ExperimentalandAnalyticalStudyof HelicalCrossFlowTurbinesforaTidal Micropower GenerationSystem

AdamNiblick UniversityofWashington NorthwestNationalMarineRenewableEnergyCenter MSME Thesis Defense March 7, 2012

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Outline
TidalMicropower SystemOverview TurbineSelection/DesignParameters ExperimentalTesting Modeling ConclusionsandFutureWork

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MotivationforMicropower
AdmiraltyInlet potential

siteoftidalturbine installationforcommercial power NNMRECEnvironmental sitecharacterization monitoring

SeaSpiderbottomlander

tripod Instrumentationrequires power Currentlybattery powered Grid,solarandwindnot feasible

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MotivationforMicropower
BatteryCapacity(Whr): 165 Cost($/Whr): $1.15

Unit DopplerCurrentProfiler

Deployment Power Duration Usage (W) (days) 0.9 90

Total # of batteries W-hr Required Battery Cost 1944 12 $ 2,280.00

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MotivationforMicropower
BatteryCapacity(Whr): 165 Cost($/Whr): $1.15

Unit DopplerCurrentProfiler DopplerCurrentProfiler

Deployment Duration Power Usage (W) (days) 0.9 0.9 90 180

Total # of batteries W-hr Required Battery Cost 1944 3888 12 24 $ 2,280.00 $ 4,560.00

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MotivationforMicropower
BatteryCapacity(Whr): 165 Cost($/Whr): $1.15

Unit DopplerCurrentProfiler DopplerCurrentProfiler

ImagingSonar(20%dutycycle)

Deployment Duration Power Usage (W) (days) 0.9 0.9 20.0 90 180 180

Total # of batteries W-hr Required Battery Cost 1944 3888 86400 12 24 524 $ 2,280.00 $ 4,560.00 $ 99,560.00

u0: Inflow velocity : Fluid density

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MotivationforMicropower
BatteryCapacity(Whr): 165 Cost($/Whr): $1.15

Unit DopplerCurrentProfiler DopplerCurrentProfiler ImagingSonar(20%dutycycle) ImagingSonar(20%dutycycle)

Deployment Power Duration Usage (W) (days) 0.9 0.9 20.0 20.0 90 180 180 180

Total # of batteries W-hr Required Battery Cost 1944 3888 86400 86400 12 24 524 15 $ 2,280.00 $ 4,560.00 $ 99,560.00 $ 2,850.00

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Micropower SystemConcept

Drawing courtesy of Stelzenmuller et al

Micropower System A tidal hydrokinetic power generation system to power remote instrumentation on the order of 20 W continuous in 1.5 m/s peak tidal currents.

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ResearchGoals
Provideinitialconceptforamicropower tidal generationsystem Providedetaileddesign,analysisandexperimental testingoneofthecomponents:thehydrokinetic turbine

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Micropower SystemBlockDiagram
Tidal Current Profile 2 u0 (m/s) 0

Tidal Turbine
0 2 4 time (days) 6

Loads Loads Battery Bank + +

-2

Turbine

Monitoring Equipment

Gearbox

Generator

Rectifier

Converter

Controller/processor

Controller
Data storage

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Outline
Micropower SystemOverview TurbineSelection/DesignParameters ExperimentalTesting Modeling ConclusionsandFutureWork

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TurbinePerformanceMetrics
Efficiency forpowerandtorqueproduction Startingtorquemagnitudeandrange forselfstart
H: Height D: Diameter R: Radius T: Torque u0: Inflow velocity : Fluid density : Azimuthal angle : Angular velocity

TipSpeedRatioandRotationRate forgeneratorintegration

Performancewithrespecttoinfloworientation fordeployment

flexibility

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TurbineDesignConcepts
Highefficiency

(~35%) Good selfstart Savonius capability Rotor Accepts flowfrom anyhorizontal Axial direction Turbine

Hybrid Turbine

Darrieus Turbine

Helical Turbine

Sources: Polagye, 2011; engr.mun.ca/~tariq/jahangiralam.pdf; newenergycorp.ca;

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BladeElementTheory
Streamwise velocity(uS) Tipvelocity(R) Inducedbyturbinesownrotation Relativevelocity(uREL) Resultantvectorof uS andR Angleofattack() AnglebetweenuREL and chordline Lift DragForces(FL,FD) Generateturbinetorque

Bestliftdragratiowhen

10< <10

c: Blade length h: Blade height AP: Planform area ch

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Axialvs.CrossFlowTurbines
Axial Cross-Flow

Tidal Flow is Parallel to Axis of Rotation

Tidal Flow is Perpendicular to Axis of Rotation

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BladeElementTheory
Angleofattack() Constantlychangingas turbinerotates Oftenexceedsstallangle

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile BladePitch HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades BladeWrap AttachmentDesign

