ATM Signaling and Addressing

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Objectives

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In this module...

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Introduction
ATM connection services are implemented using permanent virtual connections (PVCs) and switched virtual connections (SVCs).

PVC: the VPI/VCI values at each switching point in the connection must be manually configured. While this can be a tedious process, it only needs to be done once. - PVCs are a good choice for connections that are always in use or are in frequent, high demand. - Require labor-intensive configuration, they are not very scalable, and they are not a good solution for infrequent or short-lived connections.

SVC: for on-demand connections. They are set up as needed and torn down when no longer needed. To achieve this dynamic behavior, SVCs use signaling: End systems request connectivity to other end systems on an as needed basis.

Soft PVC: These connections are permanent but they are set up through signaling, they can ease configuration and can reroute themselves if there is a failure in the link.

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Connection Setup and Signaling

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Connection Tear Down

1. Either the calling party or called party sends a release message to the ATM network. 2. The ATM network returns a release complete message to the called party. 3. The ATM network sends a release complete message to the calling party.

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ATM Signaling ProtocolsUNI and NNI

ATM signaling protocols vary by the type of ATM network interface.

User-Network Interface (UNI) signalingused between an ATM end-system and ATM switch across UNI links

UNI signaling can also be used between two ATM switches

Network-Network Interface (NNI) signalingused between ATM switches across NNI links.

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Addressing

ATM addresses are needed for purposes of signaling when setting up switched connections.

ATM addresses are also used by the Integrated Local Management Protocol (ILMI, formerly Interim Local Management Protocol) to learn the addresses of neighboring switches.

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ATM Address Formats

Public Address: - The ITU-T long ago settled on telephone number-like addresses, called E.164 addresses or numbers, for use in public ATM (B-ISDN) networks.

Private Address: - The ATM Forum defined a private network addressing scheme based on the semantics of an OSI Network Service Access Point (NSAP) address. - This 20-byte private ATM address is called an ATM End System Address (AESA), or ATM NSAP address (though it is technically not a real NSAP address). - It is specifically designed for use with private ATM networks

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Address Formats
An initial domain part (IDP) consists of two elements: an authority and format identifier (AFI) that identifies the type and format of the second element, the initial domain identifier (IDI). The IDI identifies the address allocation and administration authority. A domain specific part (DSP) contains the actual routing information in three elements: a high-order domain specific part (HO-DSP), an end system identifier (ESI), which is the MAC address, and NSAP selector (SEL) field, used to identify LAN emulation (LANE) components.

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Address Formats
Private ATM address formats are of three types that differ by the nature of their AFI and IDI : DCC format (AFI=39)the IDI is a Data Country Code (DCC). DCC addresses are administered by the ISO national member body in each country. ICD format (AFI=47)the IDI is an International Code Designator (ICD). ICD address codes identify particular international organizations and are allocated by the British Standards Institute. NSAP encoded E.164 format (AFI=45)the IDI is an E.164 number.

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Address Formats

Sample ATM address, 47.00918100000000E04FACB401.00E04FACB401.00

The AFI of 47 identifies this address as a ICD format address.

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Address Formats

There are two types of public E.164 addresses:

the NSAP encoded E.164 format the E.164 native format, sometimes called an E.164 number

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Choosing an Address Format

The ATM Forum specifications through UNI 4.0 only specify these three valid types of AFI. Future specifications may allow more types.

The ATM Forum recommends that organizations or private network service providers use either the DCC or ICD formats to form their own numbering plan.

NSAP encoded E.164 format addresses are used for encoding E.164 numbers within private networks that need to connect to public networks that use native E.164 addresses.

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Obtaining Registered ATM Addresses

To satisfy the uniqueness requirement and facilitate distribution, a number of registration authorities administer ATM addresses.

These addresses are usually distributed in sets of addresses having a common prefix. The uniqueness of the prefix, which is used to define a group of addresses, is ensured by the registration authority.

The recipient then allocates the remaining part of the ATM address using an addressing scheme that is appropriate for the private network to create a set of unique addresses.

This allows private ATM networks to achieve global ATM interconnection without the need to renumber addresses.

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Obtaining Registered ATM Addresses

AESA prefixes are differentiated by ownership, as follows: Customer-owned ATM prefixa prefix allocated directly to a private network by a national or world registration authority.

Service provider ATM prefixa prefix allocated to a service provider by a national or world registration authority. An ATM service provider might suballocate part of its address space to its customers.

Unregistered ATM prefixa prefix, or an extension of such a prefix, that is not obtained from a national or world registration authority. Private ATM networks can use unregistered prefixes to derive unregistered addresses, but these addresses are only used within that private network because they are not guaranteed to be globally unique.

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Closed User Group Signaling

Closed user groups (CUGs) function as ATM virtual private networks (VPNs).

Multiple CUGs can be defined, and a specific user can be a member of one or more CUGs.

Members of a CUG can communicate among themselves, but not with users outside the group.

Specific users can have additional restrictions that prevent them from originating or receiving calls from other members of the CUG.

Additional restrictions on originating and receiving calls to or from members of other CUGs can be configured.

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Multipoint-to-Point Funnel Signaling

Multipoint-to-point funnel signaling (funneling) merges multiple incoming SVCs into a single outgoing SVC. An incoming SVC is called a leaf SVC, and the outgoing SVC is called the funnel SVC. Example: Multiple video transmitting sources converge on a single virtual connection such that it looks like a point-to-point connection.

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That's all, folks!!

...till we meet again...

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