Computer Aided Engineering Drawing

Index S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Object of Experiments Getting familiar with the Auto CAD Environment. Toolbars, working area, sub menus, working modes. Starting with some basic commands. Study addressing schemes with different commands. Studying basic objects and their commands e.g. circle, donut rectangle, arc, ellipse, polygon. Studying commands that duplicate objects e.g. array, offset and modify commands e.g. trim, break, chamfer, fillet. Studying Mirror, hatch, ltype, adding toolbars and object snap, zoom, text. Making Isometric objects with isometric settings. Applying dimensions Leaders). Increasing measuring scales. Changing properties properties of objects. extend. (Aligned, Radius, Diameter, Angular, / Decreasing working area, changing of dimensions through style. Modifying Changing dimensions using stretch and Remarks Date Signature

Studying setting of AutoCAD environment and Layers. Raster Images and External Reference Files. Working on 4 view ports. Changing views for 3d drawings, studying Solids and 3d objects box, sphere, cylinder, cone, wedge, torus, extrude, revolve. Converting basic shapes example circle, rectangle, polygon, ellipse to solids using extrude command. Applying revolve command on polyline. Subtracting solids and extruded objects. Studying 3d command. Working with AutoCAD Views, 3D orbit, continuous orbit. Generating finished objects by render.

Experiment 1
1

Objective Getting familiar with the Auto CAD Environment. Toolbars, working area, sub menus, working modes. Starting with some basic commands. Theory To install AutoCAD 2000i Click on StartRun then type the following path \\fileserver\Softwares\Graphics Section\AuCad 2000i. AutoCAD Environment Auto CAD 2000i version by AutoDesk USA will be used as a tool for this manual. AutoCAD is a highly developed and user friendly graphics design application. Below is the illustration of AutoCAD environment. AutoCAD files are stored with .dwg extension. Short way to store a file is Ctrl+S. Standard tool bar Menu bar Zoom bar

Draw tool bar

Modify tool bar

Status bar

Cursor

Command line window

Drawing Area

Standard Tool Bar / Menu Bar Just like other windows based application AutoCAD also has a Standard Tool bar and a Menu bar for opening new files, saving, printing and some other options. Zoom Bar This bar is used for magnifying views. (Please note that the object size does not change only the view is enlarged) Drawing Area Black background is working / drawing area where the drawings are made. In the drawing area a plus shaped cursor is also visible. 2

Cursor This cursor works with the instruction and movements of mouse. Depending upon the command it changes shapes. In normal mode its shape is like a plus sign with a small square at center and in selection mode it becomes a small square.

Draw / Modify Tool Bars On the Left of the window is a draw tool bar which contains some basic objects like line, rectangle, arc, circle, ellipse etc. Next to draw tool bar is a modify tool bar which is used for the modification of existing objects e.g. erase, copy, move, rotate, trim etc. All the option on draw and modify tool bar will be further discussed in detail. Command Line Window This window prompts the user to issue commands. When it is in free mode it displays command written on it which means it is free and asking the user to type any command. Once it enters a command it is no more in free mode. Status Bar This bar reports the status of selected drawing modes e.g. snap, grid, ortho, polar, etc and it also reports the location of cursor on screen. Working Modes Each action in AutoCAD can be performed in two ways, i) using a cursor or mouse

ii) using a command line window by input through key board. For this course both methods will be studied in detail and also with combination of both.
Starting with some basic commands / options Line Cursor Command Line On command line window type line and press enter . In the Specify first point option type 2,4 (where 2 is a co-ordinate on x axis and 4 on y axis). Specify next point give some other co-ordinates such as 5,6 or 7,8 etc. To exit line prompt press enter. e.g. Command : line Specify first point : 2,4 ( x , y ) Specify next point or [Undo] : 5,6 Specify next point or [Undo] : 7,8 Specify next point or [Undo] :

Using cursor press the line button on the draw tool bar. Press enter to exit line command.

Clicking at different locations on the screen will make lines.

Erase Cursor

Press the erase button on the modify tool bar. The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by

clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. Automatically the selected objects are erased.

Command Line On command line window type erase. The command line will now read as select objects and the cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. e.g. Command : Erase Select Objects : 4 found Select Objects : (press enter to exit)

Copy Cursor

Press the copy button on the modify tool bar. The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by

clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. which the object copied). new copy.