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades AttachmentDesign

NACA0018 0.1 0 -0.1 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 x

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Source: answers.com

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades AttachmentDesign

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades AttachmentDesign

Sizelimitedby

deploymentconstraints
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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto
30% Solidity

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades(B) AttachmentDesign

15% Solidity

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades AttachmentDesign

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ParameterOptimization
Higherefficiency, ImprovedCP, Manufacturability ImprovedCP, Allows higherpitch Helical Pitch Lowerstatictorque variation EasierDeployment, Lessbladestress, Lessvibration AspectRatio

Betterstartingtorque, Manufacturability Allowsincrease inpitch andreducedaspect ratio

SolidityRatio

Highertipspeedratio

NumberofBlades

Fewerparts,Lessblade wakeinterference

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Outline
Micropower SystemOverview TurbineSelection/DesignParameters ExperimentalTesting Modeling ConclusionsandFutureWork

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TurbinePrototypes
3BladedTurbine BaselineConfiguration 4BladedTurbine LowSolidityTurbine

3Blades D=20cm H=20cm 1.00AspectRatio 43.7 PitchAngle 30%Solidity

4Blades D=17.2cm H=23.4cm 1.36AspectRatio 60 PitchAngle 30%Solidity

3Blades D=20cm H=20cm 1.00AspectRatio 43.7 PitchAngle 15%Solidity

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TestsPerformed
BaselineConfiguration LoadPerformanceTest StaticTorqueTest TiltedTurbineTest DesignComparisonTests HelicalPitch/No.ofBlades StrutAttachmentDesign ShaftDesign

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FlumeTestChannel
3meterslength 72cmwide Maximum0.8m/sflow

rate Turbinelocatedincenter offlumewidthat1.7m fromtestchannelinlet AcousticDoppler Velocimeter (ADV) to measureflumevelocity

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TestInstrumentationModule
Reaction Torque Cell

Particle Brake

Flex Coupling

Locking Plate Optical Encoder Bearing

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TurbineOperation

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LoadPerformanceResults
Baseline

Configuration

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LiftandDragfordifferent

Region of Turbine Region of Turbine but increasing Operation at 0.40.8 m/s Operation at m/s average decreases

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StaticTorque
Baseline

Configuration Flume:0.7m/s

0 view, lookingdownstream

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TurbineDesignComparison
3-Bladed Turbine Load Performance Test Results 4-Bladed Turbine

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StrutDesignComparison
2 mm Spoke 4.8 mm Spoke Circular Plate

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ShaftDiameterComparison
No Shaft 6.4 mm Shaft 12.7 mm Shaft

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TiltedTurbineTest
Downstreamendofturbine

frameinclined
0,2.5,5and10degree

inclinations Performancetest Baselinespokedesignand circularplateconfigurations

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TiltedTurbineTest

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TestConclusions
Fourbladedturbineisbestdesignforoptimum

aspectratioandperformance Goodselfstartandperformancewithhighsolidity MaximizehelicalpitchangletogetbettermaxCP Noimpactofshaftdiameteronperformance Circularplate bestattachmentdesign eliminates profiledrag,bettertiltangleperformance Statictorqueisnotuniform HigherinflowvelocitygivesbetterCP
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Outline
Micropower SystemOverview TurbineSelection/DesignParameters ExperimentalTesting Modeling ConclusionsandFutureWork

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VortexModel
Freevortexflowmodel Bladedividedintoseveral

elements Bladeelementperformance fromCL,CD lookuptables Bladeselementssimulatedas vortexgenerators Sumofvelocitycomponents givesuREL

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VortexModel
Comparisontoothermodeltypes LesscomputationaltimethanCFD(daysvs.minutes) Comparedtomomentummodels,thevortexmodel:

Canresolvehelicalgeometrywithoutyawcorrectionfactors Betterresolvesthewake

ModelModifications Helicalgeometry Strutdragforcircularplateandendspokes Flowcurvatureeffects HigherCR thanpreviouslymodeled

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FlowCurvature
Changein fromleadingedgetotrailingedge Important forhighchordtoradiusratioturbines Approximated as Virtual camber

Source: Migliore, 1980

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PitchingandDynamicStall
Lift,dragaffectedbypitchrate
Virtualincidence Approximatedby CL calculatedfrom atchord 0.1 CD calculatedat atchord 0 Biases positive
y -0.1 0 NACA0018

0.9 1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Dynamicstall x Vortexformsattheleadingedgeofhydrofoilandtracksback alongthechord Liftisincreasedduringtracking Liftdropsasvortexfullysheds

Source: Ekaterinaris & Platzer, 1997

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DynamicStall
Lift Drag

Source: NASA, 2009

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ImplementationofSecondary Effects
Experimental Data at 0.8 m/s

