- The Arab-Israeli Conflict

Abram was promised a child who would inherit his legacy. Sarai, Abram's wife then gave him Hagar her maid to give Abram a son, Ishmael. A covenant was made with Abraham, where he was promised to be the 'father of many nations'; and Sarah was promised a child who would inherit his legacy, Isaac. Ishmael and his mother, Hagar, were then told to depart from the nascent tribe. When Abraham died, Isaac and Ishmael buried their father together.

ISHMAEL

JACOB, THE SON OF ISAAC

In the future, would become a great nation. Because God heard his affliction in the desert, Is a wild man whose hands will be against all, and all against him. And he will dwell in the face of his brothers. He had twelve sons which grew into great tribes dwelling in the Arabian Peninsula.

Whose descendants would be a great nation. Is called Israel whilst wrestling and injured in the desert, Having striven with God and with men, prevailed if they should keep the National Law as given by Moses and his court. He had twelve sons who eventually became the twelve tribes of Israel.

Judean Kingdom

Northern Arabia and Trans-Jordan Kingdoms

Hasmonean kings adopted a policy of territorial expansion. The first Hasmonean king to do so was Yoanan Hyrcanus (164BCE104BCE), who began a policy of forced conversion to a limited form of Judaism. Many Arabs visited the Second Temple during the ag (Arabic. ajj), pilgrimage, festivals.

TUB'A ABU KARIBA AS'AD (ABU KARIBA), WAS AN ARABIAN KING RULED YEMEN FROM 390 CE 420 CE.
Persian Empire

Byzantine Empire

Arabian Kingdoms

On expedition through Yathrib, his son was killed by the Banu Qayla (also known as Al-Ansar) originally from Yemen, and two rabbis named Kaab and Assad met with him to convince him to spare the people. After this meeting, Tuban converted to Judaism and encouraged his men to do so. He returned to Himyar and many in the kingdom converted to Judaism along with his nephew, Harith Ibn Amru of the Banu Kindah. He was given the government of Mecca by his uncle.

ZORAH, THE YOUNGEST OF TUBAN'S SONS

A convert to Judaism who adopted the name Yussuf, he was also called Dhu Nuwas (517 525), the last King of Yemen (imyar). He waged retaliation against the Abyssinian Christian strong-hold in his realm, because Byzantine and Ethiopian Christians persecuted Jews in theirs. This persecution and massacre of the Christians in Najran was condemned in the Qur'an. This strained trading between Europe and India with Arabia, which made the neighboring king Aidug fight Yussef, and win.
These last two kings of imyar tried to unite all Arabia under their rule, but failed.

In the summer of 622 CE, Muammad and his followers arrived in Yathrib and were given shelter by Al-Ansar. He formed the Constitution of Medina between Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina. This made the first Islamic state. The elites of these tribes, fearing the loss of their power with witnessing the popularity of Muammad in Yathrib decided to retaliate. Muammad endorsed the Jewish tribes in Arabia to take Palestine back from the ByzantineEmpire. Usama ibn Zayd led soldiers as far as Yabneh near Tel Aviv.

The daughter of the last Sassanid king (624651/2), Princess Dara-Izdadwar of Persia (c.595 c.651), was given to isdai, Exilarch of the Jews, as a gift by Khalifa `Ali ibn Abu alib (601/607 CE 661 CE). Rabbi Yiaq found himself received "with great friendliness" by Khalifa Ali. The Abbassid Khalifa extended great kindness to all the Jews in his provinces. Once a year there is a ceremony where he and all the Muslims give praises to and herald the Leader of the Jewish exiles, "Saidna ben Daud" (Our Lord, Son of David).

The product of this unity bore intellectual fruit. Some of the results were the likes of Samuel The Prince ibn Naghrela, the leading rabbi of Granada's Jewish community, founded an academy in Cordoba (Andalusia), and eventually became vizier and top general to the Berber King Baddus ibn Habbus Al-Muzaffar after the Berber invasion of 1013. His son inherited the same position. El Cid, Rodrigo D.az de Vivar (10431099). Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Solomon Gabirol (Avicebron). Moses Maimonides (1135 1204)

Rambam's son, Abraham Maimun (1136 -1237) said of the Ishmaelites: Even the Ishmaelites accepted this faith from the Israelites and built the fundamental principles of their religion on it. They repented from the folly and errors of their ancestors who worshiped idols and erred in the unity of His name and His greatness Since their service is to truly believe in the Unity of His name. Moses Maimonides is held as a philosopher of Islam and Sufi Islam recognizes his son Abraham and his progeny as Sufi philosophers.

Pogroms, derived from the Russian verb meaning to destroy, are violent mob attacks generally directed toward Jews. They are often condoned by the law and characterized as killings or destruction of properties. Roman Pogroms Medieval Pogroms Pogroms of the 19th Century Pogroms of the 20th Century

In 135 CE the Roman Empire defeated the third revolt against its rule and consequently expelled the surviving Jews from Jerusalem and its surroundings. The Romans renamed the land Palestine. Falainpeasants. The working class that inhabited Palestine. They worked the land for the owners who were the Ottoman Turks who owned the land, called Effendi, lord.

