Ground Fault Protection on Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Electrical Systems

Application Guide

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. SECTION NO. 1 - GENERAL 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Ground Current Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Single Ground Fault Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Selective Ground Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 Time Co-ordinated System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection-ZSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Protection-ZSIP Combination Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Single Relay on the Main Disconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Multi-Zone Time Co-ordinated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection-ZSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Protection-ZSIP Page

5. Recommended Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

6. Ground Fault Protection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SECTION NO. 2 - TIME CO-ORDINATED SYSTEMS-TCP . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. Unit-Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Multi-Transformer Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 3.2 3.3 Double-ended Substations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Multi-Transformer Supplied Double-ended Substations . . . . . . 18 Multi-Transformer Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4. Network Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5. Electrical Systems with Standby or Emergency Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6. Auxiliary Switch Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7. Relay and Sensor Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.1 7.2 7.3 MGFR Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Current Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Function Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27 27 27 27 28 30 27 28 31 30 32 31 31 32 31 31 32 31 31 32 32 31 33 32 32 33

8. Fusion - The Combination of Solid and High Resistance Grounding . . SECTION NO. 3 - ZONE SELECTIVE INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION SYSTEMS-ZSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION NO. 3 - ZONE SELECTIVE INSTANTANEOUS 1. General . . . . . PROTECTION .SYSTEMS-ZSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ZSIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Zone Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 2. 4. 3. Basic Conditions. for. ZSI. Application. . Zone Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relay Types . . . . for. ZSIP. Application. .. ....... Basic Conditions . . ZSI. Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 4.1 Types .MGFR. Relays . . . . . . . . . . . Relay Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Guide PointsRelays .Application. 4.1 Type MGFR for ZSI . . . . . . . .

5. 4.2 Multiple Source Systems ZSIP .Application. .. ....... Guide Points for ZSI.Application. . 6. AuxiliarySource Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Multiple Switch Requirements . . . . . . . .

6. Auxiliary Switch Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 33 7. Field Testing of ZSIP Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3

SECTION NO. 1 GENERAL

1. Introduction 1. Introduction Originally all electrical systems were ungrounded systems. Both AC and DC generator systems were used for power distribution, before the invention of practical transformers. One problem that became evident was that intermittent ground faults caused escalating DC voltages on the power Ground Faults caused escalating DC voltages on the power lines to cause turn caused insulation failures.This by grounding the systems. which in insulation failures.This was solved was solved by grounding the The grounding was achieved by connecting a line to Ground (Corner systems.The grounding was achieved by connecting a line to ground (corner Ground in aa delta system) or if ifthe system had a a star point, by grounding ground in Delta system) or the system had star point, by grounding that point. Overcurrent and Short circuit protection was added to prevent short Circuit protection was added to prevent fire and all was well, so they thought, until a series of fires in the United States caused a review of protection systems.The reason, of course, was that arcing faults to Ground on the power systems could not activate the ground on the power systems could not activate the Short circuitoverload relays due duethe low low current levels which short circuit or or overload relays to to the current levels, which were within the overcurrent ratings of the breakers. An arcing fault, they An arcing fault, they discovered could cause complete destruction of a switchboard that was discovered, could cause complete destruction of a switchboard that was thought to be completely protected, by fuses and thermal-magnetic circuit breakers. Arcing faults are difficult to contain and can spread quickly to Arcing faults are difficult to contain and can spread quickly to other circuits and cause a complete destruction of a switchboard unless complete destruction of a switchboard unless steps steps are taken to prevent this situation.method that was adopted by the are taken to prevent this situation. One One method that was adopted by the Canadian Electrical Code and National Electrical Code in the U.S. was Canadian Electrical Code and National Electrical Code in the U.S. was to to include Ground Fault Relay Protection insystem requirements for for include ground fault relay protection in the the System Requirements Main Service protection, in addition to overcurrent relay protection. Overcurrent Relay protection. main service Protection, This, while a step in the right direction, does not completely eliminate the problem of arcing fault damage, as will be seen.The Codes require that ground Fault Relays are required if ampacity of of service is is more Ground fault relays be installed if thethe ampacity thethe service more than 1000A for for systems voltages between 150 150 and 750V (or 2000A than 1000Asystems with with voltages between and 750V, or 2000A below 150V. 150V).The allowable fault 1200A 1200A maximum for time not below The allowable fault level is level is maximum for a delay a delay time exceeding I Second at 3000A.This suggests that Inverse characteristics not exceeding 1 Second at 3000A.This suggesting that Inverse are allowed. characteristics are allowed. An arcing fault can exist on a 480V or 600V system with current level well below 1200A, in which case the prescribed maximum may not provide much protection.The CEC recognizes this and suggests that multi-stage protection may be required. Although the code refers specifically, and only to, wye-connected solidly grounded systems, as stated already, many delta-connected systems are solidly grounded at the corner or at the centre point of one leg.They are just as prone to destruction by arcing ground faults as are equivalent wye-connected systems, and should be protected by Ground Fault devices. Fortunately, ground fault protection can be applied in the same way as for wye-connected systems. 2. Ground Current Sensing 2. Ground Current Sensing Ground Faults on Grounded Systems are detected using Current Transformers, commonly called Sensors to distinguish them from the Metering Type CTs. which have to comply with different standards. The Sensors are connected in various ways as follows: 1. the ground return method, when the sensor monitors the ground current flow in the conductor, which connects the neutral to the grounding conductor, and 2. the vectorial summation method, or differential method, where the sensor(s) monitors the outgoing ground currents by making a vectorial summation of the phase and neutral (if any) currents.This method can 4

be either Residual, when 3 separate phase sensors and a neutral current sensor are used, or Zero Sequence, when a single sensor is applied which surrounds all load conductors, but not the ground wire or the shield of the cable. Sometimes a modified Zero sequence connection is used with two sensors - one on the 3 line conductors and one on the neutral conductor. The ground return method can be used only for the incoming main disconnect and only for wye-connected systems. Only the second method can be used for feeders, but it can be used on the incoming mains, instead of (1).The location of a current sensor defines the point beyond which down-stream (in direction of power flow) ground faults can be detected. Consequently, it should be located as close to its associated disconnecting means as possible and is usually mounted immediately down-stream (or up-stream) from it. Zero Sequence method can operate effectively below Generally, only Zero Sequence method can operate effectively for Trip levels under 100A, due to the accuracy limitations of the line current measurements of Current Sensors, when used in the other configurations. For correct application, the following conditions should be checked before the ground current sensing method is selected: a) The ground return method can be used on radial distribution transformer systems or separately derived multi-source distribution systems. b) The ground return method should not be used on distribution systems fed from networks.The main service to each system supplied by a network is connected to the common bus and the neutral is grounded in each system, so multiple paths exist for the return of ground fault current to the source.Thus, if the ground current return method is used in a switchboard fed by a network, there is a possibility that the sensor will see only a part of the ground fault current originating in its own system. (The remainder returns through the grounding conductors of other systems fed by the network grounding connection). Furthermore, it may also see some part of the . ground fault current originating in any other system fed by the same network.These conditions lead to errors in detection which can result in unwanted tripping of critical breakers. c) System-grounding points should be restricted to the main switchboard area and/or the supply transformer wye point.Whenever other grounding points can not be avoided, additional ground strap sensors should be applied on these connection points, connected in parallel to those in the switchboard. Ground current may return to the source through any one, or all, grounding points, equally or unequally, and all must be included for an accurate fault current measurement. d) Vectorial summation sensing method by zero sequence transformers, can be used on any type of distribution systems for feeder and/or conductors, and the neutral main protection when all the phase conductors and the neutral used, (but not the grounding conductor or the shield of the cable) if used (but not the grounding conductor or the shield of the cable), are encircled by a sensor. Neutral currents must be summed with line currents or an error will occur on unbalanced systems which will cause unwanted tripping. 5