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ImplementationofSecondary Effects
Experimental Data at 0.8 m/s

Model Prediction with no Secondary Effects

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ImplementationofSecondary Effects
Experimental Data at 0.8 m/s

Dynamic Stall added

Model Prediction with no Secondary Effects

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ImplementationofSecondary Effects
Experimental Data at 0.8 m/s

Dynamic Stall & Pitch Rate Effects added Dynamic Stall added

Model Prediction with no Secondary Effects

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ImplementationofSecondary Effects
Dynamic Stall, Pitch Rate & Flow Curvature Effects added

Dynamic Stall & Pitch Rate Effects added Dynamic Stall added

Model Prediction with no Secondary Effects

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ModelPredictionofInflowVariation

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Extrapolationto1.5m/s

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AnalysisofHighTipSpeedRatio
0.2 CQ 0.15

=2.6, 1.5 m/s (a)

32 24 16 8 0 -8 -16 10

Flow curvature active CP=0.46

0.1 CQ 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1

5 6 7 Normalized Time (t*u0/R)

Flow curvature disabled CP=0.43

(degrees)

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AnalysisofHighTipSpeedRatio

3/410 1/26

Duetohighchordtoradiusratio: Flowcurvatureaddsinstabilitytomodeloutput Pitchrateeffectsanddynamicstalloveramplifyingperformance

Thiseffecthasbeendocumentedinpreviousliterature(Daietal.,2011),

(Cardona,1984)

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AnalysisofHighTipSpeedRatio
3/410 1/26

Duetohighchordtoradiusratio: Flowcurvatureaddsinstabilitytomodeloutput Pitchrateeffectsanddynamicstalloveramplifyingperformance

Thiseffecthasbeendocumentedinpreviousliterature(Daietal.,2011),

(Cardona,1984)

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ProjectConclusions
Demonstratedneedforandviabilityofatidalmicropower

system Designedaturbineforamicropower system

24%efficientat0.8m/s(andincreasingwithflumespeed) Goodselfstartandfloworientationcapabilities Optimizedselecthelicalturbinedesignparameters

Modifiedavortexmodeltoaccepthelicalturbinedesign Demonstratedimportanceofsecondaryeffects Demonstratedgeneraltrendsinperformance Needforfurtherstudyofsecondaryeffectsforhighchordto radiusratioturbines

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FutureWork
Testingofthefullscaleturbine Designofsystemdrivetrainandcontrol TurbineGeneratormatching Selectionofbatterytype Improvingturbineefficiency Improvedturbinemodeling Examinationandrefinementofsecondaryeffects Othermodeltypes(CFD,etc.)

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Acknowledgements
Dr.BrianPolagye Dr.AlbertoAliseda Dr.BrianFabien Dr.JimThomson&APL CapstoneDesignTeam:

NickStelzenmuller, BronwynHughes,Josh Dr.RoyMartin Anderson,Celest Johnson, Dr.PhilipMalte BrettTaylor,LeoSutanto BillKuykendall NNMRECOrganization KevinSoderlund,Eamon SandiaNationalLabs McQuaide Marie

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Questions?

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BackupSlides

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SystemPerformance

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SystemPerformance
Turbinegeneratormatching Desiredgeneratorcharacteristics Lowspeedoperation

6080rpmfordirectdrive

Highefficiency Flatefficiencycurve FitswithinSeaSpidersizeconstraints Lowstartingtorque,lowcogging

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BatteryInformation
Characteristic EnergyDensity(Wh/L) CycleLife(cycles) MemoryEffect ChargingTime Cost
[3] [4] [1] [1]

SealedLeadAcid Low 5090 Low 200500 Low Noeffect High 816hours Low $8.50 Veryhigh

NiMH High 430 Medium 3001000 Medium LessthanNiCd Medium 24hours Medium $18.50 Low No

NiCd Low 15100 High 1500 High Periodicdischarge required Low about1hour LowMedium $11.00 Veryhigh No

LithiumIon High 570 High 1000+ Low Noeffect Medium 14hours High $24 Low

[2]

($/kWh)
[2]

Toxicity [4] TransportationLimitations No

Comments

[1,4]

Slowchargingtime; lowenergydensity

Yes Transportation Generatesheat limitations;requires duringhighrate Rugged;lowestcost complexcircuitto chargeordischarge;percycle;some operatesafely; tolerantof limitationsonuse limitedavailability overcharge duetotoxicity forhighpower oroverdischarge applications

DataSource: [1]Reddy&Linden(2011)[2]Buchmann(2010d)[3]Buchmann(2011b)[4]Buchmann(2010e)

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HelicalTurbines
Liftstyledevice Advantages: Easilyselfstarts Fairlyhighefficiency (~35%) Notorqueoscillation Disadvantages: Difficulttomanufacture Lessefficientthan straightbladeturbine

