HYDRAULIC TURBINES

BASIC HYDRAULICS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
http://sites.unal.edu.co/a/bt.unal.edu.co/lddonadog
Leonardo David DONADO-GARZN
CLASIFICATION
IMPULSE REACTION
TYPES
OF
TURBINES
PELTON WHEELS
So called in honor of
Lester A. Pelton (1829-
1908)
Patent in 1880 on an
improved with a splitter in
the middle.
W.A. Doble brought out
the ellipsoidal buccket,
basis of the modern forms
FRANCIS TURBINES
First: steam turbine of
Hero about 120 BC.
Barkers Mill
1826: Fourneyron added
stationary guide vanes in
the central portion.
1849: James B. Francis:
inward-flow turbine with
purely radial flow.
KAPLAN TURBINES
THE HYDRAULIC IMPULSE TURBINE
HORIZONTAL SHAFT
Single Nozzle
Single-overhung unit
Double-overhung unit
VERTICAL SHAFT
Multiple Nozzles
SETTINGS
www.geppert.at
HEAD ON IMPULSE TURBINE
HEAD ON IMPULSE TURBINE
2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2
2
1
1
1 1 ''
2 2 2 2
(
| | | |
( = + = + + +
| |
(
\ . \ .

B B
v
p V A V v V
h k h
g C A g g g
Where:
C
v
is the coefficient of velocity of the nozzle
A
2
is the cross sectional flow area of the jet
A
1
is the cross sectional flow area of the pipe upstream of the nozzle
V
1
is the velocity of jet
v
2
is the velocity of water relative to bucket at exit from bucket
V
2
is the absolute velocity of water leaving the bucket
h is the energy head delivered to the buckets
k is the bucket friction loss coefficient [0.2 0.6]
NOZZLES
In order to maintain a constant
speed of rotation
Size can vary with the position of
the needle
Shape of both nozzle tip and
needle should cause a minimum
friction loss and avoid cavitation
damage
The main idea is having all
particles of water moving in
parallel lines, with no spreading
out.
2
1
2
=
jet
V
P Q
g
energy.saving.nu/hydroenergy/technology.shtml
EXAMPLE
A 6-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.020) of length 1000 ft
delivers from a reservoir with a water-surface elevation
of 500 ft to a nozzle at elevation 300 ft. The jet from
the nozzle is used to drive a small impulse turbine. If
the head loss through the nozzle can be expressed as
0.04 of the kinetic energy of the jet, find the jet
diameter that will result in maximum power in the jet.
Neglect the head loss at entrance to the pipe from the
reservoir. Evaluate the power in the jet.
HOMEWORK
How is regulated the
speed in an impulse
turbine?
How are constructed the
wheels?
How is determined the
wheel diameter?
Efficiency variation with
size and head
ACTION OF THE JET
Bucket velocity, u
Absolut
Jet velocity, V
1
Relative
Bucket velocity, v
1
ACTION OF THE JET
TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES
v
2
V
2
u
V
2
= u + v
2
v
1
V
1
u
V
1
= u + v
1
( )
2 1 1
2 = = V V V u V
( ) ( )
1
2 = =
u
F Q V Q V u
( )
1
2
= =
u
D
T F QD V u
1 2
0 180 = =
TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES
TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES
v
2
V
2
u
V
2
= u + v
2
v
1
V
1
u
V
1
= u + v
1