e) The neutral must be grounded only on the line side of a zero sequence current sensor or on the load side of the neutral sensors when a dual system is grounded at the neutral tie point. No other ground(s) shall exist on the opposite side. f) Zero sequence current sensors can be mounted on either the line or the load side of the protected disconnect device. g) Ground strap sensors should be mounted on the neutral-to-ground bonding jumper. h) Systems in which multiple individually grounded power sources are used, such as utility and emergency generator systems, need careful consideration. It is usually essential that no tie exists between the neutrals of the sources, i.e. 4 pole transfer switches or tie breakers e.g. 4 pole transfer switches or tie breakers may be needed. 3. Single Ground 3. Single Ground Fault Relay Fault Relay A single Ground Fault Relay on the main disconnect device is the minimum equipment required by the Code. In this case, ground fault protection is provided for all points on the load side of the main disconnect. of ground faults occurring No provision can be made for selective tripping forground faults occurring on the load side on the down-stream feeders. Even if the 1200 Amperes current setting, the maximum allowed by Code, is used on the main Ground maximum current setting, allowed in the Code, is used on the main Ground Fault Relay, tripping of the main disconnect can occur for the ground fault on the load side of the feeder and branch circuits.The single relay application is not recommended where maximum continuity of service is required. A definite time relay, or inverse time delay relay, such as IPC Type MGFR can be used for single relay application. 4. Selective Ground Fault Protection 4. Selective Ground Fault Protection Where maximum continuity of service is essential, selective ground fault A selective ground fault protection system is one protection should be used. Selective ground fault protection system is one in which each disconnecting means is equipped with a Ground Fault Relay, so that only the one nearest the ground fault will be tripped by the ground fault protection. Selective ground fault protection systems may be of the following types: a) Time Co-ordinated (TCP), Protection (TCP), b) Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection (ZSIP), (ZSI), c) Combination of Both. 4.1 Time Co-ordinated 4.1 Time Co-ordinated System System In this system, the last relay in the branch circuit is an instantaneous relay.The relays closer to the source have increasingly longer time delays, to permit the relay nearest the fault to clear the fault without tripping up-stream relays. In the event of a fault, all up-stream disconnects remain closed and continue to supply the remaining load current. Each set of ground fault protective devices should have a specified set of time/current operating characteristics with specified tolerances. This is usually presented in the form of a graph plotted on log-log paper. The characteristics can be used to compare against other devices to co-ordinate the system.When ground fault protected disconnects are in series, each down-stream Ground Fault Relay should use a time/current band band, which at all values of ground fault current will cause the disconnect to open and clear the circuit before any up-stream disconnect opening mechanism is actuated.

The time/current bands of the Ground Fault Relays in series must not overlap and must be sufficiently from each from each other to allow for the separated separated other sufficiently to allow for the opening time of each disconnect means used. In theory all relays may have the same fault current pick-up settings, in which case a fault on a branch circuit would be picked up by all the relays in the chain.The co-ordination would then rely on the different time delays.This would not be recommended, however because of the need to match ground fault current recommended however, because of the need to match ground fault current pickup levels to that of the load current of the system level protected. Generally higher current loads will require higher pickup levels to prevent nuisance tripping duenormal system leakage currents. ForFor full co-ordination on to normal system leakage currents. full co-ordination the relays up-stream should have higher pick-up settings than the relays down-stream. A good starting point for pickup setting would be 10% of Load Current. Ideally the setting will be determined by a co-ordination study of the various levels involved. In time co-ordinated systems, instantaneous time setting should be used on non-inductive branch circuits, such as lighting, heating, etc. For inductive loads, 0.1-second (6 cycles) time delay is recommended on the farthest down-stream relay. From the location of that relay, at least 0.1-second (6 cycles) time delay should be added for each step up-stream. To the operating time of the Ground Fault Relay must be added the clearing time of the disconnecting device, as follows: a) Molded-case circuit breakers: 1 to 2 cycles, b) Air circuit breakers and service protectors: 3 to 5 cycles, c) Bolted pressure switches with shunt-trip device: 8 to 10 cycles. The settings of pick-up current and time delay for main, feeder and branch circuits should be selected so as to provide optimum ground fault protection and co-ordination with the conventional overcurrent devices. Time co-ordinated ground fault protection system isis recommendedfor A time co-ordinated ground fault protection system recommended for applications where the damage level associated with the time/current characteristics of the relays is tolerable. Either definite time/current characteristics relays and/or inverse time/current characteristics relays, such as type MGFR Relays, can be used for time-co-ordinated ground fault protection.To select TCP co-ordination on MGFR Relays it is necessary to Self-Restrain the relay by placing a jumper between the terminals.This assures that the relay reverts to a Time Delay operation Mode and not an Instantaneous Trip Mode as it would without the Jumper.

4.2 Zone Selective Instantaneous 4.2 Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection-ZSI Protection ZSIP Protection-ZSI

A great deal of damage and destruction can be produced by arcing ground faults on grounded systems. Arcing fault damage is directly proportional to Arcing fault damage is directly proportional to the current, arc voltage and fault duration.To minimize damage, any one, or three, parameters must be kept to minimum. all three parameters must be kept to aaminimum. KWC = VAIGt/1000 KWC where VA = Arc Voltage (V), IG = Arc Current (A) and t = Time duration (Cycles) The arc voltage can be assumed to be 100V for low voltage applications up to 600V. Also, since it is inverse, the time/current characteristic of the constant KWC curves is a straight line on log-log scale graph. Any damage greater than 10,000 KWC is considered to be unacceptable in most applications.

The magnitude of the fault current and the arc voltage can not be controlled by a protective relay system, since they are determined by the impedance of the faulted circuit and the nature of the arc. Only the fault duration can be controlled by a protective relay, which, ideally, should limit the fault duration to the circuit breaker clearing time plus the operating time, plus the operating time of the relay itself. Operating time of Ground Fault Relays should ensure that arcing faults will be kept below the 10,000 KWC line on a co-ordination plot of the system devices. (ZSI), included in included in IPC Relays, The Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection (ZSIP),IPC Relays, achieves the objective of instantaneous response to ground ground faults and yet achieves the objective of instantaneous response tofaults and yet is fully is fully selective, thus minimizing damage and providing full system co-ordination. If there is a ground fault on a circuit, protected by a ZSIPRelay, and the ZSI Relay, and the magnitude of the fault current exceeds the pick-up setting, the relay will trip instantaneously, providing that the fault is within that relays zone. NOTE: A zone is defined as a section of a system protected by a relay and includes all of the system from the load side of the relays zero sequence current sensor to the line side of any down-stream zero sequence current sensor, ZSI operation. sensor if present. See Section 3 for more details of ZSIPoperation. Selectivity between zones is achieved by a signal generated by the first Ground Fault Relay up-stream of the fault, which operates immediately. This signal is sent to all relays further up-stream and restrains them from tripping instantaneously.The fault is then removed by the relay closest to clear, the fault. If this relay, or its associated breaker, fails to clear for any reason, selective, time delayed back-up the next relay up-stream provides selective time delayed back-up protection. Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection can to any size to any size system. can be applied be applied system.There is no limit, generally, to the to the number of that can be can be protected in There is no limit, generally, number of zones zones that protected in this manner. All types of MGFR Relays are designed with ZSIP mode included. ZSI mode included. Probably the most cost effective ground fault protection schemes are the two-zone ZSI in Unit Substations and the three-zone ZSI in in double-ended ZSIP in Unit Substations and the three-zone ZSIP double-ended substations where all relays are located in the main switchgear. It is almost as easy to install as a time co-ordinated system with all the advantages of the ZSI system. ZSIP system. 4.3. Combination Systems 4.3. Combination Systems Zone selective instantaneous and time coordinated ground fault protection can be combined into one system where economic reasons do not permit ZSIP to the most down-stream branch circuits and the extension of the ZSI to the most down-stream branch circuits and service continuity is still required on certain section(s) of a distribution system at the branch circuit level. The settings of pick-up current and time delay for sub-feeder and branch circuit relays should be selected to provide optimum ground fault protection and co-ordination with conventional overcurrent devices on the unprotected section of the distribution system.

