Chapter 7 OSI Data Link Layer Data Link Layer: Accessing the Media Vocabulary Exercise: Matching Table

e 4-1 E Ensures the application is ready to receive data C Manages data delivery if there is congestion on the host D Facilitates data preparation for delivery by the lowest four OSI layers B Multiple network-aware applications can use the network at the same time A Performed on the data in the segment to check if the segment was changed during transmission F Means lost segments are present so the data is received complete G Ensures segment sequencing so that data can be presented by the session layer to the application layer with all data intact and ready for processing Concept Questions 1. How does the transport layer multiplex different applications communication? a. There may be many applications or services running on each host in the network. Each of these applications or services is assigned an address known as a port so that the Transport layer can determine with which application or service the data is identified. 2. How does the transport layer tell the difference between different data segments? a. Error checking can be performed to determine is the segment was changed during transmission Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 1. The pieces of communication in UDP are called Datagrams. 2. Additional functions specified by TCP are same order delivery, reliable delivery, and flow control. 3. A TCP segment has 20 bytes of overhead in the header encapsulating the application layer data, whereas each UDP segment only has 8 bytes of overhead. Port Type Ranges Exercise Table 4-2 Well-known ports Registered ports Dynamic or private ports

0-1023 1024-49151 49152-65535

The TCP Protocol: Communicating with Reliability Concept Questions 1. When the host is using TCP, why does the transport layer initiate a process to create a connection with the destination? a. Enables the tracking of a session, or communication stream between the hosts. 2. A key feature of TCP is its reliability. Define reliability. a. Reliability of TCP communication is performed using connection-oriented sessions. A complete TCP conversation requires the establishment of a session between e hosts in both directions. Vocabulary Exercise: Matching Table 4-3 D Urgent pointer field significant

A E B F C

Acknowledgement field significant Push function Reset the connection Synchronize sequence numbers No more data from senders

Managing TCP Sessions Internet Research Exercise Concept Questions 1. What is expectational acknowledgement? a. TCP uses the acknowledgement number in segments sent back to the source to indicate the next byte in this session that the receiver expects to receive. 2. In what case would it be possible for the destination to acknowledge bytes in discontiguous segments and request that the host retransmit only the missing data? a. The acknowledge number is the next expected byte 3. What is flow control, and what does it do? a. Flow control assists the reliability of TCP transmission by adjusting the effective rate of data flow between the two services in the session. The UDP Protocol: Communicating with Low Overhead Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 1. UDP is said to be connectionless based. 2. After a client has chosen the source and destination ports, the same pair of ports is used in the _ of all _ used in the transaction. 3. For the data returning to the client from the server, the _ and _ port numbers in the datagram header are _.

Vocabulary Exercise: Define IP Source Address: Contains 32-bit binary value that represents the packet source network layer host address. IP Destination Address: Contains 32-bit binary value that represents the packet destination network layer host address Time-to-Live (TTL): 8-bit binary value that indicates the remaining life of the packet. It is decreased by each hop it goes through Type-of-Service: Enables router to give priority to voice and network route information over regular data Protocol: Denotes if the data is a UDP datagram or TCP segment because these Transport Layer protocols manage the receipt of their PDUs differently Fragment Offset: These 13-bits allow a receiver to determine the place of a particular fragment in the original IP datagram

Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 1. Dividing networks into smaller interconnected networks by Geographic Location, Purpose, or Ownership 2. __ 3. MAC Address 4. Broadcast 5. Network aka Broadcast Domain 6. Firewall 7. Gateway Concept Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TCP/IP IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway No packets can be forwarded without a route Destination Network, Next-Hop, Metric The Metric ___ The route used by a router when no other known route exists for a given packets destination address. 8. When the destination network is not represented by any other route in the routing table Vocabulary Exercise: Define Next Hop: The next point of routing. When routers are not directly connected to the destination network, they will have a neighboring router that provides the next step in routing the data to its destination. Default Route: The route used by a router when no other known route exists for a given packets destination address. Gateway: An old term referring to a routing device. Refers to a special-purpose device that performs an application layer conversion of information from one protocol stack to another

Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 1. Router, causing delays or packet loss. 2. Known routes in the routing table. 3. Different ways to a destination host