CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background Breathing is a basic human need that we tend to ignore unless we have some difficulty with it. Only then are aware of the process. Breathing is a physiologic function that is almost synonymous whit being alive. We experience dificulty in breathing as a threat to life it self. People with respiratory disorders are often very anxious, fearing they may die and perhaps uncomfortably. Whether is a real possibility often has nothing to do whit the fear. B. Direction 1. General Direction Specially direction after the studies Respiratory Disorders.university student know about Respiratory Disorders. 2. Specially Direction a. University student to realize about definitionRespiratory Disorders. b. University student to realize, Structure Respiratory System c. University student to realize Function of Respiratory System d. University student to realize Type of Respiratory Disorders. e. University student to realize Intervention Respiratory Disorders

CHAPTER II THE REVIEW

A.

Defenition Respiratory System Respiratory problems are widespread. They may be acute (short term) or chronic (long term). Acute disorders range from minor inconveniences such as cold or flu to more life-threatening problems such as asthma some types of pneumonia, and chest trauma. Chronic respiratory problems are wedespread, causing significant disability. People who experience them often have to make radical lifestyle changes, often retiring from wont earlier than they wish. Such disabling conditions include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), now called chronic airflow limitation, and certain restrictive lung diseases. Gas exchange is the primary functionnof the respiratory sistem. The respiratory system takes oxigen from the atmosphere, transports oxygen to the lungs, exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide in the alveoli, and returns carbon dioxide to the air.

B.

Structure Respiratory System 1. Upper Airway The upper airway consist of the nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx. Major functionsof the upper airway are (1) air conduction to the lower airway for gas exchange; (2) protection of the lower airway from foreig matter. And (3) warming, filtration, and humidification of inspired air. Nose

The nose is formed from both bone and cartilage. A very small portion of the nose is bone; the nasal bone only forms the bridge of the nose. The remainder of the nose is comfosed of cartilage and connective tissue. Sinuses

Paranasal sinuses are open areas within the skull. They are named for the bones in wich they lie-frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary. These areas are lined with mucous membranes and assist in warming and humidifying inspired air. The sinuses drain into the nose.

It is important for the nurse to appreciate the function of the upper airway. In various disorders and in the treatment of some disorders, this function is lost or altered. Mouth

The mouth is considered a part of the upper airway but only because the mouth can be used to deliver air to the lungs. The mouth may be used for breathing when the nose is obstructed or when high volumes of air are needed, such as during exercise. Pharynx

The pharinx is a funnel-shaped tube that extends from the nose so the larynx. It is commonly divided into three sections; (1) the nasopharynx, (2) the oropharynx, and (3) the laryngopharynx. Larynx

The larynx is commonly called the voice box. In connects the upper (pharynx) and lower (trachea) airways. It is located anterior to the fourth and sixth cervical vertebrae.

2.

Lower Airway The lower airway (tracheobronchial tree) is composed of the; (1) trachea,(2) right and left mainstrem bronchi,(3) segmental bronchi, (4) subsegmental bronchi, and (5) terminal bronchioles. Trachea

The trachea or windpipe passes from the larynx to the two main bronchi (also called primary bronchi) that enter the lungs. Main Bronchi

The right mainstem bronchusbis shorter and wider, and extends more vertically downward than the left. Segmental and Subsegmental Bronchi

The segmental and subsegmental bronchi are subdivisions of the main bronchi and are spread in an inverted, treelike formation through each lung. Terminal Bronchioles

The terminal bronchioles are the last airways of the conducting system, and they branch into the respiratory zone, where ghas exchange takes place. Alveoli 3

The lung parenchyma is the working area of the lung tissue, consisting of millions of alveolar unit.

C.

Function of Respiratory System 1. Exchange of Gases The exchange of gases occurs between air and blood in the alveolarcapillary systems. Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar capillary level (external respiration) and at the tissue cellular level (internal respiration). During respiration, body tissues are supplied with oxygen for metabolism and carbon dioxide is released from the tissues. Oxygen concentrations in the alveoli rise higher than the oxygen concentration in the pulmonary capillaries. Conversely. Carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli is lower than in blood. These differences in concentration result in differences in partial pressures. Because gases move from an area of greater partial pressure to areas of less partial pressure, gas exchage occurs. Respiratory mechanism : a. The Mechanism of this are to breathing and breath. It involves changes to : Intercostal muscle Ribs Diaphragm Content unified thoracic cavity The air pressure in lings

b. As a deep breath External intercostal muscles shrink (ribcage raised to above), diaphragm muscle shrink (diaphram making it flat), thoracic cavity increases and the presseru lungs of air becomes low, the air oressure is higher outside air into the refuse lungs. c. During the blow of breath External intercoltal muscles relax ( decreases ribcage down), diaphragm muscle slack (diaphragm curved upward), thoracic cavity decreases and the lungs become high air pressure, air pressure in the lungs is higher resist air exit. 2. Oxygen Transport 4