5. RecommendedRecommended Settings 5. Settings

The following general rules are suggested to establish the settings of suggested, to establish the settings of Ground Fault Relays as a starting position, in the absence of a formal co-ordination study: Use 20% of Full Load rating, e.g. 1000 Amperes on a 5000A breaker. In Time Co-ordinated systems, the maximum delay should co-ordinate with the maximum acceptable KWC damage curve and will generally be inverse to achieve this condition. See Section 6. Use a time setting as short as possible and a current setting of 200 Amperes or less for an individual branch circuit. Use 0.1 second longer time delay setting for the feeder relays than is used on the branch circuit protection. Use 0.2 second longer time delay setting for the main disconnect than that of the relay for the next down-stream disconnect. Use 0.1 second longer time delay when the next down-stream disconnect is a molded case circuit breaker rated 800 Amperes or less. For feeder or main disconnect relays,use aacurrent setting no lower than relay, use current setting no lower than 150% of the current setting of the next down-stream relay. Set instantaneous and short time trip of related overcurrent devices to the lowest practical value, bearing in mind the possibility of inrush currents and their duration. Zone co-ordination should be achieved by pick-up and time band settings. Use the same time delay and current settings as recommended for time Zone co-ordination should be achieved by pick-up and time band settings. co-ordinated systems.Theand current settings as recommendednormally Use the same time delay interlocking (restraint) circuitry will for time provide approximately 0.03interlocking (restraint) circuitry will normally co-ordinated systems.The second time delay for a ground fault occurring anywhere on the system.The longertime delay for a ground fault occurring provide approximately 0.03 second time delays corresponding to the dial setting willon the system.The in the unlikely event that the nearest the dial anywhere only be necessary longer time delays corresponding to relay up-stream of the fault fails to clear, or the breaker the nearest in setting will only be necessary in the unlikely event that fails to open its predetermined time fault the next up-stream relay operates as back-up relay up-stream of the and fails to clear, or the breaker fails to open in protection. its predetermined time and the next up-stream relay operates as back-up protection. Ground fault protection should be designed concurrently with the overcurrent protection to assure a designed concurrently with the Ground fault protection should be reliable and well co-ordinated system. Therefore, it protection to assure a reliable and well co-ordinated system. overcurrent is essential that all information, including power sources, grounding methods and connections together with thepower sources, Therefore, it is essential that all information, including system data (voltage, frequency, number of phases together with the system data connections, and wires), grounding methods and connections together be obtained. (voltage, frequency, number of phases is recommended to eliminate some The following step by step procedure and wires), be obtained. application pitfalls: by step procedure is recommended to eliminate some The following step application pitfalls: 1. Prepare a complete system diagram, including the neutral and ground 1. conductors. Prepare a complete system diagram, including the neutral and ground conductors. and which, conductors of the incoming or associated 2. Check where, 2. sourceswhere, and which, conductors of the incoming or associated Check are grounded. sources are grounded. 3. Determine the approximate short circuit current, (e.g. IEEE Buff book has practical calculations andshort circuitand the probable arcing ground 3. Determine the approximate short circuit current, (IEEE IEEE bookbook approximate examples) current, (e.g. Buff Buff has faultpractical for every point of the distribution system. Recall that relays has current calculations and examples) and the probable arcing ground practical calculations and examples) and the probable arcing ground fault on the mains for every point of the distribution system. Recallrelays relays fault current will point of the distribution system. Recall that that on current for every not co-ordinate with fuses down-stream necessarily. on mains will not necessarily co-ordinate with fuses down-stream. the the mains will not co-ordinate with fuses down-stream necessarily.

5.1 Single Relay On The Main Disconnect 5.1.1 Pick-up Settings 5.1.1 Pick-up Settings 5.1.2 Time Delay Settings Delay Settings 5.1.2 Time

5.2 Multi-Zone Time Co-ordinated Systems 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3

5.2.4 5.2.5

5.2.4 5.2.5

5.3 Zone Selective Instantaneous 5.3 Zone Selective Instantaneous - ZSI Protection Selective Instantaneous 5.3.1 5.3 Zone ZSIP - ZSI 5.3.1 5.3.1

6. Ground Fault Protection Design 6. Ground Fault Protection DesignDesign 6. Ground Fault Protection

4. Establish ground fault protection requirements. Examine possible ground-fault current paths, and select the location and the type of the paths and select the location and the type of the sensors. Check for existing Ground Fault devices to see if they can be used effectively. 5. In case of parallel ground fault current paths, eliminate the multiple paths eliminate the multiple ground points or separate the neutral bus into sections. Use parallel sensors and relay logic control schemes, where necessary, ie. when tie schemes where necessary, e.g. when tie breakers are closed. 6. Select ground fault protection system components and check that they components, and check that they meet cost requirements. 7. Detail the ground fault protection system including the necessary system, including the necessary interlocking. 8. Provide the necessary shunt trips, auxiliary switches, etc. required for the system, including a reliable tripping power supply. 9. Determine the current and time settings of the relays by co-ordination study and compare with superimposed KWC curves for arcing faults (straight lines on log-log paper). 10. Detail the changes or modifications required if the system is an existing one.

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SECTION NO.2 TIME CO-ORDINATED SYSTEMS

1. General 1. General Ground fault protection, either Time Co-ordinated (TCP) or Zone Selective Instantaneous (ZSI) type, can be applied to any of the following (ZSIP) type, can be applied to any of the distribution systems: systems: following distribution a) Secondary Radial - Unit Substations, b) Secondary Selective - Multi-transformer supplies with tie connection connections, between, and c) Secondary Networks. c) Secondary Networks. The protection system operation, as previously mentioned, will The protection system operation, as previously mentioned, will depend upon: depend upon: a) system grounding arrangement (number and location of grounding points), and b) ground fault current sensing method. The two distinct requirements are connected.The grounding arrangement can affect the sensing method, sensor location(s), the number of required sensors, and the sensitivity of the protective relays and generally the relay operation. To insure satisfactory operation of the Ground Fault Relays, the correct correct Relays Relays sensing method should be selected for each relay as follows:the correct 1.1 1.1 1.1 Vectorial Summation (Zero Sequence Current Sensing or residual connection) method must be used for: a) feeder breaker relays, b) main breaker relay(s) in network fed substations, and c) normally closed tie breaker relay(s) if full selectivity is required. Vectorial Summation method can be used for main breaker relays in any substation arrangement. 1.2 1.2 1.2 Direct Ground Current Sensing (Ground Strap) can be used for: a) main breaker relays in unit substations, b) main breaker relays in double-ended substations when the neutral bus is grounded at the centre only (T ground), c) normally open tie breaker relays, and d) normally closed tie breaker relays, if full selectivity is not required. Note: Residual Sensing with one Sensor on each line and a fourth on the neutral (for 4 Wire systems) or Modified Zero Sequence connection with a remote neutral Sensor connected in parallel with the main ZSCT, cannot normally be successfully implemented below 100A pickup because the be successfully implemented below 100A pickup normally,because the normally be successfully implemented becomes significant compared error in transformation of the Sensor below 100A pickup because theto the threshold current at low pickup levels. For example if the accuracy of the Sensor under load is 1% and the load current is say 500A, then the accuracy is 5A. If the pick-up setting is 20A, then the error is already 25%, which would be intolerable in most cases. In the case of Ground However, in the case of However, current Strap Sensors in parallel, however, because they have load in current Ground Strap Sensors in parallel because they have nono load the case of Ground through them only Ground current theno load current flowing Strap Sensors in parallel because they have Trip level can be reduced to a lower level depending on the Sensor accuracy.

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2. Unit Substations

2. Unit Substations

The term Unit Substation used here, refers to the distribution systems fed by one transformer only. In unit substations, the number and location of the system neutral grounds has no effect on the sensing method selection. Either vector summation or direct ground current sensing can be applied for the main breaker relay, but only vector summation method can be used for feeder breaker relays as shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 respectively. GR in all the figures indicates MGFR Relay. When direct ground current sensing is used, sometimes it is necessary to have two ground strap sensors installed, one on each system neutral to ground connection, as in Figure 2.2. In this case two sensors are required, and they should be paralleled for total ground current sensing.

Figure 2.1 Unit Substations - Vectorial Summation sensing for Main and Feeder Relays.

Figure 2.2 Unit Substations - Direct Current Sensing for the Main, and Vectorial Summation Sensing for Feeder Relays.