Click any where on the drawing to specify base point (Fixed point with Using cursor click at any location in drawing area. The click makes a

Command Line On command line window type copy. The command line will now read as select objects and The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. e.g. Command: copy Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple] : x , y (any location on screen , press M to make multiple copies) Specify second point or displacement, or [Multiple] : x , y (any location on screen) 3

Move Cursor Command Line On command line window type move. The command line will now read as select objects and The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. e.g. Command : move Select objects : 1 found Select objects : Specify base point or displacement :x , y (any location on drawing) Specify second point of displacement Or <use first point as displacement> : x , y(any location on screen)

Press the move button on the modify tool bar.

The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. which the object moves).

Click any where on the drawing to specify base point (Fixed point with Using cursor click at any location where the object is to be moved.

Rotate Cursor

Press the rotate button on the modify tool bar.

The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. which the object rotates).

Click any where on the drawing to specify base point (Fixed point with Using cursor click where desired rotation is achieved.
SNAP and GRID GRID Grid is a pattern of equally spaced white dots in drawing are.

Command Line On command line window type rotate. The command line will now read as select objects and The cursor will change to selection mode. Select the objects by clicking on them one at a time or at any location on the screen click and make a rectangle, any object that comes inside this rectangle will be selected and its border line will become dotted. Press enter to stop selection mode. e.g. Command: rotate Select objects: 1 found Select objects: Specify base point: x , y (any location on screen) Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 45 (any number)

SNAP Snap restricts the cursor movement in drawing area to grid dots.

Snap and Grid options allow achieving accuracy in drawings. For all the drawings for this course always remember to turn on snap and grid setting from status bar (the bar at the bottom of AutoCAD window). By default the snap and grid spacing on both x and y axis is 0.5. Gird dots are not visible in the final output / printout. To change the snap and grid spacing right click on snap or grid button on status bar and select settings from drop list. A new window will appear which will show x and y spacing of both snap and grid to 0.5. It can be changed to required spacing. Its better to keep the spacing below 1 and both snap and grid should have same distance on x and y axis i.e. X axis Y axis Snap 0.5 0.5 Grid 0.5 0.5

Experiment 2
Objective Study addressing schemes with different commands.

Theory The drawing area works according to co-ordinate system with 3 dimensions X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis both in negative and positive directions. Origin is always at 0,0 and the angles are as shown in the diagram below. In order to access any location in drawing area one of four methods discussed below can be used.

Addressing Schemes AutoCAD supports 4 addressing modes of physics co-ordinate system. These 4 modes can also be defined as 4 different ways to reach any location on screen. Addressing modes help drawing conveniently i.e. effort and number of cursor clicks is reduced, logical drawings can be made easily and lengthy calculations are avoidable. In the previous lab one of these 4 addressing modes was discussed which is also widely used in real world that is Absolute Rectangular Co-ordinate system. Rectangular Polar Absolute x,y u < angle Relative @x,y @ u< angle

Absolute Rectangular With this scheme screen can accessed using normal co-ordinate system which implies x,y where x will be any number on x-axis and y a number on y-axis. e.g. Command : line Specify first point : 2,4 ( x , y ) Specify next point or [Undo] : 5,6 Specify next point or [Undo] : 7,8 Specify next point or [Undo] : Absolute Polar This method has a metric distance followed by a less than sign and an angle. e.g. Command : line Specify first point : 2,4 ( x , y ) Specify next point or [Undo] : 5<90 Specify next point or [Undo] : 4<45 Specify next point or [Undo] :

Relative Rectangular This scheme is similar to Absolute Rectangular system except it has an additional @ sign which means that the origin is temporarily shifted from its actual position to the last point selected by the user. e.g. Command : line Specify first point : @2,4 ( x , y ) Specify next point or [Undo] : @5,6 Specify next point or [Undo] : @7,8 Specify next point or [Undo] : Relative polar This scheme is similar to Absolute Polar system except it has an additional @ sign which means that the origin is temporarily shifted from its actual position to the last point selected by the user. e.g. Command : line Specify first point : 2,4 ( x , y ) Specify next point or [Undo] : @5<90 Specify next point or [Undo] : @4<45 Specify next point or [Undo] :

Of these four addressing schemes Absolute Polar system will be excluded from the course.

