Primary Sources Moore, Sherwood, (1955) Hyperostosis cranii, Springfield Ill, Thomas This is a short scientific book on hyperostosis,

which is the expansion of the cranium. It is always present in hydrocephalus cases. It is a rare glimpse of the ideas about hydrocephalus back in the 50s. U.S. National Institution of Neurological Disease and Stroke, (1970) Fact sheet, Hydrocephalus. DHEW Publication This is a fact sheet, that would be found at a clinic or doctor's office that would be given to parents whose children were born with complications. It contains a look back on what now appears to be a very primitive understanding of the disease. Secondary Sources Albright, A. Leland, Adelson, P. David, Pollack, Ian. F, (2008) Principles and practices of pediatric neurosurgery. New York: Thieme Infants are usually born with hydrocephalus versus getting the disability from concussions in sports, so it is important that doctors know how to diagnose these infants. Allanach, Simon., (2012) The History of Hydrocephalus Treatment. Retrieved from http://hydrocephalus.allanach.dk/ This is a health website directly aimed at giving viewers a very extensive knowledge of the causes of hydrocephalus, it's history and it' treatment. Aschoff, Kremer, Hashemi, Kunze,. (1999) The Scientific History and Treatment of Hydrocephalus . Springer Verlag This is a 27 page excerpt from a scientific journal of medicine. It contains the full development of scientific knowledge about the disease from the time of Hippocrates. It contains many old writings and blue prints for some of the first shunts. It includes other methods of treating hydrocephalus such as trephination of the skull, extreme dieting, and ventricular punctures. With these it also explains the history of discovery about the disease beginning with the pharaohs of Egypt and ending in the 1970s. Basse, Craig (2003) He was a mechanic, gifted at saving lives. Retrieved from http://www.sptimes.com/2003/12/27/Tampabay/He_was_a_mechanic__gi.shtml This is the obituary of John W. Holter, who was the creator of the first fully operational shunt.

Browd Samuel R. (2012) Overview of bioengineering & hydrocephalus. University of Washington. Retrieved from http://www.hydroassoc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/08/Lutz-Overview-of-bioengineering-and-hydrocephalus-10Jul12.pdf This website speaks to the mechanical make up of a shunt and how it works. Carachi, Robert: Young, Daniel Greer: Buyukunal, Cenk., (2009) A History of Surgical Pediatrics. New Jersey; London; World Scientific This book is used in class rooms to teach neurological students the delicacy and strategy of implanting a child's shunt. It also is about other childhood brain diseases, it helped with seeing other diseases hydrocephalus is confused with. Cinalli, Giuseppe, (2004) Pediatric Hydrocephalus. Milan, New York: Springer This is a very specific book, wholly focused on explaining hydrocephalus in small children. It gave me a very detailed description of symptoms in children. Cochrane Dr. Doug ., (2009) Booklet on Cerebral Ventricular Shunts., BC Childrens Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.cw.bc.ca/library/pdf/Pamphlets/BCCH1072_cerebral_ventricular_2009.pdf This is a PowerPoint on the different make ups and designs of the four main shunts, and it includes their predecessors. Downey, Sally (2006) Eugene B. Spitz 87; developed a life-saving operation. Philly Newspaper. Retrieved from http://articles.philly.com/2006-12-19/news/ 25399064_1_life-saving-surgery-children-s-hospital-memorial-service This is the obituary of Eugene Spitz, who was the first man to put a successful shunt into a person's head. He helped the mechanics with the designs of the shunt. Drake, James M. Sainte-Rose, Christian (1995) The Shunt Book. Cambridge, Mass. :Blackwell Science This is a very extensive book about the first to the current shunt. From this book, I have a better knowledge of how the shunt evolved over time.

Ellis, Harold., (2007) The Spitz Holter valve. Association for Perioperative Practice. Retrieved from. http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Spitz-Holter-valve/192485437.html This website talks about the relationship of the mechanic who designed the first "good" shunt and the surgeon who helped him design it. Garrison, Fielding H. (1966), History of Medicine, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. This book contains some of Hippocrates writings and descriptions of hydrocephalus. It was very helpful when it came to putting my prezi together. Hydrocephalus Association RSS (2012) "Treatment of Hydrocephalus." Retrieved from http://www.hydroassoc.org/ This is a national foundation that is devoted solely to people with hydrocephalus. They had helped me with past projects, but were unable to this time. They do help to define the parts of the brain affected by hydrocephalus. John Dempsey Hospital , . Shunts/IVH Hydrocephalus . John Dempsey Hospital (1995) Retrieved from http://nursing.uchc.edu/unit_manuals/. nicu_nurserybrochures_handouts/docs/Hydrocephalus%20Handout_03-06.pdf This is a handout created by John Dempsey hospital that talks about the four main types of shunts. It is significant because the programmable shunt had not yet been made therefore it included shunts that were used back in the 60s and 70s. Joshua S Baru, BA, David A Bloom, MD, FACS, Karin Muraszko, MD, C Everett Koop, MD, FACS,. (2001) John W. Holter's Shunt . Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved from http://www.cchil.org/hospitalmedicine/images/resources/030411-044902pmBaur_John%20Holter.pdf This is a 7 page excerpt form a scientific journal that extensively tells the story of John W. Holter's shunt. It explains all of the skills he acquired through different jobs he had, and then explains how these jobs skills paid off in the creative of his own shunt. It gives a few different patents for his shunt and its schematics. It also gives some background information on his relationship with Eugene Spitz, who, in the end, implanted Holters shunt into Holters son, Casey. Kinsman SL, Johnston MV. (2007) Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001558.htm This website talks about the cause of too much liquid in the ventricles, myelomeningocele. It seemed like something important to know.

Lifshutz, Jason I., M.D., Walter D. Johnson, M.D., (2001) History of Hydrocephalus and its Treatments. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/405733 This is a website that talks about the more primitive methods of attempting to cure this disease, including bandaging, cutting and dehydrating the brain. Mahmoud, Nagib (2/10/13) Chief and my own neurosurgeon at Children's hospital in Minneapolis. Emailing interview Through emails with Dr. Nagib I was able to get a better understanding of the physical make up of the brain Newman, Nancy J. (1999) Neuro-ophthalmology for Neurosurgeons. Philadelphia, Pa. :W.B. Saunder This book talked about a very strange way of seeing if someone's intracranial pressure is high, which is a sign of hydrocephalus. Extra strain is put on the eye as the brain swells. Quiones-Hinojosa, Alfredo. ;Schmidek, Henry, H. (2012) Schmidek and Sweet Operative neurosurgical techniques: indications, methods and results. Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier/Saunders From this book, I got a better understanding of the symptoms and techniques of dealing with Hydrocephalus in patients. I assume this book is a guidebook used by doctors. Richard H. Winn, Youmans, Julia R. (2011) Youman's Neurological Surgeries. Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier/Saunders Youman's disease is very similar to hydrocephalus and I was looking to see if there were any direct connections between the two. Ring-Mrozik E, (1986) Historical aspects of hydrocephalus. Angerpointer TA. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/3095871/?i=3&from=/11453388/related This is an abstract to a much larger project I was not given clearance to look at, but it gives a very scientific history of hydrocephalus. Yoon Sun Hahn, Hun Joo Kim, Hun Jae Lee., (1976) Critical review of shunting procedures for hydrocephalus. Department of neurosurgery Yonsei University, Medical Center Seoul South Korea. Retrieved from http://www.eymj.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0069YMJ/ymj-17-163.pdf This is a very long paper that tallies that successes and problems of the four types of shunts in people. It lists malfunctions, clog rates and how long patients generally have them.