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3. Multi-Transformer Supplies 3. Multi-Transformer Supplies

The correct application of the ground fault protection to a distribution system, fed by two or more transformers, requires special consideration on one very important factor, the location and number of system neutral to ground connections.This factor influences the cost of the switchgear and the performance of the protection. Three basic grounding methods may be applied as follows: a) systems, grounded in the switchboard only, with aasingle ground systems grounded in the switchboard only, with single ground connection, systems grounded at the transformers only, b) systems, grounded at the transformers only, and systems grounded at the transformers and also in the switchgear. c) systems, grounded at the transformers and also in the switchgear. The grounding methods also control the neutral bus arrangement and dictate whether 3 pole tie breaker(s) can be used for the selected neutral bus arrangement or if the application of 4 poletie breaker(s) is necessary to arrangement or the application of 4 pole tie breaker(s) is necessary to prevent nuisance tripping.This may be caused by either circulating neutral currents or undetected parallel ground return paths. The selection of the ground current sensing is also important, but it may depend on the normal operating condition of the tie breaker(s). normal operation condition of the tie breaker(s). When vector summation and direct ground current sensing are used for the main and tie breaker relays respectively, or only direct ground current sensing is applied for the main and tie breaker relays in double-ended substations, nuisance tie breaker tripping should be expected. It may occur when one of the main and the tie breakers are closed and a ground fault occurs on the closed Main side. Ground current will return through the ground and the ground strap current sensor of the tie breaker relay will cause the tie to trip. Full selectivity can be achieved only with vectorial summation current sensing for the main and tie breaker relays. Automatic isolation, using mixed ground current sensing methods, as described above, is recommended for multi-transformer supplies with normally open tie breakers, while fully selective protection (vectorial summation sensing only) must be used with normally-closed tie breakers. The most common multi-transformer fed systems are as follows: a) Double-ended substations, b) Multi-transformer supplied double-ended substations where each pair of the transformers feeds a separate bus section with a tie breaker between bus sections, and c) Multi-transformer supplies, where each transformer feeds a separate bus section with tie breaker between bus sections.

3.1 Double-ended 3.1 Double-ended SubstationsSubstations

The recommended locations of ground current sensors for the main and tie breaker relays (if used) are shown in the following diagrams, based on (if used) relays are shown in the following diagrams, based on some of the most common neutral bus and grounding arrangements.

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Three Pole Tie Breaker Application Three Pole Tie Breaker Application

Figure 3.1.1 indicates a typical T ground arrangement without tie breaker protection, while Figure 3.1.2 shows the same system with protected tie, tie.

Figure 3.1.1 Double-Ended Substation T Ground Arrangement Without Tie Breaker Control Direct Current Sensing.

Figure 3.1.2 Double-Ended Substation T Ground Arrangement With Tie Breaker Control Direct Current Sensing. Alternatively, Zero Sequence summation can be used to detect faults where access to the grounding buses may not be practical. Figure 3.1.3 indicates such a system. In this case no tie breaker protection is provided and the tie breaker is Normally Open.The breakers would be interlocked to allow breaker, only when one of the mains is open.The return path closing the tie breaker only when one of the mains is open.The return path for neutral currents back to the transformer when the tie is closed must be summed for both halves of the board, hence the need to connect the CT secondaries in parallel when the tie is closed. In order to protect the breaker, Figure 3.1.4 shows a similar arrangement with protected tie tie breaker Figure 3.1.4 shows a similar arrangement with aaprotected tie breaker. Note that if external neutral grounds are used in the transformer section for example, then these must be summed with the main neutral ground strap sensor, using additional sensors of the same ratio. sensors, of the same ratio.

14

Figure 3.1.3 Double-Ended Substation Neutral Collector Bus Without Tie Breaker Control Summation Sensing.

Figure 3.1.4 Double-Ended Substation Neutral Collector Bus With Tie Breaker Control Summation Sensing on the Mains, Direct Sensing on the Tie Breaker. When the tie must provide protection and the Ground straps are inaccessible, sensing can be obtained by summation sensing on the tie also. Figure 3.1.5 shows a system with fully selective protected tie.

Figure 3.1.5 Double-Ended Substation Neutral Bus Collector With Tie Breaker Control and Summation Sensing for Mains and Tie. 15

Four-Pole Tie Breaker Applications U Four-Pole Tie Breaker Applications c t

Use of a 4 Pole Breaker for the tie breaker greatly simplifies the relay control logic, but increases the cost of the tie breaker. Figure 3.1.6 shows a typical system, where the neutrals are grounded at the transformers and in the switchboard. No tie protection is provided in this simple system. Summation sensing is used for the main relays. Figure 3.1.7 shows the same system with direct ground current sensing .

Figure 3.1.6 Double-Ended Substation 4 Pole Tie Breaker Neutrals Grounded at Transformers and Switchboard,Without Tie Breaker Control Summation Sensing.

Figure 3.1.7 Double-Ended Substation 4 Pole Tie Breaker Neutrals Grounded at Transformers and Switchboard,Without Tie Breaker Control Direct Current Sensing. If tie breaker is to provide protection then the the circuit can configured the tie breaker is to provide protection then circuit can be be configured with both summation and direct current sensing as shown in Figure 3.1.8.This direct current sensing as shown in Figure 3.1.8 indicates the requirement where the neutral is grounded at the transformer where the neutral grounded at the transformer and in the switchboard. Summation sensing is applied to the main relays and direct ground current sensing is used for the tie relay.

16

Figure 3.1.8 Double-Ended Substation 4 Pole Tie Breaker Neutrals Grounded at Transformers and Switchboard,With Tie Breaker Control Summation Sensing on Mains, Direct Current Sensing on Tie. Where direct current sensing is desired in cases where zero sequence can not used for size or accuracy limitations, the system of sensors cant be be used for size or accuracy limitations, the system of Figure 3.1.9 shows essentially the same system, but with direct ground shows, essentially, the same system, but with direct ground current sensing used for all relays.

Figure 3.1.9 Double-Ended Substation 4 Pole Tie Breaker Neutrals Grounded at Transformers and Switchboard,With Tie Breaker Control Mains, Direct Current Sensing on Mains and Tie. A simpler approach places bezeroplace a zero sequence sensorto control the might a to sequence sensor on the bus on the bus to control theshown in Figure 3.1.10.in Figure 3.1.10. This is the same previous tie breaker as tie breaker as shown This is the same system as in the system, as in the previous two diagrams but with summation sensingaapplied two diagrams but with summation sensing applied for all relays using zero for all relays, using a the tie bus. sequence sensor on zero sequence sensor on the tie bus.

17

Figure 3.1.10 Double-Ended Substation 4 Pole Tie Breaker Neutrals Grounded at Transformers and Switchboard,With Tie Breaker Control Summation Sensing on Mains with Zero Sequence on the Tie. 3.2. Multi-Transformer 3.2. Multi-Transformer Supplied Supplied Double-EndedDouble-Ended Substations Substations When two or more transformers are supplying each half of a double-ended normal state of the tie breaker (Normally Open (N.O.) or substation, the normal state of the tie breaker, Normally Open (N.O.) or (N.C.)) and the grounding requirements determine which Normally Closed (N.C.), and the grounding requirements determine which sensing method should be selected. It is necessary to provide ground fault protective relays for the tie breaker and separately for each main breaker to achieve co-ordinated protection. Figure 3.2.1 indicates the requirements with N.O. tie breaker using collector neutral bus with a single ground in the switchboard.The arrangement permits three-pole tie breaker application. Summation sensing applied for the main relays and direct ground current sensing is used for the tie relay. Note that although the main relays are connected essentially in parallel, that they will each see half of the fault current. If a fault occurs down-stream both Zero sequence sensors will see the fault, providing twice the secondary current. Each relay then, will receive half of that current which means that the relays still work properly.

Figure 3.2.1 Multi-Transformer supplied, Double-Ended Substation with N.O.Tie Breaker with Neutral Collector Bus Summation Sensing for Main, Direct Sensing for Tie. Figure 3.2.2 shows the requirement with a N.C. tie breaker.The multiple grounding arrangement necessitates 4 pole breaker application as main and ties. For fully selective protection vector summation sensing is used for all relays.

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Figure 3.2.2 Multi-Transformer supplied, Double-Ended Substation with N.C.Tie Breaker with Multiple Grounding Arrangement Summation Sensing for all Relays. 3.3 Multi-Transformer 3.3 Multi-Transformer Supplies Supplies With Multiple With Multiple Tie Breakers Tie Breakers Where more than two sources with multiple tie breakers are required the use of 3 Pole or 4 Pole breakers for the tie depends on whether the tie isis breakers for the tie, depends on whether the tie Normally Open or Normally Closed.The recommended location of the ground current sensors in a multi-transformer fed substation, where each bus section is supplied by a transformer and the adjacent bus sections can be interconnected by tie breakers, is shown in the following diagrams. It is necessary to provide Ground Fault Relays for the tie breakers to achieve co-ordinated protection. Figure 3.3.1 indicates the requirements with N.O. tie breaker using neutral collector bus with a single ground in the switchboard.The arrangement permits applicationbreakers application. Summation sensing is is used for the 3 Pole tie of 3 Pole tie breakers. Summation sensing used for the main relays and direct ground current sensing applied for the tie breaker relays. If the transformer neutrals are also grounded at the transformers, additional sensors should be installed on these grounding for total ground current sensing. Figure 3.3.2 shows the requirements with N.C. tie breakers.The multiple grounding necessitates 4 Pole breaker application as mains and ties. For fully selective protection vector summation sensing is used for all relays.