Example The following figure has been drawn with combination of Absolute Rectangular and Relative Polar system. Command: line Specify first point: 0,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: 0,4 Specify next point or [Undo]: 2,4 Specify next point or [Undo]: 2,2 Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,2 Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: 0,0 Command: line Specify first point: 0,4 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<45 Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<225 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<270 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<180 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<90 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<0 Command: line Specify first point: 2,4 Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<45 Command: line Specify first point: 2,2 Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<45 Command: line Specify first point: 4,2 Specify next point or [Undo]: @1<45 Command: line Specify first point: 4,0 Specify next point or [Undo]: @2<45 Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<90

Exercise Draw the following diagram using combination of Absolute Rectangular and Relative Polar system.

Experiment 3
Objective Studying basic object commands e.g. circle, rectangle, arc, ellipse, polygon, polyline and multiline.

Theory All object commands in AutoCAD are syntaxed after their names e.g. command syntax for circle is circle, rectangle is rectangle etc. Almost All commands in AutoCAD have more than one option in them. Once a command is issued it will show its different options at different levels. Each option may be selected by typing its name. Remember that values can be assigned in both ways i.e. through keyboard or by a click of a mouse. Circle The circle command shows 5 options or five different ways of making a circle. It will be read as center point, 3P, 2P, Ttr. Default method is the center point.

Command: circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: center point : In this method any point is defined followed by another point. An invisible line is created upon these points which will be the radius of circle. 3P: This option means any 3 points defined by user upon which a circumference is created. 2P: Any two points upon which an invisible line will be created which will be the diameter of the circle. Ttr: Two tangent lines should be previously available. These lines will be defined as tangents to the circle. Donut This command draws a donut and requires two diameters, one for inner circle and other for outer.

Command: donut Specify inside diameter of donut <0.5000>: 2 Specify outside diameter of donut <1.0000>: 3 Specify center of donut or <exit>:

Rectangle

Command: Rectangle Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: first corner point: In this method any point is defined followed by another point. An invisible line is created upon these points which will be the diagonal of this rectangle. Cha Rectang Chamfer: Replaces 1 sharp edge of rectangle with 2 sharp edges. mfer Fillet le Elevation: elevates the rectangle to a height on z-axis. Fillet: Replaces 1 sharp edge of rectangle with a smooth edge. Thickness: Changes the thickness of rectangle. Width: Changes the width of rectangle. Arc

Command: arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specify end point of arc: The order of drawing arc is not fixed. End point can also be defined before center point.

Ellipse

Command: Ellipse Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]:

Cent er Start End

Axis endpoint 7

Distance to other axis

Other endpoint

Polygon This command is used for drawing objects having minimum 3 sides and maximum of 1024 sides.

Command: polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 5 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: Specify radius of circle:

Polyline Polyline is a line with a non zero width.

Command: pline Specify start point: Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width: Arc: An arc of polyline will be made Halfwidth: Length: Undo: Width:

Startin g width

Ending width

Widt h Half width

Multiline A multi line creates two lines parallel to each other. Scale is the distance between two lines. Justification is the edge of end points.

Command: mline Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: scale Enter mline scale <0.25>: Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/STyle]: justification Enter justification type [Top/Zero/Bottom] <top>: Theory

Exercise Convert the following drawing to equivalent Axonometric and Oblique drawings.

Experiment 4
Objective Studying commands that duplicate objects e.g. array, offset and modify commands e.g. trim, break, chamfer, fillet

Theory Copy, Offset and array commands are used for making one or more duplicates/copies of any object. Where as trim, break, chamfer and fillet are modification commands. Offset This command creates a copy of object at some specified distance and side such that all sides are parallel to the new copy.

Command: offset Specify offset distance or [Through] <1.0000>: 1.5 Select object to offset or <exit>: Select objects using cursor Specify point on side to offset: Click on any one side of the object to be offset Array This command is used to make multiple copies at one time. It has two working methods Rectangular and Polar.

Command: array After typing array command press enter. Array window will appear. Click on select objects button, the window will disappear and on the drawing area select the objects to be arrayed. After selecting objects press enter to return to array window. After supplying suitable values in respective Rectangular or Polar arrays click on the preview button. If the preview is ok press accept or press modify to make changes. Rectangular Polar This method copies objects on circle concept. Like a circle polar array has a center, in addition to it the total number of objects on the circular path and angle to be filled. For 360 degrees the entire circular path is covered. Items can also be rotated along with angle.

