6.

INSTALLATION OF STM-1/STM-16 ADM AND MADM OPTICAL FIBRE SYSTEM

The STM-1 ADM equipment available at RTTC Trivandrum is in the rack sub rack form. The sub rack is first fitted to the rack and the power supply is extended to the sub rack connection field. The power supply is extended from the RTTC power plant and its standard value is -48 2V. Before connecting the power supply to the sub rack. its value is verified using multimeter. The metallic part of the sub rack is connected to the RTTC ring earth, which has an earth resistance value of 0.5 .

The ADM-1 sub rack has 3 identical mother boards and each mother board has 6 slots. Thus altogether 18 slots are available in a sub rack. A single sub rack can be configured in different ways. For this present link design the mother board is equipped In the 1.5 mother board configuration i.e. one and half portion of the mother board is equipped with cards/ modules. The ADM-1 equipment has three types of cards they are 1) OEO card 2) TEX 1 card 3) PS card

The OEO card is also called as aggregate card; its name stands for optical- electrical- optical card. Its main function is optical to electrical and

electrical to optical conversion. This card houses the optical source and the optical detector. The ADM card has two ports labeled as S1 and S2 and each port has separate TX. and Rx. Points. The second port also has separate Tx. and RX. Points. The OEO card can also cater for 21 E1s. The ADM modules can de installed in slots 3, 4, 9,10,15,16. Insert ADM-1 module in to any one of the slots slowly through the guiding portion till a click hears. Before inserting the module route the optical cables (optical patch cords) through the cable guides as circular loops. The figure of an OEO card with two optical ports is shown below in figure 8.

Figure.8 OEO card with two optical ports

TEX-1 card stands for tributary extension card it is a mux/De mux card. One TEX-1 card can cater for 21 E1 s. For an ADM-1 system it has 2 such cards. The TEX cards can be installed in any of the following slots 5, 6,11,12,17 and 18. The PS module can be installed in any one of the following slots i.e. slots 1, 2,7,8,13,14. The PS module is a DC to DC converter which converts the -48 V DC into + 5V 7A and -5V 3.1A. The DC to DC converter operates at 100 MHz. The normal operating temperature of the PS is -25 to 55
o

C. The nominal After

voltage is -48 V to -60 V and the operating range is -36 V to -75 V.

installing all the required cards in to the appropriate mother boards and switching on the sub rack it appears as shown below in figure 9.

Figure.9

An equipped ADM-1 Sub rack

For this present link design 3 such ADM-1 sub racks are installed at the RTTC Transmission lab and connected using the G652 cable in the 2 fibre ADM-1 ring form to provide the protection switching facility to the ADM-1 SDH ring.

7. DESIGNING OF THE SDH ADM-1 LINK

The basic steps involved in SDH link design are (1) power budgeting and (2) system rise time calculations as per ITU

standards; to check whether the link work satisfactorily for its entire life time with in the specified bit rate.

7.1. Power budgeting The optical link power budgeting considers the total optical power that is allowed between the light source and the photodetector, and allocates this losses to cable loss, splice loss, connector loss and system margin. The minimum optical power required at the receiver for its proper working without BER is called receiver sensitivity. The first step in power budgeting is the finding out of the laser out put power and the receiver sensitivity of both the S1 and S2 ports. The system has an ALS function (Auto Laser

Shut down) i.e., whenever a break occurs in the cable, the laser will be

automatically shutting down. For

testing, the system the ALS function is

disabled and the Tx port is directly connected to the optical power meter. The wavelength of 1310nm is selected and the Transmitter power of the ADM-1 for both the ports is measured. Then the trans-fiber (Tx) is connected to a variable attenuator. Its value is initially set to a high value say 40 dB. The other end of the attenuator is connected to the receiver as shown in figure11(a). And the attenuator is decreased slowly till BER of 10 -9 alarm is lightened.