3 Mains, 2 Tie Systems 3 Mains, 2 Tie Systems

Figure 3.3.1 Multi-Transformer Supplies with 2 N.O.Tie Breakers using Neutral Collector Bus Summation Sensing for the Main, Direct Ground Current Sensing for the Tie Relays.

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Figure 3.3.2 Multi-Transformer Supplies with 2 N.C.Tie Breakers With Multiple Grounding Arrangement Summation Sensing for all Relays. 3 Mains, 3 Tie Systems 3 Mains, 3 Tie Systems When it is desirable to supply any load from any source in an emergency situation, three tie breakers are required in a 3 Source system. Figure 3.3.3 shows an arrangement, similar to the system shown in Figure 3.3.1, but incorporating the additional requirements associated with the third tie breaker.This arrangement is suitable for 3 Pole tie breaker application.The tie breakers are Normally Open. For a Normally Closed tie breaker operation the system of Figure 3.3.4 provides power from any source to any load with fully selective protection.This system requires breakers preserve simplicity. the use of 4 Pole breakers to preserve simplicity.

Figure 3.3.3 Multi-Transformer Supplies with 3 N.O.Tie Breakers using Neutral Collector Bus Summation Sensing for the Main, Direct Ground Current Sensing for the Tie Relays.

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Figure 3.3.4 Multi-Transformer Supplies with 3 N.C.Tie Breakers with Multiple Grounding Arrangement Summation Sensing for all Relays. 4. Network Supplies 4. Network Supplies When double or multiple connections are provided from a low voltage network system to a distribution system and interconnection(s) between the distribution sections are required, the interconnecting tie breaker(s) are always of 3 Pole design.The neutral bus in the switchboard is not continuous throughout the board, but installed in sections, separated at the tie breaker(s). Figure 4.1 indicates fully selective G.F. protection using vector summation sensing method for all relays.

Figure 4.1 Network Supplies Summation Sensing on all Relays. 5. Electrical Systems With Standby 5. Electrical Systems With Standby Or Or Emergency Power Emergency Power When the electrical system has multiple neutral-to-ground connections, e.g. the main and Standby/Emergency power supplies are separately grounded, the neutrals of the two systems must be separated to assure proper ground fault current sensing. Interconnecting neutrals provide a parallel path for the fault currents and only part of the currents will return on the equipment ground to the source.The other part will return on the neutral through the alternate source grounding to the source and will be neutral current by the sensor, thereby, causing incomplete seen as normal neutral current by the sensor thereby causing incomplete sensing of the total fault current.The sensor can not distinguish between ground fault current and normal neutral current.

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Similarly the normal unbalanced current in the neutral may bypass the sensor and return on the equipment ground back to the source neutral through the alternate source grounding electrode.Thus, an unbalanced load would effect the sensitivity of the ground fault protection and could cause a trip-out, even though a fault does not exist. The incomplete sensing and nuisance tripping can be eliminated by 4 Pole transfer switch application (Figure 5.1), which will also classify the Standby/Emergency supply as a separately derived system. The Canadian Electrical Code does not require, nor is it general practice to provide additional ground fault protection where the essential loads are energized from a separately derived power system, such as an engine-driven generator set.

Figure 5.1 Typical Standby/Emergency System. It is recommended that no ground fault protection is applied to any emergency system where the capacity of a generator is 500 kW or less. This is a trade-off in possible electrical equipment damage in order to keep damage, in order to keep the essential circuits in operation, as decided by an operator. Ground Fault protection for the Generator itself can be desirable under the following conditions: a) The capacity of a single generator is over 500 kW, but less than 2000 kW, b) The emergency system consists of two generators operating independently, c) The generator has sufficient capacity to back-up operation (interlocked tie breaker prevents parallel connection). In this case it is advisable to provide a ground fault protection for the stator windings as illustrated in Figure 5.2(A).The relay(s) will not see external ground faults and operate(s) on internal generator fault only, eliminating costly repairs due to internal faults.

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For generators of 2000 kW and over, the application of differential protection (either constant or variable percentage type), is recommended type) is recommended, as shown in Figure 5.2B. The probability is that practically all generator faults will be single-phaseto-ground.Therefore, the application of automatic neutral circuit breakers, or alternatively, 4 Pole generator breakers is recommended when differential protection, or restricted ground fault protection is applied. This will minimize the damage. Additionally, the field winding breaker should be opened (if used) and/or the diesel should be shut-down, reducing the generator voltage to zero in a very short time.

Figure 5.2 Ground Fault Protection for Stator Winding of Generator a) Single Sensor Method b) Differential Method In multiple generator installations the 4 Pole or the neutral breaker will also isolate the generator neutral from the neutral bus for increased safety during maintenance and/or repair. When ground fault protection is specified for large standby systems, where load requirements necessitate parallel operation of two or more generators, selective protection can not be arranged due to the number arranged, due to the number of parallel ground current return paths. Non-selective ground fault protection may trip-out operating generators, at once, if one of the large feeder breakers fails to clear a down-stream fault and the fault current returns on multiple system grounds equally. In a case when the current is unequally divided, one of the generators will trip on ground fault and the others on overload conditions. The application of high resistance grounding is recommended as the most suitable grounding method for multiple parallel operating generators which can provide the maximum service continuity required for standby systems even with a single ground fault. IPC Type DSP-MKII Ground Fault Alarm Federal Pioneer Type DSP-MKII Ground and Trip system Trip provide will provide selective ground fault indication Fault Alarm and will system selective ground fault indication 23

with priority second fault tripping for the distribution system, including the generators under all operating modes.Three-phase overcurrent relays and a shunt trip device should be provided on each protected circuit. Single-phase loads should be supplied with separate single-phase or three-phase delta/grounded wye-connected transformers. For detailed application of high resistance grounding and DSP-MKII Units, see Application Guide for Ground Fault Protection on Ungrounded and High Resistance Grounded Systems. 6. Auxiliary Switch Requirement 6. Auxiliary Switch Requirement As shown on the preceding diagrams, Ground Fault Relays for certain applications require auxiliary switch contacts on the main and tie breakers to do the following functions: a) Transfer sensor output from one relay to the other for total fault current sensing, b) Connection of two or more sensors for summation and zero output (under normal conditions), c) Short-out sensor when its breaker is open, and d) Prevent unnecessary relay tripping and remove relay burden from the sensor when its breaker is open and two or more sensors are parallel breaker is open and two, or more, sensors are connected. in parallel. connected The maximum auxiliary switch requirements are listed as follows: Table 6.1 Auxiliary Contact Requirements Unit Substation Main None Breaker Feeder None Breaker Tie Breaker None 7. Relay and Sensor Types Sensor Types 7. Relay and 7.1 MGFR Relays 7.1 MGFR Relays MGFR Relays are designed to be used in Grounded and High Resistance Grounded Systems to detect and clear faults from Main Breaker to Branch circuit.They cover a pick-up range from 10mA to 1200A in 5 versions. Pick-up settings are adjustable.Time Delay is also adjustable and is available in fixed or Inverse Delay Mode of operation. Instantaneous relay operation, when required, can be arranged by switching the operation mode from TCP ZSI by means of jumper on the terminal block.This versatility allows to ZSIPby means of aajumper on the terminal block.This versatility allows Relay to co-ordinate, effectively, with up-stream and downthe MGFR Relay to co-ordinate effectively with up-stream and downstream devices. devices. The MGFR Relays can be operated by a wide range of current sensors both for ground strap sensing and zero sequence sensing of ground fault currents.The R1-3 ground strap current sensors can be applied to the ground strap between the neutral and the equipment ground bus. Zero sequence current sensors, that encircle the phase conductors and the neutral in the circuit being protected, are available in two designs.Toroidal zero sequence current sensors type T (series A) are intended for use with cable conductors and the rectangular zero sequence current sensors type R and RZ are intended for use on bus bars. Split core Sensors are available in two toroidal sizes. Figure 7.1 shows a typical Time co-ordinated system using MGFR Relays. 24 Double-ended Switchboard 2 a contacts None 2 a contacts 1 b contact 3 mains, 2 ties 2 a contacts None 2 a contacts 1 b contact 3 mains, 3 ties 2 a contacts None 4 a contacts 1 b contact