This method has number of rows, number of columns, distance between rows and distance between columns. Rows multiply by columns gives the total number of copies than can be made.

10

Trim This command is illustrated on two overlapping lines. Select the objects as shown in the diagram.

Select Object to trim Select Object

Command: Trim Select object: Select object to trim:

Res ult

Break This command works on one object and is illustrated on a circle. Select the objects as shown in the diagram.

Specify first break point Specify second break point

Command: Break Select object: Specify second break point or [First point]: first Specify first break point: Specify second break point:

Result

Chamfer Chamfer converts one sharp edge into two edges. It has two methods, distance and angle.

Command: Chamfer Select first line or [Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method]: Select second line: Object Chamfer with trim Chamfer with no trim

Chamfer by distance method Secon d distan ce First distan ce

Chamfer by angle method

First distan ce

Angl e

Fillet Fillet converts one sharp edge into one smooth edge.

Command: Fillet Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: Radius Specify fillet radius <0.5000>: 1 Select first object or [Polyline/Radius/Trim]: Radius Select second object: Object Fillet with trim 11 Fillet with no trim

First Angle Projection Front, Right and top view of any object are known as frist angle projection. Example 1

Example 2

12

Example 3

Exercise Draw only the first angle projection (Front, Right and Top) for following drawings.

13

Experiment 5
Objective Studying Mirror, hatch, ltype, adding tool bars and object snap, zoom, text.

Theory Mirror command makes a mirror copy of an object. Hatch is an object command which fills a closed boundary with some pattern. Ltype is used to modify the type of line. During drawings some special areas or points may be required to approach but may be out of range or may not accurately be accessible e.g. intersection of two lines, midpoint or end points of line, center of a circle etc. All these points can be accessed by activating object snap tool bar. Zoom command or zoom tool bar is used for zooming views. Mirror This command makes a mirror copy or a copy with inverted sides of object at some specified distance.

Command: Mirror Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found Select objects: Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line: Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: Bhatch This command is used a closed boundary (e.g. rectangle, circle, polygon) with a pattern. Original Object Mirror Object Object

1) 2) 3)

Command: Bhatch Click Swatch to change the hatch design / pattern. Click Pick Point to pick a closed boundary. Click Preview to check the preview before applying.

1)
check other options.

On the hatch window click Advanced and

2)

Click Remove Islands and pick a closed boundary and check its Impact.

4) During preview the Hatch window disappears. Make a right click or press enter to return to hatch window

14

Ltype This command is used to change the style of a line. Once a line type is made current it is applicable to all objects that will be drawn including circle, rectangle, arc, ellipse, polygon, etc.

1) 2)

Command: Ltype Click Load to and choose a line type design / pattern. Select and highlight the line type recently added and want to appear on the objects and make it current by clicking Current button. Lint type will not be applicable until it is set to current.

3) 4)

If the details are not visible select Show Details button. Change the Global Scale Factor and Current Object Scale to adjust the line type scale in case if line type is not properly visible.

Adding Tool Bars To add toolbars, on the standard toolbar click View and select Toolbars and from the toolbar window activate Object Snap.

Object Snap This option helps select some special points that may not be accurately accessible but may be required to access e.g. intersection of two lines, midpoint or end points of line, center of a circle etc. Press F3 to activate object snap option or on the standard toolbar click View, select Toolbars and from the toolbar window activate Object Snap. 15

_________________Temporary Tracking point _________________Snap From _________________Snap to end points (e.g. end points of a line) _________________Snap to mid point (e.g. mid point of a line) _________________Snap to intersection (e.g. intersection of any two lines) _________________Snap to apparent intersection (lines that currently dont intersect but will intersect if extended in their paths) _________________Snap to extension _________________Snap to center of a arc, circle or ellipse _________________Snap to either of the four quadrants of a circle _________________Snap (a line) to tangent (it becomes a tangent) to a circle _________________Snap a line perpendicular to another line _________________Snap a line parallel to another line

_________________Snap to a node _________________Snap a point nearest to object _________________Snap to none _________________Open Object Snap Settings Window

Zoom This command changes the view.