After oxygen diftuses into the pulmonary capillaries, it is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system. 3. Carbon Dioxide Transport Carbon dioxide is the waste product of tissue metabolism. It is carried by the blood three ways : (1) in plasma, (2) coupled with hemoglobin, (3) combined with water as carbonic acid. 4. Acid-Base Disturbance Thus, the lungs, through gas exchange, have a key role in regulating the acidd-base balance of the body. Pulmonary disorders that change the carbon dioxide level in the blood cause either respiratory acidemia or respiratory alkalemia. Hipercapnia (retention of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide) causes respiratory acidemia, and hypocapnia (low amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood) results in respiratory alkalemia.

D.

Type of Respiratory Disorders 1. Asthma a. Bronchial asthma Bronchial asthma is the condition of subjects with widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways, which changes in saverity over short periods of time and leads to cough, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. b. Cardiac asthma Cardiac asthma occurs in left ventricular heart failure and must be distinguished from bronchial asthma, as the treatment is quite different. 2. Bronchitis a. Acute bronchitis Is caused by viruses or bacteria. b. Chronic bronchitis Is not primarily an inflammatory condition, although it is frequently complicated by acute infections. 3. Emphysema a. Pulmonary emphysema The air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are enlarged and damaged, which reduces the surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. b. Surgical emphisema 5

Air may escape into the tissues of the chest and neck from leaks in the lungs and oesophagus; occasionally air escapes into other tissues during surgery, and bacteria may form gas in soft tissues. 4. Hay fever A form of allergy due to the pollen of grasses, trees, and other plants, characterized by inflammation of the lining of the nose ands sometimes of the conjungtiva. 5. Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura 6. Pneumonia Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the sacs (alveoli) become filled with inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid. 7. Rhinitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. It may be caused by virus infection and an allergic reaction. 8. Tuberculosis An infectious disease caused by the bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis and characterized by the formation of nodular lesions(tuberkel) in the tissues.

E.

Intervention Respiratory Disorders Such intervention includes : 1. Encouraging deep breathing and coughing in immobile people 2. Turning people at risk of developing atelectasis or pneumonia 3. Preventing aspiration in paralyzed or obtunded people 4. Determining that respiratory therapy is given in a sale appopriate, and timely manner 5. Maintaining a patent airway by measures such as suctioning 6. Encouraging the alternation of active with passive activities and other forms of energy conservation in people with chronic problems 7. Coordinating activities of daily living with breathing retraining techniques and goal oriented progressive exercise 8. Helping people incorporate relaxation and stress reduction activities into their daily lives 9. Helping people with respiratory problems and their significant others learn ways to lessen the likelihood of further disease and disability 10. Providing intensive nursing care for acute ill people 6

CHAPTER III ENDING

A. Conclusion So, respiratory problems are widespread. They may be acute or chronic. And structure of respiratory system is upper airway, nose, sinuses, mouth, pharinx, larinx, lower airway, trachea, main bronchi, segmental and subsegmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Function of respiratory system is exchange of gases, oxygen transport, carbon dioxide transport, and acid-base disturbance.

B. Suggestions After read the article we hoper that university students can be preventive common cause of Respiratory Disorders. This writer realized this writing is far from perfect, we hope the teachers, friends and the readers give us suggestion and comments.

REFERENCE Brunner & Suddarts. Textbook of medical-Surgical NursingEd. 8. Jakarta : EGC

Price, Sylvia Anderson. Phatophysiology : clinical consept of disease processes. Ed. 6. Jakarta : EGC, 2005

FORWORD
All the praise and thanks due to Allah the Lord of the World, who has given us blessing and mercies, so we can finish this writing. Peace is upon who is messenger, the prophet Muhammad his families and his companions who have guided us to the light of Islam. This writing is about Respiratory Disorders. The writers realize that this writing is far from perfect, we hope the teachers, friends and readers give us suggestion and comments.

LubukBasung, April 2011

Writers

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CONTENT LIST
FOREWORD......................................................................................................... i CONTENT LIST.................................................................................................. ii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 B. Background ....................................................................... 1 C. Direction .......................................................................... 1 1. General Direction ....................................................... 1 2. Specially Direction ..................................................... 1

CHAPTER II

THE REVIEW ....................................................................... 2 A. Defenition Respiratory Disorders.......................................2

B. Structure Respiratory System.............................................2

C. Function of Respiratory System.........................................4

D. Type of Respiratory Disorders...........................................5

E. Intervention Respiratory Disorders....................................6

CHAPTER III

ENDING A. Conclusion ........................................................................ 7 B. Suggestions....................................................................7

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