Figure 7.1 Typical Time Co-ordinated Relay System Using MGFR Relays. 7.2 Current Sensors 7.2 Current Sensors Any of the following sensors can be used as Ground Strap Sensors, however R1-3 Sensor is intended specifically for this purpose. It is intended to be mounted on the neutral-to-ground connection. Zero Sequence Summation sensors must encircle all the phase conductors and the neutral (if it exists), but not the grounding wire or the shield of the cable. Although the relays themselves are not phase dependent, it is important to observe polarity of Sensors when connecting them in parallel. All sensors should be installed with their polarity marks towards the supply. This ensures correct output cancellation or addition required for various sensor connections used for main and tie breaker relays. The available ground current sensors are listed in Table 7.1. Table 7.1 Sensor Dimensions Cat. No. T2A T3A T3A-S1 T6A T6A-S1 T9A R1-3 R4-17A R7-13A R8-26A RZ 5-11 RZ 5-21 RZ 5-31 RZ 5-35 RZ10-11 RZ10-21 RZ10-31
1

Inches 1.875 DIA 2.75 DIA 5.75 DIA 8.75 DIA

mm 48 DIA 70 DIA 146 DIA 222 DIA

Compatible Relays GM Meter DSP-MKII DSA MGFR

1.5 x 3.5 4.25 x 17.625 7.5 x13.5 8 x 26.5 4.5 x 11 4.5 x 21 4.5 x 31 4.5 x 35 10.5 x 11 10.5 x 21 10.5 x 31

38 x 89 108 x 448 191 x 343 203 x 674 114 x 280 114 x 534 114 x 788 114 x 890 267 x 280 267 x 534 267 x 788

MGFR-SE

Split Core Sensors

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There are general requirements for locating rectangular ZSCSs on bus bar connections in switchboards. Any current carrying bus bars must be kept connections, in switchboards. carrying bus bars must be kept as far from the current sensor as possible, since a current carrying bus bar placed parallel to the sensor will produce noise voltage, which may cause nuisance tripping when no ground current flows. As a guideline the clearances (X) of Table 7.2 and Figure 7.1 should be applied: Table 7.2 Recommended Minimum Spacings for Sensors LOAD CURRENT (A) 600 1000 2000 3000 4000 X Clearance (X) 4" (101.6 mm) 6" (152.4 mm) 8" (203.2 mm) 10" (254.0 mm) 12" (304.8 mm)

Figure 7.2 Spacing of Conductors from Sensors These requirements are also applicable to the toroidal ZSCSs. However, one-half the clearances can be used except for lower load currents when the clearances can be reduced to a minimum of two inches (50.8 mm). For type RZ sensors, up to 3000 Amperes, use toroidal clearances. For over 3000A use rectangular clearances. 7.3 Functional Test 7.3 Functional Test It is recommended that a Self-Test circuit should be provided for every Ground Fault Relay not equipped with built-in test function.The test circuit can be arranged for either primary or secondary current injection.When operation of the circuit-interrupting device is not required at each time the test is performed, a momentary Trip/No Trip switch which does not prevent normal Tripping function, should be installed in the test circuit. Additional information is available in the following Catalogue Sheets, Installation and Instruction Guides: Catalogue Sheets Catalogue Sheets Type MGFR Relays Zero Sequence Current Sensors Installation and Instruction Guides Installation and Instruction Guides MGFR Relay Type T and R Ground Current Sensors

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8. Fusion - The combination of Solid 12. Harmonics and High Resistance Grounding

13.The Design Process

Certain electrical equipment, such as Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), Type FSR Resistors: 3 Phase, 3 Wire Industrial power systems are transformers with high exciting currents, converting apparatus (rectifiers, commonly solidly discharge lighting equipment (fluorescent, mercury inverters), and arc grounded to provide a low ground fault path impedance so that in case of ground fault sufficiently harmonics in of load currents. vapour and sodium vapour types) producehigh magnitudethe fault current will harmonics do not contribute to Ground Current as long as there The flow to allow phase overcurrent devices to trip. Settings on these is devices on time-current coordinated to are usually very tripping of the no fault are the system.The current levelsprovide selective small and have device closest on ground fault relaying. major portion of the Fault occurs negligible effectto the fault. However, the If, however, a Ground distribution is the DC side fault not in the utilization and DC systems, it of not onaffected if the of theisrectifiers used in VFDsequipment but in anywill the major feeders. any faults, because of coordinated time settings, are be detected by Suchof the normal Ground Fault detectors, because itleft on the system for long time and are known to cause a lot of by a ground produces a DC aGround Current, which cannot be measuredarcing current fault damage.They occurring on the variable frequency output of the transformer. Faults can be catastrophically destructive. Such damage to the equipment and consequential loss a revenue due Relay which can operate Variable Frequency Drives require ofGround Fault to down time can be avoided. frequency range of the drive. over the If the system is resistance grounded and if the ground fault current is limited to less than 25 A, is an important step in the protection The ground fault protection system typically 5 Amps, such low fault currents can should be continuously at the form the total protection design, and it be carried fully incorporated topoint of fault without causing further damage.The is required that to process is maintained with the scheme.Therefore, it power continuityall the necessary information be system before A shut down availablefaulted. the design. can be planned to service and remove the fault thus avoiding the revenue loss. A complete single line diagram, containing the transformer data, type and On of the interrupters, the where first fault rating of desired when the size 3 phase 3 wire systems type and currenttrip out isthe overcurrent fault is the cable having an effectively grounded system types sufficient devices,in the loadsize, type and length of all feeders, loadallows and sizes, ground fault current to flow to cause the nearest, often the first, over etc., is required for the ground fault protection system design. Additional current device to trip, thus isolating the faulty load. information, such as operating modes and interlocking systems, special The current limiting fuse provides such a the design it the fault current switching arrangement, etc., may influenceground pathiffor is known.The to flow.Time-current coordination and factor: unattended systems may level of supervision can also be a majorselectivity is maintained when the size of fully automatic protection schemes, while selective indication may require the fuse is suitably larger than the overcurrent device. For example, a sufficient for attended ones, where load and the 100 A Fuse in be15 A breaker or a 15 A fuse near thepreventative and corrective the FSR. Should the fault be scheduled. maintenance can occur in a higher part of the distribution system the fuse in this case would be faster than the is recommended: The following step-by-step procedureovercurrent device in the distribution equipment thus opening and allowing the fault current to shift to the 1. Become familiar with the system, by studying the single line diagram resistor.The resistor controls the fault current to a value which can be and discussions with customer. safely carried continuously.The fault is annunciated and can be repaired at 2. suitable time thus power flow to loads is maintained by not causing a a Decide if the system requires a) Indication only (GIL, or many trip or shut down.There are GM) processes and installations where this modeAlarm Only (GADD or GIL) b) of operation is desirable. FSR is not suitable to beonly (DSA) c) Alarm + Indication used in 3 phase, 4 wire systems with single phase or unbalanced loads as the Electrical Codes require that the neutral d) Alarm + Indication and Second Fault Trip (DSP) remain at ground potential at all times.The neutral can rise to 347 V in e) Alarm + Double-Fault Trip (GADD + is not 347/600 V system when FSR is used so FSRMGFR) applicable and not f) Fault on 3 phase 4 wire systems. permitted Locating Equipment FSR is also not suitable for 3 which wire systems where first fault trip 3. Select a protection schemephase 3 is suitable for the system under all is not desired and where power continuity is important. Because FSR operating conditions e.g.Ties open, Closed, Interlocked. effectively grounds the systemis available, make approximate opens and the 4. If no charging current data upon occurrence of a fault it calculations resistor nowdata in this guide, or Rule of Thumb.power flow to the load. using the controls the current maintaining the Select Grounding In such applications, FSR doesArtificial Neutral. to the system which would Resistor and or DDAI(W) not add anything be Select effectively served by other resistor versions. 5. more the system components (DDR2 and ZSCT data sheet). The Fusion solution to system grounding combines both the solidly 6. Contact IPC for Pricing or budgetary costing. grounded functionality and resistance grounded system characteristics. 7. Detail the system, its operation, changes or modifications required on Application of Zero-sequence sensors with IPC Type DSA or DSP ground the existing system, will indicate faulted feeder and faulted phase.The fault alarm or trip unit list of components including material to be supplied by the customer. fault can thus be quickly located by using one of the several IPC pulsing systems and repaired at a planned shut down.