Command: Zoom [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: real time: Zooms the views with the upward and downward movement of mouse. Upward movement = zoom in and downward movement = zoom out. All: Zooms such that the drawing (even if not on working area) and the working area (dotted region) both are visible. Center: Zooms by prompting the user to define any point on working area which will be the center of working area in the new view. Dynamic: Zooms using a resizable and movable window. Extents: Zooms such that drawing is perfectly covered with all its extents visible. Previous: Shows the previous zoom view. Scale: Zooms by defining a scale. Window: Zooms by prompting the user to define an area using a rectangular window. The area defined becomes the new view. Text This command is used to write a multi line text.

Command: Mtext. (make a rectangle on screen after issuing the command) 1) After defining the text area the texst window will appear.

2)
window.

Select

Properties

tab

16

3)

Change the width to No Wrap.

Experiment 6
Objective Making Isometric objects with isometric settings. Theory Settings For Isometric Another approach to make isometric drawing while reducing steps is to change the setting.

1) 2) 3)

Right Click on SNAP or GRID button on status tool bar (at the bottom of AutoCAD window) and select settings. On the Drafting Settings window under the tab of Snap and Grid change Snap type & style to Isometric and press ok. The grid dots of drawing area on screen have changed to 30 degree projection.

Drawing Isometric Objects

1)

Activate ORTHO from the status tool bar (at the bottom of AutoCAD window). After the activation of ORTHO the cursor restricts drawing to only two directions vertical and horizontal axis. SNAP, GRID and ORTHO visibly active in the snap shot on left.

2)
point.

Issue the line command and specify any starting

17

3) 4)

Just position the cursor in the direction where the line is to be drawn (as shown in fig on left). On the command prompt type the length (e.g. 5). Press enter.

Isometric objects have 3 visible sides (left, right and top) hence Isometric Settings work one by one for these three sides. Default side of Isometric setting is left. Once a side (e.g. left) of the object has been made press F5 key to change the side.

The command prompt will show <Isoplane Right> (as shown in diagram below) and the cursor will project to right side axis. Draw the other side with the same procedure.

18

Experiment 7
Objective Applying dimensions (Aligned, Radius, Diameter, Angular, Leaders). Increasing / Decreasing working area, changing measuring scales. Theory Dimensions describe the measurement of length, height, width, angle etc of any object. Dimensions Dimension option is visible on the standard toolbar.

1) 2) 3) 4)

Make some objects to apply dimensions (e.g. lines, circles, as shown below). Under the option of dimension select aligned. Click one by one on the two endpoints of any available line. Similarly check all other options i.e. Radius, Diameter, Angular and Leader.

Increasing or Decreasing Working Area Working area needs to be changed according to drawing and their dimensions. Limits command is used to change the dimension. Limits

Command: limits Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000,0.0000>: approach to keep this limit unchanged) Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>: 20,20 19 (Its a good

Changing Measuring Scales AutoCAD supports 5 types of measuring scales. Type units. Units window will appear. Following are five types of scales i. Architectural Decimal Engineering Fractional Scientific (Default)

ii.
iii. iv. v.

Civil engineering maps and house plans are made on Architectural Scale.

Experiment 8
Objective Changing properties of dimensions through style. Modifying properties of objects. Changing dimensions using stretch and extend. Theory All objects previously created on drawing area may need changing or editing. Editing Dimensions Dimensions may sometimes not look appropriate to size of objects. Hence they can be modified

1) 2)

On the menu bar click on dimension and select style. A new window Dimension Style Manager will open. On this window click Modify.

3) 4)

Another new window of Modify Dimensions Style opens. The current tab option active on this window is the first available Lines and Arrows. On this tab under the Arrowheads area change the arrow size according to requirments. 20

5)

On the second tab i.e. Text change the text height according to requirments. 6) Also check other settings which may look appropriate.

Editing Objects Objects previously created may later need some modifications. Properties of objects can be modified by first selecting the objects and then clicking on the properties button. If a single object was selected before clicking the properties button then all the properties applicable to it will be visible. If multiple objects of different types are selected then only the common properties applicable to all the select objects will be visible. Properties Button

21

Experiment 9
Objective Studying setting of AutoCAD environment and Layers. Raster Images and External Reference Files. AutoCAD Working environment Settings Auto CAD environments default settings can be changed according to users needs. Example the background colour, cursor colour, etc.