2
( )
2
1
cos
1
1

| |
=
|
+
\ .
u
F Q V u
k
( )
2
cos
2 1
1


| |
=
|
+
\ .
h v
C
k
1 2
0 165 = =
ACTUAL TORQUE AND POWER
EXAMPLE
Find the torque and power transferred to the
buckets of an impulse wheel with
1
=0,
2
=160,
k= 0.44, =0.46, C
v
=0.98, a jet diameter of 10 in,
and a pitch diameter of 10 ft. Find also, the
hydraulic efficiency, and, expressed as a
percentage of the total head, find: the head loss in
bucket friction, the energy head loss at the
discharge, and the head loss in the nozzle.
SPECIFIC SPEED
A turbine is to operate at
400 rpm under a net head
of 1320 ft. If a single 6-
in-diameter jet is used,
find the specific speed of
the machine assuming
C
v
=0.98, =0.45 and
=0.85. Find also the
required pitch diameter of
the wheel.
REACTION TURBINES
Francis
10 < Ns < 100
Radial-flow
Mixed-flow
Kaplan:
100 < Ns < 250
Axial-flow
SPECIFIC SPEED
For a small power under high head a Pelton wheel
with its low specific speed is used to keep the
rotative speed down to a suitable value, while for a
large power under a low head a reaction turbine
with its higher specific speed is used to raise the
rotative speed to a suitable value.
A lot of possible combinations of N and P to get Ns
with the fixed H.
REACTION TURBINES
REACTION TURBINES
TUBE TURBINE
10 < h < 60
Axial Flow
SETTINGS
DRAFT TUBES
Integral part of the reaction
turbine and a design criteria.
Enable the turbine to be set
above the tail water level
without losing any head
thereby
Reduce the head loss at
submerged discharge to
thereby increase the net head
available to the runner
( )
2 2
1
1 2
1
2 2
abs atm
L
p
p V V
z h
g g
= + +
DRAFT TUBES
NET HEAD
2 2
2 2
C B B
B
V p V
h z
g g
| |
= + +
|
\ .
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2

2 2
C
V V V V
h h k
g g

= +
OPERATION AT DIFFERENT SPEED
For the inward-flow
Francis turbine the
centrifugal action
decreases the flow with
increasing wheel speed
Francis: 0.7 <
e
< 0.85
Kaplan: 1.4 <
e
< 2.0
OPERATION AT CONSTANT SPEED
Constant rotative speed
is achieved by varying
although the gate
opening with load.
Friction varies with Q
2
Headwater and
tailwater may vary
EFFICIENCY
For large turbine the
leakage loss is very small
For large turbine the fluid
friction is smallest than in a
small one
Moody step-up:
1/ 5
1 2
2 1
1
1
D
D

| |

=
|

\ .
EFFICIENCY
TURBINE PROPORTIONS AND FACTORS
D: Runner
D
t
: Throat
D
d
: Draft tube
Axial: All the same
SPECIFIC SPEED
2
0.95 0.95
c
B
A BD D
D
= =
2
2
63800
s
r
e
N
C
B
D

=
| |
|
\ .
2 2
2
0
63800
s t
r
e
N D
C
BD
=
1 1
2 cos
h e
C
APPLICATION
Find the typical values for the
blade angles
1
and
1
of a
Francis turbine having a
specific speed N
s
=20 and an
hydraulic efficiency
h
=0.94.
If the turbine is to be used to
develop 3600 bhp under a
head of 402 ft at 600 rpm,
determine the approximate
values of B, D, V
r
and Q.
CAVITATION
atm v
B
p p
z
h

=
CAVITATION
APPLICATION
Find the maximum permissible head under which a
Francis turbine (Ns=70) can operate if is set 10 ft
above tailwater at an elevation of 5000 ft wit a
temperature of 60 F.
HOMEWORK
Two or more identical turbines are to be selected
for an installation where the net head is 350 ft and
the total flow is to be 600 cfs . Select turbines for
this installation assuming 90% efficiency.
What is a pump turbine?
Avenida NQS No. 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Laboratorio de Hidrulica, Edificio 409
PBX: +57 (1) 316 55 66 - Fax: +57 (1) 316 55 63
Correo electrnico: lddonadog@bt.unal.edu.co
http://www.docentes.unal.edu.co/lddonadog| http://www.ing.unal.edu.co/gireh
Bogot D.C., Colombia, Sur Amrica
FACULTAD DE INGENIERA
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERA CIVIL Y AGRCOLA
GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIN EN INGENIERA DE RECURSOS HDRICOS GIREH