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BladeElementTheory
Lift DragForce

Normal Tangential

Force

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile BladePitch HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades BladeWrap Strut/shaftDesign

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HelicalTurbineParameters
BladeProfile BladePitch HelicalPitch AspectRatio SolidityRatio/Chordto
100% Wrap

RadiusRatio NumberofBlades BladeWrap Strut/shaftDesign

50% Wrap

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TestMatrix
TurbineGeometry FlumeVelocity(m/s): Shaft Diameter TurbineDesign StrutDesign (mm) SingleBlade,from CircularPlates 4bladedturbine 4.8mm,4leg spokes 6.4 6.4 Noshaft 4bladedturbine 2.0mm,4leg spokes 6.4 12.7 CircularPlates 3bladedturbine LowSolidity Turbine X:TestCompleted 4.8mm,3leg spokes 4.8mm,3leg spokes 6.4 6.4 6.4 0.8 Performancetest 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 StaticTorque 0.7
Single blade length Full Revolution

Dynamic Torque 0.78 0.7

Startup Shutdown 00.7

TiltedTurbine 0.72
LoadPer formance Static Torque

Wake Measure ment 0.78

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X

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TestCalculations
Parameter FlumeSpeed(m/s) StaticWaterHeight(cm) DynamicWaterHeight(cm) WaterColumnCrossSectionalArea(m ) TurbineCrossSectionalArea(m ) BlockageRatio FroudeNumber MaxBladeReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine) MinBladeReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine) MachineReynold'sNumber(4BladedTurbine)
2 2

Symbol u0 hsw h0 AF AC Fr Re B Re B Re M

DataRange 0.4 0.8 50 49 0.371 0.040 0.108 0.182 4.0E+04 3.6E+03 7.7E+04 46 42 0.318 0.040 0.126 0.394 9.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.5E+05

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TypicalTestResults
LoadPerformanceTest StaticTorqueTest

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TypicalTestResults
LoadPerformanceTest StaticTorqueTest

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Streamwise View
=0 =20 =40 =70

Static torque near maximum

Static torque drops

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SingleBladeStaticTorque

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SingleBladeTorqueSuperposition

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Streamwise View
=0 =20 =40 =70

Unobstructed (-T) blade Static torque near maximum

Partial obstruction of (+T) blade at Static torque location of drops best drag

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TurbineDesignComparison
3-Bladed Turbine Static Torque Test Results

4-Bladed Turbine

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TiltedTurbineTest
Strut Design 2mm,4Leg Spoke 2mm Circular Plate Predicted CPLoss ActualCP TiltAngle Tilt from Loss (degrees) Velocity cos(Tilt) 0 2.5 5 10 0 2.5 5 10 0.720 0.719 0.717 0.709 0.720 0.719 0.717 0.709 0.0% 0.2% 0.7% 2.8% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8% 3.3% 0.0% 5.6% 8.8% 23.0% 0.0% 4.5% 4.4% 8.9%

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Wake MeasurementTest
Baseline

Configuration Flume:0.78m/s Wake measurements alongturbine centerline

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Startup Shutdown TestProfile

StartingAngle LoadTorque(Nm) 0 0.006 10 0.006 20 0.006 30 0.006 40 0.006 50 0.006 60 0.006 70 0.006 80 0.006 Averagecutin/cutoutspeedat0.006 Nmloadtorque: 0 0.021 CutInSpeed(m/s) 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.58 0.60 0.57 0.60 0.55 0.47 0.53 0.71

12

x 10

-3

Turbine Torque, Nm

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 20 40 60 80 100

(a)

12

400

Turbine Angle, Degrees

(b)

300

U Velocity, m/s

CutOutSpeed 200 0.21 100 0.21 0.21 0 0 0.22 0.80.20 0.19 0.6 0.23 0.18 0.4 0.23
0.2 0

20

40

60

80

100

12

(c)

0.21 0.38
0 20 40 60 80 100 12

Time, s

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VortexModel
Bladeisdividedinto

segments,revolution intotimesteps 8elementsperblade 15revolutionsto establishwake Vortexinfluencesthe flowofsurrounding blades

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ModelSolution
Sumofvelocity

componentsgivesuREL Totalchangeincirculation overtimeiszero(Kelvins theorem): Vortexinducedvelocityat apointisfoundbyBiot Savart Law: Circulationstrengthis foundfromKutta Joukowski theorem: Predictorcorrectorto solvesystemofequations

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BoeingVertol DynamicStall Model

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FlowCurvature
Changein fromleadingedgetotrailingedge Important forhighchordtoradiusratioturbines Approximated as

Virtual camber

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FullScaleTurbinePrediction
All Secondary Effects Active

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FullScaleTurbinePrediction
Dynamic Stall only

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ModelPredictionofStrutDrag
u0=0.8m/s

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