1)
select options.

Any where on the black drawing area right click and

2) 3)

A new window Options will open. On this window click the second tab Display. From the Display tab option select colors. Again a new window of colour option appears.

22

4)

Select what ever is appropriate or select Default All for default settings.

Layers Layers in drawing tools are a very powerful and helpful aid in the way they work as real world plastic transparencies. Hence a drawing on one layer may only be visible on the other to help draw some other object without modifying the previous one. Default layer is layer Zero or 0. Its always there and has been through all the labs previously worked out in this lab manual. Its a good approach to leave this layer unmodified. To create a new layer, click on the Layers button, the second button from left on the Layer tool bar as marked below.

A layer will only work if it is set to current is in unlock mode and it is turned on.

Layer Name

Layer Colour

Lock or Unlock A Layer

Turn a Layer On or Off Raster Images Raster Images are the external image files which can be inserted in Autocad and are helpful in drawing and tracing. 23

Picture on right shows an example of a raster image.

External Reference Files External Reference files are one with drawings inserted as a reference from an other or say a parent file. Once any changes are made in the drawings of parent file, automatically the drawing in all the files in which this drawing has been externally referred will show this change.

24

The following two figures show an example of an external reference file

This diagram shows a parent file and some nascent files Which contain the drawings which are externally referenced from the parent file.

This diagram shows the changes in parent file and their impact on the referred files.

25

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given dimensions.

26

Experiment 10
Objective 27

Working on 4 view ports. Theory Based of the concept of Angles of Projection solids and 3d surfaces need to be made with the help of one or more view ports. From the View option on standard tool bar click on view ports.

The picture below shows 4 view ports.

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given dimensions.

28

Experiment 11
Objective Changing views for 3d drawings, studying Solids and 3d objects box, sphere, cylinder, cone, wedge, torus, extrude, revolve. 29

Theory In order to view the 3d objects properly view settings should be changed. From the View option on standard tool bar activate the Shade toolbar.

Flat Shade

Or from the Standard tool bar simply click on View then select Shade and then Flat Shaded.

Activate the Solid toolbar. There are five solid objects visible on this tool bar. Click on any one and supply the proper values at different command prompt options for respective objects. Below are examples of how objects may look like. 30

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given scale and also show dimensions.

31

Exercise

Experiment 12
Objective 32

Converting basic shapes example circle, rectangle, polygon, ellipse to solids using extrude command. Applying revolve command on polyline. Theory Extrude All the basic commands studied in experiment 3 e.g. circle, rectangle, polygon, ellipse were just 2 dimensional objects but they can be converted to 3 dimensional from there 2-D statistics using extrude command. Before using extrude command activate Shade & View toolbars. From the Shade tool bar click on Flat Shade Bottom View and SW Isometric. and from the View tool bar click

Make any object circle, rectangle, polygon or an ellipse. Type extrude and select that object. Extrude This command converts 2-D objects to 3-D objects. Command: Extrude Select objects: Select objects to extrude using cursor Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: Enter any suitable number Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>:

This picture shows a circle and its extruded form

Circle Before Extrusion.

Circle After Extrusion.

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given scale and also show dimensions.

33

Experiment 13
Objective Subtracting solids and extruded objects. Studying 3d command. 34

Theory Subtract command subtracts a portion of two overlapping 3D objects. Exercise Draw any two 3D solid or extruded objects and place them in such a way that they overlap each other. (As shown in the diagram below)

Subtract This command converts 2-D objects to 3-D objects. Command: Subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from .. (Select the cube) Select solids and regions to subtract .. (Select the sphere)

2 overlapping objects before subtraction

Object after subtraction

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given scale on different layers and also show dimensions.

35

Experiment 14
Objective Working with AutoCAD Views, 3D orbit, continuous orbit. 36

Theory Continuous orbit shows a continuous revolution around the drawing. Views can be changed from the view toolbar. Render produces a finished file showing all surfaces and smooth edges which may not be properly visible in working mode. Exercise Revolve the project work. 3D Orbit Butto n

3D Orbit

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given scale and also show dimensions.

37

Experiment 15
Objective Generating finished objects by render. 38

Theory Render produces a finished file showing all surfaces and smooth edges which may not be properly visible in working mode.

Lab Task Draw the following diagram according to the given scale and also show dimensions.

39

40