ADM-1 S1 Tx Rx S2 Tx Rx

Variable attenuator

Figure 11(a) Receiver sensitivity measurement

Now the receive fiber is removed and it is directly connected to the optical power meter as shown in the figure 11(b)

ADM-1
Tx Rx Variable Attenuator Optical Power Meter

Figure 11 (b) Receiver sensitivity measurement

And the received optical power is measured. This is the minimum power required at the receiver for its proper working without alarm. This is called the Sensitivity of the receiver. Again the receive fiber is connected to the receiver and the attenuator is decreased till the alarm again appears. This is the maximum input power that the receiver can handle safely. The range of optical power within which the system can work safely is called Dynamic range. The experiment is repeated for both the ports of all the three ADM-1 equipments. The readings obtained in the above experiment are tabulated below in table -5.

Laser out put, Receiver sensitivity and dynamic range measurement Particulars Station A S1 -2 Laser out put Receiver sensitivity Dynamic range 35.03 35.02 36.0 35.2 35.3 35.2 >25 db -40.7 -40.9 -40.6 -40.85 -40.6 -40.7 -37 dbm S2 -2.3 Station B S1 -2.1 S2 -2.2 Station C S1 -2 S2 -2 -5 to 0 dbm Limit (ITU)

Table-5 range

Experimental values of laser out put, Rx sensitivity and Dynamic

In the link design the worst case design is followed i.e. the lowest of the dynamic range and receiver sensitivity will taken for further design. The worst case values selected for the link engineering are shown below in table-6

Dynamic range Laser out put Receiver sensitivity

35.02 -2.3 dbm -40.6

Table-6 Selected values of laser out put and Rx sensitivity

The dynamic range shows that the receiver will be working normally with the received power level of -40.6 dbm to -5.58 dbm (40.6-35.02) i.e.,. The O.F.system can be installed at any point in the route where the received power is between -5.58 dbm and -40.6 dbm. 7.1.1. Loss calculation Component/loss parameter Laser out put Total Connector loss Measured loss -2.3 dbm (lowest ) 1 db Limit -5 to 0 dbm 0.5 db per

connector Total cable loss for 80 Km Total splice loss Total loss 18 db 4 db 25 db 0.25 db/km 0.1 db per splice

Table -7

Loss calculation details

Normally in the BSNL link engineering design a margin of 6 to 7db will be added to the total loss so as to contribute to the expected future losses like ageing of the component, future cable faults and future upgradation or shifting of the systems, path penalty etc. Total loss = cable loss + splice loss + connector loss = 25 Margin = 7 db Receiver sensitivity >= 25+7= -32 db

The output power available at the receiver when this system is connected to the above spliced cable is -2.3 -32 = -29.7db ie,. If we are installing the system as such it will be working properly for a cable length of 80Km. And as per BSNL standard also the system can be safely installed at any distance less than or equal to 80 Km with suitable optical attenuator. In BSNL the optical fiber transmission systems are classified as Short-haul, Long-haul, Very long-haul, and Ultra long-haul as per ITU standards. The distance range of the above systems are shown in the table below Sl no 1 2 3 4 5 Range of operation Up to 2 km Up to 40 km 40 to 80 km 80 -120 km 120- 160 km Application Intra-office Short haul Long haul Very long haul Ultra long haul Nomenclature I S L V U

Table-8 ITU classification of SDH systems The optical fiber link designed using SDH O.F system belongs to Long-haul. And according to ITU-T classification the system belongs to the class L.1.1 Here the L shows that it is a long-haul system and the first 1shows that the system is operating on 1310 nm and the second 1 shows cable used is G652 cable (single-mode cable).

However if required the systems can be installed at lower distance by connecting suitable attenuators in the receive direction.

7.2. Rise- Time budget The power budget analysis ensures that sufficient power is available through out the link to meet the application. Rise time budget ensures that the link is able to operate for a given data rate at specified BER. All the components in the link must operate fast enough to meet the band width or rise time requirements. The rise time of the light source is specified by the manufacturer. The typical values of the rise time for MLM laser is 0.1-1.0 ns. The chosen fibre must have low pulse spreading to achieve longer transmission distance. Finally the receiver rise time should also be as low as possible.