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SECTION NO. 3 3 SECTION NO. ZONE SELECTIVE INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION SYSTEMS ZONE SELECTIVE INSTANTANEOUS PROTECTION SYSTEMS
1. General 1. General (ZSI) system provides a higher degree of The Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection (ZSIP) system provides a higher ground fault protection than the than the conventional time co-ordinated degree of ground fault protectionconventional time co-ordinated system because it eliminates the waiting period (time delay), delay), which is system because it eliminates the waiting period (timewhich is necessary with conventional methods methods selectivity, by instantaneously tripping necessary with conventionalto achieve to achieve selectivity, by instantaneously of the faulted faulted circuit while preserving complete selectivity. tripping of thecircuit while preserving complete selectivity. Where therethe damage produced by arcing ground faults zones, there is a ZSI reduces are multiple levels on the power system, or on grounded need for coordinationisof the zones such an higher levelslocation of the by systems.The damage reduced to so that extent that are unaffected downstreamremains evident, but replacement of any components may not breakdown faults whenever possible.The branch circuits are like a tree branch and alland the relayseliminates destruction. be necessary of virtually will see the fault current in a particular branch when the fault the damage has Usually coordination to done by setting The extent of is downstream. a direct relationship is the amount of protectiveenergy, which is allowed to passhigher, with upstream relays thatto electrical relay time delays progressively into the arcing faults. Note set maximum delays, to prevent nuisance breakers of main generally clearcan overcurrent devices such as fuses or tripping cannot breakers.This arcing cause since the current mayshould a fault develop atthehigh level, requiring faults unnecessary damage, be within the rating of a device. the time delay to expire before clearing the fault. A better way is to use ZSI system detects ground fault currents at a fraction of the continuous zone selective interlocking protection scheme, where the relays are all set rating of the devices and removes them instantly without destroying the for Instantaneous Trip Protection but are wired together and downstream selectivity of the system, reducing the let-through arc energy to the fault. relay will signal to the upper zones that it will clear the fault and block them Let-through energy can be expressed is referred to as ZSIP (Zone from tripping.This interlocking schemein kW cycles and is a product of the fault arc Instantaneous Protection) or ZSI and the duration of the fault Selective voltage, RMS value of fault current(Zone Selective Interlocking). expressed in cycles. This scheme provides coordination with instantaneous clearance of arcing The thus preventing major damage at all of metal are as follows, based faultsdestruction of equipment and meltinglevels in the system. on actual observation of damage underarcingground faults on grounded ZSIPreduces the damage produced by arcing conditions and ongrounded ZSI reduces the damage produced by test ground faults supported by calculations based is reduced to such an extent that location of the systems.The damage on specific heats of various metals: a) 100 kW Cycles. Location butfault identifiable by observation, there will breakdown remains evident, of replacement of any components may not be be spit marks on metal eliminates destruction. necessary and virtually and smoke marks. b) 2000 kW Cycles. Little damage - likely not even to the amountto be The extent of the damage has a direct relationship hardware has of replaced. Equipment is allowed be restored by arcing faults. Note that electrical energy, which can usuallyto pass into the cleaning smoke marks and repairing punctures in the or breakers overcurrent devices such as fuses insulation. cannot generally clear arcing faults since the current maythe recommended maximum let-through. c) 6000 kW Cycles.This is be within the rating of the device. ZSIP system detects ground fault currents at fraction of the continuous ZSI system detects ground will currents at contained of a metal d) 10,000 kW Cycles. Fault fault probably be a a fractionbythe continuous rating of the devices and removes them instantly without destroying the enclosure. selectivity of the system, reducing the let-through arc energy to the fault. e) 20,000 kW Cycles. Fault will probably burn through a single thickness Let-through energy can be expressed in kW cycles and is a product of the enclosure and spread to other sections of gear. fault arc voltage, RMS value of fault current and the duration of the fault f) Over 20,000 kW Cycles. Considerable destruction in proportion to the expressed in cycles. let-through energy occurs. The destruction of equipment and melting of metal are as follows, based The following Figure 1 (a), (b) and (c) shows the effect of ZSI on the on actual observation of damage under test conditions and supported reduction of the let-through kW Cycles of arc energy. by calculations based on specific heats of various metals: a) Feeder protected by HRC Type fuses and no provision for ground fault a) 100 kW Cycles. Location of fault identifiable by observation, there will protection. be spit marks on metal and smoke marks. b) Same feeder with conventional type ground fault protection (time b) 2000 kW Cycles. Little damage - likely not even hardware has to be separation to provide selectivity). replaced. Equipment can usually be restored by cleaning smoke marks c) and repairing with ZSI system applied. Same feeder punctures in the insulation. c) 6000 kW Cycles.This is the recommended maximum let-through. d) 10,000 kW Cycles. Fault will probably be contained by a metal enclosure.

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e) 20,000 kW Cycles. Fault will probably burn through a single thickness enclosure and spread to other sections of gear. f) Over 20,000 kW Cycles. Considerable destruction in proportion to the let-through energy occurs. The following Figure 1 (a), (b) and (c) shows the effect of ZSI on the ZSIP on the reduction of the let-through kW Cycles of arc energy. a) Feeder protected by HRC Type fuses and no provision for ground fault protection. b) Same feeder with conventional type ground fault protection (time separation to provide selectivity). c) Same feeder with ZSIPsystem applied. Same feeder with ZSI system applied.

Note F

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Note E
Note F Note E Note Note DD Note CC Note Note B

Note A

Figure 1 Damage Level of Three Relay Systems with Fuse Overcurrent Protection. From the examination of these diagrams, it becomes evident that: 1. When ground fault protection is not provided, the fuse will let-through an enormous amount of energy spread over a long period and spreading of the fault is inevitable. 2. When conventional ground fault protection is provided, an appreciable reduction of let-through energy is achieved. 3. When ZSIPsystem isisapplied, the maximum let-through isiswithin the ZSI system applied, the maximum let-through within the acceptable limits and spread over a narrow range of fault currents. In the above example the circuit was protected by an HRC fuse. In the case of a circuit protected by a circuit breaker, the let-through values may be even greater, due to the fact that the circuit breakers are not generally current limiting.

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Arcing damage of equipment is illustrated in Illustration 1.

Illustration 1 (a) No Ground Fault Protection

Illustration 1 (b) Standard Ground Fault Protection

Illustration 1 (c) ZSI Fault Protection The difference between a conventional time delay selective system and ZSIP system illustrated in Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5. Each diagram the ZSI system isis illustrated in Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5. Each diagram shows a three-zone system, where zones represent sections of a distribution system between zero sequence current sensors, e.g. zone (1)

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covers the main switchboard bus and all feeder breakers; zone (2) covers all load side connections of feeder breakers and the sub-feeder breakers themselves, etc. Selectivity is provided by a restraining signal generated by a relay in a down-stream zone, and transmitted to a relay in the up-stream zone. When a number of relays are used in a down-stream zone the restraining signal outputs of all of these relays are parallel connected.Therefore, only one pair of control wires is required between the zones regardless of the number of relays in each zone. In the event of a failure by a down-stream relay or interrupting device to clear a fault the up-stream protective device will act as a back-up and will clear the fault after the pre-selected time.

Figure 1.4 Typical Time Delay Co-ordinated Connection.

Figure 1.5 Typical 3-Zone ZSI Connection.

