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MATH 1050Y
A Non-Calculus Based Introduction to
Probability & Statistical Methods
Section A
FW 2012-13
Instructor: Jaclyn Semple
MATH 1050Y-A (FW2012-13)
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
2-1 Overview
2-2 Summarizing Data with Frequency
Tables
2-3 Graphs of Data
2-4 Measures of Central Tendency
2-5 Measures of Variation
2-6 Measures of Position
2-7 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Chapter 2
Describing, Exploring, and
Comparing Data
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Overview
We collect data because we wish to explore
what important or relevant information the
data set may reveal.
The way in which we analyze the data set
will depend on whether we have a sample
data or a complete population of data.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Descriptive Statistics and
Inferential Statistics
Descriptive statistics summarize or describe the
important characteristics of a data set.
Inferential statistics use sample data to make
inferences, or generalizations, about a
population.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
1. Center: A representative or average value that
indicates where the middle of the data set is
located.
2. Variation: A measure of the amount that the data
values vary among themselves.
3. Distribution: The nature or shape of the spread of
data (such as bell-shaped, uniform, or skewed).
4. Outliers: Sample values that lie very far away
from the vast majority of other sample values.
5. Time: Changing characteristics of the data over
time.
Important Characteristics of Data
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
2-1 Overview
2-2 Summarizing Data with Frequency
Tables
2-3 Graphs of Data
2-4 Measures of Central Tendency
2-5 Measures of Variation
2-6 Measures of Position
2-7 Exploratory Data Analysis
Chapter 2
Describing, Exploring, and
Comparing Data
2
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Frequency Tables
When working with large data sets, it is often
helpful to organize and summarize data by
constructing a frequency table.
A frequency table lists classes (or categories) of
values, along with frequencies (or counts) of the
number of values that fall into each class.
We will illustrate the idea of frequency tables
using the data set provided on the next slide.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Axial Loads (in lbs) of 0.0109-in. Cans
Original Data
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Frequency
Table 2-2 is the frequency
table for the data set in
Table 2-1.
The frequency for a
particular class is the
number of original values
that fall into that class.
For example, the first class
in Table 2-2 has a frequency
of 9. That is, there are 9
values between 200 inches
and 209 inches, inclusive.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Class Limits
Lower class limits are the
smallest numbers that can
actually belong to the
different classes.
In Table 2-2, the lower class
limits are 200, 210, , 290.
Upper class limits are the
largest numbers that can
actually belong to the
different classes.
In Table 2-2, the lower class
limits are 209, 219, , 299.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Class Boundaries
Class boundaries are the
numbers used to separate
classes without the gaps
created by class limits. To
compute class boundaries:
1. find the size of the gap
between two consecutive
classes (called gap width),
2. divide it by 2,
3. add this value to each
upper class limit, and
subtract it from each lower
class limit.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Class Boundaries
For Table 2-2:
1. Gap width = 1
2. Divide by 2 = 0.5
3. 0.5
The class boundaries for Table
2-2 are 199.5, 209.5, 219.5, ,
299.5.
3
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Class Midpoints and Class Width
Class midpoints are the
midpoints of each of the
classes.
Eg. (200+209)/2 = 204.5
Table 2-2 has class
midpoints of 204.5, 214.5,
, 294.5.
Class width is the
difference between two
consecutive lower class
limits.
Table 2-2 uses a class
width of 10.
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Constructing A Frequency Table
1. Ensure that the classes are mutually exclusive.
2. Include all classes.
3. Try to use the same width for all classes.
4. Select convenient numbers for class limits.
5. Use between 5 and 20 classes.
6. The sum of the class frequencies must equal the
number of original data values.
The main reason for constructing a frequency table
is to use it for constructing a graph that effectively
shows the distribution of the data. When
constructing a frequency table, you should observe
the following guidelines:
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Example: Constructing A Frequency Table
range
class width =
number of classes
Data: Final marks of an Introductory Statistics course
75 62 41 68 74 73 71 55 91 62
78 83 63 81 68 93 37 78 57 56
65 67 81 95 65 58 83 65 72 76
81 53 57 67 88 85 73 97 73 82
43 69 62 31 75 87 78 41 98 73
1. Decide on the number of classes your frequency table
will contain (usually between 5 to 20) lets use 7
2. Determine the class width by dividing the range by the
number of classes. Round up the result.
Max = 98 Min = 31 Range = 98 31 = 67
=
7
7
= 9. 57 1
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
3. Select as the lower limit of the first class either the
lowest score or a value slightly less than the lowest
score. 30
4. Add the class width to the starting point to get the
second lower class limit. Add the class width to
the second lower class limit to get the third lower
class limit, and so on List these lower class
limits in a vertical column.
30
40
50