Component MLM Laser diode (ts) G 652 fibre (tf) APD receiver (tr)

Rise time 0.1-1.0 ns < 3.5 ps/km < 0.14 ns

Worst case value 1 ns 3.5 0.14

Table-9

The rise time data for source cable and receiver

The rise time data for source, cable and receiver supplied by the manufacturer is shown in the above table-9

The total system rise time is given by Ts= ( ts2+tf2+tr2 ) For 80 Km, tf = 3.5 X80 = 0.28ns Ts= ( 1+0.282+0.142 ) = 1.048 ns The system band width = 0.7/Ts = 0.7/1.048 ns = 667.9 Mbps

This rise time budget shows that the selected components can be used to design a SDH, STM-1 link because the bit rate of STM-1 is 155.52 Mbps. Now the designed STM-1 ADM equipment link is formed by connecting the 3 ADM-1 s as explained below. The three ADMs are named as station A, B and C. Port 1 of station A is connected to port 2 of station B using two fibre which is the normal path. Port 2 of station A is connected to port 1 of station C and port 2 of station C is connected to port one of station B using two fibers. Thus the three ADM-1 equipments are connected as STM-1 two fibre bidirectional ring. The figure-12 shows the designed two fibre SDH ring. The system is verified using digital transmission analyzer for no alarm condition which shows the designed link is working satisfactorily. The ring structure is used to provide path protection to the E1 streams in case of link or path failure

ADM A PORT 1

Normal path

ADM B PORT 2

PORT 2

PORT 1

Protection path Port 1 Port 2

ADM C

Figure 12 SDH ADM-1 Two Fibre ring

To judge the quality of the link the E1 stream of the system is subjected to ITU-G821 performance analysis.

8. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS
Transmission errors are common in communication systems due to different reasons like noise, interference, inter-modulation, echoes, signal fading, equipment limitations, etc. Though optical fiber medium is considered to be the best medium, we know that practical media cannot be hundred percent error free. Furthermore, the tolerance of the

disturbance depends on the type of service carried by the circuit. To check the quality of the system as well as the medium ITU-T in its guidelines (G821) recommends a set of tests to be taken. In BSNL a system is declared as commissioned if and only if the system survives these tests. The performance parameters to be tested are:

(1)Bit Error Ratio.(BER) Bit-Error-Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of bits received in error to the total number of bits transmitted in a specified time interval. The BER threshold for the SDH

system analysis is BER should be better than 10-9 (2) Error Seconds(ES) A second with at least one anomaly or defect is called Error Second. (3) Severely Errored Seconds(SES)

Severely Errored Seconds is defined as the errored seconds with BER greater than or equal to 10-3

(4) Degraded Minutes(DM) Degraded Minutes is a group of 60 consecutive seconds after excluding SES, with a BER of 10-6 or worse. Hence a DM will have at least 5 errors, assuming a data rate of 64 kbit/s. (5)Available Seconds(AS) The measure of percentage of time for which the circuit is available for use in an error free condition is called Available Seconds. (6)Unavailable Seconds(US) If the error activity continues at an excessive level for a significant period of time ( say 10 seconds or more )then the circuit is considered to be unavailable. Unavailable Seconds is a measure of percentage of time the circuit is not available for use.

The ADM-1 optical fiber link designed for the study is then subjected to G821 analysis for three hours continuously to ascertain the quality and stability of the designed link. The E1 streams at the distant station are looped back and using digital transmission analyser the G821 measurements are made. For G821 measurement connect the Tx tributary

Out put to the DTA 120 Tx. port and Rx tributary to DTA 120 Rx. port .The readings obtained are tabulated below in table-10. The results show the designed link has better performance.