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2. Zone Selection

2. Zone Selection

The Zone Selective Instantaneous Protection can be applied to any size system.The MGFR Ground Fault Relays in ZSIPmode can be used.There isis ZSI mode can be used.There no limit to the maximum number of zones that can be protected with MGFR Relays. Furthermore the ZSI outputs of down-stream and inputs ZSIP outputs of down-stream and inputs of up-stream relays can be connected in parallel when necessary. NOTE: Zone is defined as a section protected by a relay and includes all of the system from the load side of the relays zero sequence current sensor, to the line side of any down-stream zero sequence current sensor, if present. The consideration as to what extent should ZSIP applied to ato a system is cost to what extent should ZSI be be applied system is cost versus the degree of protection achieved.The relationship between cost and the degree of protection is determined by the degree of required selectivity of trip-outs due to ground faults. Naturally there is a definite point of diminishing returns for each specified system where the cost of additional relays may not be justified by the additional protection it will offer. In many instances, such a point will be reached, while retaining full selectivity when ground fault protection is extended to 200 amp circuits. The damage that will have to be accepted is the damage created by the let-through energy that is permitted to pass by the overcurrent devices below 200 amp rating. Naturally if the ground fault protection is cut-off at higher rating than 200 Amperes, the damage that has to be accepted will correspond to the let-through energy of the overcurrent devices above 200 Amperes. The most cost effective ground fault protection schemes are the two-zone ZSI inin Unit Substations and the three-zone ZSIP double-ended ZSIP Unit Substations and the three-zone ZSI in in double-ended switchboards.

3. Conditions For ZSIP ZSI Application 3. Basic Basic Conditions ForApplication ZSI Application

As mentioned previously, the MGFR Relay is suitable for ZSIPoperation. ZSI operation. ZSIP application, the number and location of the system grounding For ZSI application, the number and location of the system grounding points, neutral bus arrangement including tie breaker requirement (if used) and the ground fault current sensing methods should be selected.

4. Relay Types

4. Relay Types The MGFR Relays are highly suitable for ZSIPapplication.These relays are ZSI application.These relays are capable of restraining up stream relays. If the down-stream relay sees the up-stream relays down stream fault it sends the signal up to the Restraint Input terminal of the up-stream relay.This prevents the up-stream relay from Instantly Tripping while the down-stream relay eliminates the fault. See Figure 1.5 for typical three-zone system. In the ZSIPmode, the response of the MGFR Relays to aaground fault isis ZSI mode, the response of the MGFR Relays to ground fault determined by the signal from a down-stream relay or the absence of such a signal. The responses are as follows: a) No signal at Restraint in terminal. No down-stream relay senses a ground fault; so the fault is within this relays zone.Tripping is instantaneous regardless of the time band setting. b) Signal received at the Restraint in terminal. The ground fault is outside this relays zone. If a down-stream relay or protective device fails to clear the fault, this up-stream relay will trip in accordance with the time-band setting.

4.1 Type MGFR Relays 4.1 Type MGFR Relays

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4.2 Guide Points For ZSIP ZSI Application 4.2 Guide PointsZSI Application For Application 4.2.1 4.2.1

For correct ZSI application and operation, the following guide points are ZSIP application and operation, the following guide points are recommended. Maximum distance between MGFR Relay at the extreme ends of the zones should not exceed 2000 ft. (600 meters). For longer restraint circuit lengths consult factory. One pair of 14 AWG wires per conduit should be used for restraint signal transmission. Use of a common conduit for power and signal circuits is not recommended. Signal wires must be installed in separate conduit. The breaker(s) should be provided with Shunt Trip coils. In a ZSI system all relays inin the chain should be set for ZSIP operation. ZSIP system all relays the chain should be set for ZSI operation. Zone co-ordination should be achieved by time-delay separation.The interlocking (restraint) circuitry will normally provide approximately 30 milliseconds time delay for a ground fault occurring anywhere on the system. Longer time delays, corresponding to the dial setting, may be selected while within the ZSI mode but will only be invoked when the ZSIP mode but will only be invoked when the nearest ZSI Relay up-stream of the fault, fails clear and thethe next nearest ZSIP Relay up-stream of the fault fails to to clear and next up-stream relay operates as backup protection. It is recommended that a delay of at least 0.1 second is selected for all but the most down-stream relay in a ZSIPchain of relays, which can be instantaneous. ZSI chain of relays, which can be instantaneous. Down-stream ZSIPoutputs can be connected in parallel as in the case of aa ZSI outputs can be connected in parallel as in the case of number of feeders restraining the same main breaker relay. Up-stream inputs can also be parallel connected when, for example, there are two Main Breakers involved. On double-ended substations or other multiple source systems with tie breakers the ZSI signals must be routed from the down-stream feeder ZSIP signals must be routed from the down-stream feeder breaker relays to control both the tie breaker(s) and the Main Breakers when the tie is closed.This involves the use of semiconductor diodes to steer the signals to the next up-stream device so that the system is co-ordinated properly. Figure 5.1 shows a typical Main-Tie- Main system where the tie breaker is Normally Open.The MGFR Relays are connected so that the tie breaker is restrained by the feeder breakers from either side when one of the Main Breakers is open.The feeder breaker relays provide restraint to the Mains when the Tie breaker is open. Also when the tie breaker is closed it restrains the Mains instead of the feeder breaker relays such that a three zone system is formed from Main to Tie to Feeder.

4.2.2

4.2.2

4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5

4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5

4.2.6 4.2.7

4.2.6 4.2.7

5. Multiple Source Systems 5. Multiple Source Systems

6. Auxiliary Switch Requirements 6. Auxiliary Switch Requirements For ZSI For ZSIP ControlFor ZSI Control Control

Auxiliary switch contacts, are used either to disconnect the restraint signal contacts are used, either to disconnect the restraint signal input to the main relays when the main breakers are open, preventing coincidence tripping during ZSI performance tests, or to parallel-connect ZSIP performance tests, or to parallel-connect restraint signals when the tie breaker is closed. Steering Diode assemblies are necessary for double and multiple source substations to direct the Restraint signals to the proper up-stream breakers instantly, to cover the various possible configurations. See Table 6.1.

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Relay Catalogue Number Table Relay Type MGFR - 20-ZB MGFR - 200-ZB MGFR - 1200-ZB MGFR - SE-ZB Range 1 to 20A 10 to 250A 100 to 1200 100 to 1200A Application Down-stream close to load Distribution feeders Feeders in Main Switchboard or Switchgear Service Entrance

Figure 5.1 Typical Main-Tie-Main ZSIP Connection using ZSI Connection using MGFR Relays. ZSIP signal handling Table 6.1 Contacts required for ZSI signal handling Unit Substation Main Breaker Feeder Breaker Tie Breaker Steering Diode Assembly None None None None Double-ended Switchboard 2 a contacts None 2 a contacts 1 x 124-001X 3 mains, 2 ties 2 a contacts None 2 a contacts 2 x 124-001X 2 x 124-006X

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7. Field testing of testing of ZSIP Systems 7. Field ZSIP Systems

Field testing during installation and commissioning is recommended to ensure that the installation is correctly wired and is satisfactory. Consult IPC to obtain a detailed test procedure. IPC provides resistors toresistors to create current limited faults so thatcan Procedure: IPC provides create current limited faults so that the relays pickrelays can pick up andthe ground fault protection andprotection and the the up and demonstrate demonstrate the ground fault the implemented Zone Selective InstantaneousInstantaneous Protection function. By applying implemented Zone Selective Protection function. By applying such test faultstestvariousat various in the distribution system proper operation is such at faults locations locations in the distribution system proper verified of is verified of the Zone Selection and coordination, trip circuits, operation the Zone Selection and coordination, the breaker the breaker sensor wiring, wiring of restraint signals and operating times of relays. trip circuits, sensor wiring, wiring of restraint signals and operating times of relays. Such field testing can be repeated at designated maintenance intervals to ensure satisfactory operation. Such field testing can be repeated at designated maintenance intervals to ensure satisfactory operation.

Other Application Guides Other Application Guides

High Resistance Grounded Systems Devices For Protection Against Shock Application of Portable Pulsing Systems For Quick Fault Locations

While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this document, IPC Resistors Inc. assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions.The contents are provided for the guidance of qualified personnel only, and IPC Resistors Inc. assumes no liability for any applications arising from the use, or misuse, of the material contained therein.This document is subject to change, as required, without notice.

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PROTECTION DETECTION LOCATION

7615 Kimbel St., Unit 1, Mississauga, Ontario Canada L5S 1A8 Phone: 905-673-1553 Toll Free: 1-888-737-4787 Fax: 905-673-8472 E-mail: info@ipc-resistors.com www.ipc-resistors.com
16331-14 - 06/02 - C-300E