Example: Constructing A Frequency Table

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5. Enter the upper class limits, which can be easily
identified at this stage.
30 39
40 49
50 59

Rule: The gap width has the same number of

decimal places as the raw data!
Example: Constructing A Frequency Table
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
6. Represent each data value by a tally in the
appropriate class, then use those tally marks to
find the total frequency for each class.
Example: Constructing A Frequency Table
Marks (%) Frequency, f
30 39
40 49
50 59 6
60 69 12
70 79 13
80 89 9
90 - 99 5
Total n = f = 50
75 62 41 68 74 73 71 55 91 62
78 83 63 81 68 93 37 78 57 56
65 67 81 95 65 58 83 65 72 76
81 53 57 67 88 85 73 97 73 82
43 69 62 31 75 87 78 41 98 73
2
3
4
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Example: Constructing A Frequency Table
75 62 41 68 74 73 71 55 91 62
78 83 63 81 68 93 37 78 57 56
65 67 81 95 65 58 83 65 72 76
81 53 57 67 88 85 73 97 73 82
43 69 62 31 75 87 78 41 98 73
Marks (%) Lower
class limit
Upper
class limit
Lower class
boundary
Upper class
boundary
Frequency, f
30 39 30 39 29.5 39.5 2
40 49 40 49 39.5 49.5 3
50 59 50 59 49.5 59.5 6
60 69 60 69 59.5 69.5 12
70 79 70 79 69.5 79.5 13
80 89 80 89 79.5 89.5 9
90 - 99 90 99 89.5 99.5 5
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Relative Frequencies
Two variations on the frequency table are the relative
frequency table and the cumulative frequency table.
The relative frequencies are found by dividing each
class frequency by the total of all the frequencies.
That is,
.
class frequency
relative frequency =
sum of all frequencies
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Marks (%) Frequency, f Relative Frequency Percent frequency
30 39 2 0.04 4
40 49 3 0.06 6
50 59 6 0.12 12
60 69 12 0.24 24
70 79 13 0.26 26
80 89 9 0.18 18
90 - 99 5 0.10 10
Total n = f = 50 1.00 100
2/50 =
3/50 =
x100% =
x100% =
Relative Frequencies
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Information Gained from
Frequency Tables
Marks (%) f R. f % R. f
30 39 2 0.04 4
40 49 3 0.06 6
50 59 6 0.12 12
60 69 12 0.24 24
70 79 13 0.26 26
80 89 9 0.18 18
90 - 99 5 0.10 10
Total, n f=50 1.00 100
Students that scored above 90:
10%
Most students (26%) have marks
in the range 70 to 79.
Half of the students (50%) have
marks in the range 60 to 79.
28% of the students have an A.
10% of the students did not pass
the course (if pass mark is 50).
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
Cumulative Frequencies
The cumulative frequency for a class is the sum of
the relative frequencies for that class and all
preceding classes.
Marks
(%)
Frequency, f Cumulative
Frequency
Cumulative
Relative Frequency
Cumulative
Percent Frequency
30 39 2 2 0.04 4
40 49 3 5 0.10 10
50 59 6 11 0.22 22
60 69 12 23 0.46 26
70 79 13 36 0.72 72
80 89 9 45 0.90 90
90 - 99 5 50 1.00 100
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1. The frequency distribution below summarizes the
home sale prices in Lakefield for the month of June.
The class boundaries for the first class would be:
Pause & Practice
A. 79.00 111.00
B. 79.90 110.90
C. 79.95 110.95
D. 80.05 111.05
5
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MATH 1050Y-A (FW2012-13)
2. The frequency distribution below summarizes the
home sale prices in Lakefield for the month of June.
The class width is:
Pause & Practice
A. 28
B. 30
C. 31
D. 61
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Coming up
MATH 1050Y-A (FW2012-13)
Next, we will look at the various graphs
and charts that are constructed from the
frequency tables
Reminder: Assignment #1 due Sept. 18
th
in seminar
For next class: Read section 2-3