Objective %SES %ES %DM

Measured value 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Limit (ITU) 0.00025 0.576 0.023

Remarks Test taken With E1 loop at distant station

Table-10 8.1. BER check

G821 analysis report

Loop optical output and input through a variable attenuator. Feed PRBs (Psuedo-random Binary Sequence ). HDB3 data at tributary input and check the BER at the tributary output. Observe for five minutes. The results obtained is as shown is table-11 below.

Station Pulse off set 0 ppm +50 ppm -50 ppm

A BER 10-9 0 0 0

B BER 10-9 0 0 0

C BER 10-9 0 0 0

Limit BER 10-9 0 0 0

Table-11

BER measurement results

The results obtained showed that the link is acceptable as per BSNL standards.

. To check the self healing property of the SDH ring. One E1 stream is routed between the Node A and Node B and other one through the station C. Such that in normal condition traffic will be going through path A and B. But whenever a path failure occurs ,traffic between station A and station B is transported via the node C without interrupting the traffic .Thus the ring structure provides protection facility also. To check the automatic protection switching the normal path is disconnected and surprisingly it was found that not even a single ES was observed, which shows that the system is carrying the traffic in the protective path under faulty condition of the normal path. Also to find the switching speed between the normal and protected path one E1is connected to the SDH analyzer and the normal path is broken. The observed switching delay was recorded as 45ms which is within the ITU prescribed limit of 50 ms. Thus this designed link holds with the ITU Standards.

Figure of an SDH analyzer showing the Protection switching time delay

Next generation SDH configuration

Next Generation SDH unifies and standardises transport infrastructure for any type of client network packet or circuit oriented network such as Ethernet, PDH, Frame Relay, ATM etc. The NG SDH we have configured is STM-16 level with 4 stm-16 port which is useful in configuring the equipment in MADM mode. Also these nodes have 252 E1 capacity STM-1 port and STM-4 port. The link design for these ports were also done as explained above and the results were tabulated.

Port Type STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

Trans. Power -8.15 dbm -0.5 dbm -2.45 dbm

Receiver sensitivity -39.4dbm -35.2 dbm -33 dbm

The results shows that as the bit rate increases the receiver sensitivity decreases this results is as expected because as the bit rate increases the dispersion effect is more dominant than lower bit rate and hence sensitivity will be less.

The mapping of STM-1 into STM-16 MADM ring is shown below. The STM1 can be mapped in to the MADM-16 either as E1s or as STM-1. From one node to any other node the STM-1 or E1s can be transported with out disturbing the classical STM-1.

The mapping of STM-1 in to STM-4 port and then also we can map in to STM-16 as shown below. Here the STM-1 is mapped to STM-4 also required number of 2 Mbps can also be mapped in to the STM-4 and can be dropped as E1 s, STM-1 s or even as STM-4. This is possible because we have designed the link for STM-1 level, STM-4 level and STM-16 level. This special feature of NG SDH is highly useful in telecommunication transmission design. We designed and implemented a telecommunication network with classical and NG SDH link.

SDH SYNCRONISATION USING A MASTER CLOCK FROM STM-4/ STM-16

Synchronization

The role of synchronization

is the distribution of a main

clock across the a network to facilitate multiplexing the low bit rate channels to higher bit rate for long distance transmission with out BER and to select the level of clocks and facilities to be used to time the network. This involves the selection and location of master clocks for a network, the distribution of primary and

secondary timing through out the network and an analysis of the network to ensure that acceptable performance levels are achieved. Improper

synchronization planning or the lack of planning can cause severe performance problems resulting in excessive slips, long periods of network downtime, elusive maintenance problems or high transmission error rates. Hence, a proper synchronization plan which optimizes the performance is a must for the entire digital network. For synchronization of the SDH network, it has been decided to use the clock source available through the transit nodes at the major stations. The

synchronisation plan is based upon provision of Synchronization Supply Units (SSUs) which will be deployed as an essential component of the synchronisation network which will support synchronised operation of the SDH network. The architecture employed in the SDH requires that the timing of all the network clocks be traceable to Primary Reference Clock (PRC) specified in accordance with ITU Rec.G.811. The classical method of synchronising network element clocks is the hierarchical method (masterslave synchronisation) which is already adopted in the BSNL network for the TAXs. This masterslave synchronisation uses a hierarchy of clocks in which each level of the hierarchy is synchronised with reference to a higher level, the highest level being the PRC. The hierarchical level of clocks are defined by ITU as follows : P.R.C. Slave Clock (Transit Node) Slave Clock (Local Node)

SDH Network Element Clock.