In 1917, during the first World War, The Ottoman Turkish Empire lost to the British and the lands of Palestine, the Trans-Jordan (which was originally part of Palestine in antiquity), and Iraq fell into British control having been distributed to them by the league of Nations in 1922. With the arrival of the British in Palestine in 1917, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Adminitration. in 1920, this military advisory was replaced by a civilian administration lead by Herbert Samuel, the first High Commissioner. In Britain, ayyim Weizmann, the president of the British Zionist Federation began the Zionist Commission for Palestine, following the Balfour Declaration of 1917.

Palestinian Muslims were divided. Nazis encouraged Arab support, as a way to get back Palestine from the Zionists and the British, during the war to offset British authority. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem joined the Nazis. 6,000 Palestinian Arabs and 30,000 Palestinian Jews fought along side the British. They were called the Palestinian Regiment. Al-Nakba The Palestinian Exodus and a captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, apartheid, racism, and victimization. The Establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.

Annexed by Jordan after the 1948 ArabIsraeli War, then captured and annexed by Israel in the Six-Day War. Called Arab Jerusalem where Arabic is spoken. It is distinguished from West Jerusalem, referred to as Israeli Jerusalem, where Hebrew is spoken.

JEWISH ZIONISM

MUSLIM ZIONISM

Jewish nationalism and Jewish culture that support a Jewish state in the territory of Palestine. It advocates that dispersed Jews return to the land and that they are to be the sovereign majority. There is also Jewish AntiZionism which opposes the existence of the Jewish state until the Messiah arrives and establishes a Kingdom ruled by the Torah.

Sheikh Palazzi notes that he supports that Jews are to be sovereign in the land of Palestine based on Qur'an 17: 100-104: Then We [Allah] said to the Israelites: 'Dwell in this land [the Land of Israel]. When the promise of the hereafter [Endof Days] comes to be fulfilled, We [Allah] shall assemble you [the Israelites] all together [in the Land of Israel].

The Dreyfus Affair

The Dreyfus Affair broke out in France in 1894, when a Jewish officer in the French Army, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, was suddenly arrested and (wrongfully) accused of spying on behalf of Germany.

He was quickly tried, condemned for high treason, and sent to a penitentiary on a far-flung island.
After twelve years of debate and petitions, his supporters were able to reverse the decision, clear Dreyfus's record and rehabilitate him in the army in 1906, while the real spy, Esterhazy, was discovered.

During the Fall of 1917, the British Cabinet issued a declaration, named after the foreign secretary, that Palestine would be the national home for the Jewish people, with rights for all non-Jews.
March 23, 1918, there was great support for the Balfour Declaration from Mecca's daily news paper, Al-Qibla. In 1919, king Faisal I of Iraq and Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the World Zionist Organization, signed the FaisalWeizmann Agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation, in which Faisal conditionally accepted the Balfour Declaration speaking for all in his realm.

After WWI, Palestine and neighboring territories came under British administration. They sought to set up legitimacy for their continued control of the region and this was achieved by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations. The formal objective of the League of Nations Mandate system was to administer parts of what used to be under Ottoman rule until such nations were able to stand on their own. The British Mandate consists of 28 Articles which ensure that Jews will have a National Home, and that rights will be given to foreigners (non-Jews).

He became a journalist where he covered the Dreyfus Affair as the correspondent for a french news paper. an incident occured in France in which a French Jewish army captain was falsely convicted of spying for Germany. believe that the Jews must remove themselves from Europe and create their own state. Der Judenstaat, the Jewish State, written in 1895, outlines his reasoning for the need to reestablish the historic Jewish State. Altnueland, a fore-novel devoted to Zionism published in English He desried a state, envisions a Jewish state, though blossoming through the skill of the modern Jew and the best of European heritage, will in reality be the product of the benevolent efforts of all humanity.

Israeli settlements are the Jewish civilian communities built on lands occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War. Such settlements currently exist in the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and in the Golan Heights. Both were originally proposed by the Plan of Partition attached to Resolution 181(II) of the General Assembly of 29 November 1947. Settlements also existed in the Sinai and Gaza Strip until Israel evacuated the Sinai settlements following the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace.

As of December 2010, Israelis live in officially recognized settlements in the West Bank, in settlements in East Jerusalem and in settlements in the Golan Heights. The three largest settlements, Modi`in `Illith, Ma`ale Adumim and Betar `Illith.

Urban suburbs, such as Har Gilo. Block settlements, such as Gush Eiyon and settlements in the Nablus area. Frontier villages, such as those along the Jordan River. Outposts are small settlements which are sometimes unauthorized. The Sasson Report, commissioned by Ariel Sharon's administration, found that several government ministries had cooperated to establish illegal outposts.

Israel Egypt (United Arab Repubic) Jordan Syria

The third Arab-Israeli war took place between June 5 and 10, 1967. Israel launched surprise raids against Egyptian air-fields, the Jordaniancontrolled West Bank, and aerial clashes over Syrian territory. Israel attacks Syrian positions in the Golan Heights as a response to Syrian artillery attacks against Israeli settlements in the vicinity of the border

Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Arab-Israeli Conflict

The political and nationalistic tension and military conflicts between the Arab League and Israel, and between Arabs and Israelis, over territorial ambitions after the demise of the Ottoman Empire. The causes of the modern Arab Israeli conflict reside in both Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 1800s. Over the years, the conflict has shifted to a more local Israeli Palestinian conflict.
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