoCq@bIqO
6 Z@GF8
7_J@GH&@GCNFPvCN6\CNFm6D5hHG5UBSh`l5 5PS7CE5hFm6DOUJOkSn\6\?@-6sC 9 Z 6 CEO4@cf?`&INilF`&oeCq@bICEF$ V@GF
}CNC }Z: 7}Z4CqO@f?`&INilF`&oCE@GICNFr 2
<*<<^ =?5s@fZ`GIEilF`GoCq@bIvCN6\9CEF&6D5hH&5hBS7`l5 5PShCN5UF&6nOh2
yzZ{}|x~U}zZ 3p5h
6 - ; X_ =
~ ?B A 5uo@iPvBDC6D5
> @
<<*< X Z - Dh D C
<<*<
; Z C
E 5 1?F5
6 dF; Z C
<<*< A X .7Z D D =
<*<<
.1
00
ar
ks
.in