Node

Clock type

Staus

Remark

External

clock Locked

to

external Out

put

not

(T3), Clock via P1 clock and P2 Do not use

squelched

Clock

Via

P2 Locked to SDH Clock Out T2

put

not

highest priority

squelched

Clock

Via

P2 Locked to SDH Clock Out T2

put

not

highest priority

squelched

External T3 clock UnLocked failed

Free run mode and Node B and A clock are not affected

Table showing the synchronization results

Architecture for Primary Rate Networks

SDH Equipment Clock

Each node is associated with a particular hierarchical level of clock prescribed above and is referred to as a nodal clock. The SSU is an important

component of this hierarchical masterslave synchronisation network scheme and of a slave clock belonging to the transit node level or the local node level as defined in ITU Rec. G.812. The BSNL, therefore, has decided to go in for 1020 nos. of SSUs to provide a clean reference primary source for other stations. These SSUs are basically high stability filter clocks which eliminate phase transients, jitter and wander and provide the exact sync. signal needed for every network element. Here we have tried to synchronize the SDH ring with point to point traffic as shown below. The master clock was derived from the STM-16/STM-4

equipment and that clock acted as the master source. The result showed that synchronization with master clock sdh with point to point traffic is successful and hence the network designed by us is able to be mapped across the national ring.

9. CONCLUSION.
The present day long distance transmission systems are mainly optical fiber transmission systems. In BSNL also the long-distance transmission systems are mainly optical fiber transmission systems. The present day scenario is that both classical and next generation SDH systems are jointly working in BSNL network. In the present work we have designed both

classical and nest generation SDH optical fiber link , its testing as per ITU-T

guidelines and the formation of SDH 2 fibre ADM ring using the state of the art technology to provide protection switching with the aim of providing

uninterrupted service even after route failure. The STM-1 and STM-16 ADM and MADM optical fiber link is then subjected to stability tests and protection switching is also verified using SDH analyzer as per G821 guidelines. Also as a part of link design, I have done splicing and testing of optical fibre cable using both 1310nm and 1550 nm windows as per BSNL standard. Thus as a telecommunication engineer this project work helped me to study the splicing and testing of optical fibre as per ITU standards. Also I gained experience in designing an SDH 2 fiber ADM and MADM ring with protection and measured the system performance as per ITU guide lines. Also through this project work I got experience in connecting and mapping E1s, STM-1, STM-4 from SDH to Next generation SDH, here we recommend more NG SDH in a telecommunication network because NG SDH can carry classical SDH with out any network modification and only the end nodes need to be NG SDH. The NG SDH makes the telecommunication network planning simple and cost effective. Also we could synchronize both SDH and NG SDH using the master clock; which shows the possibility of migration from SDH to Next Generation SDH in a cost effective simple manner with out affecting the data. Thus practical experiences and knowledge that I gained in designing optical fiber longdistance transmission system was highly useful and inevitable to any

engineer working in the telecommunication sector. In this sense this project work was very much useful.

10. REFERENCES.
1 SDH module of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 2. Optical fiber cables and system module- Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

3. E1, E2, Transmission modules of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. 4. JTO Training module- Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 5. Optical networking & WDM by Walter Goralski. TMH 6. Optical fiber communications by Gerd Keiser, MH 7. Optical fiber communications, Principles and Practice, John M. Senior, PHI. 8.SDH AC1 Family System Manual.