Learning Goals
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify the red (aerobic) fibers in the shark by making a new cut through the tail region. Identify these special connective tissues associated with muscles: fascia, raphe & myosepta. Know the terms for muscle actions below: e.g. flexion, extension, abduction, etc. Learn 1 origin & 1 insertion point for each muscle. Learn at least 1 action for each muscle from the summary table. Know the evolutionary origin of each muscle in the homologies table: a. Epaxial & Hypaxial. b. Appendicular: dorsal or ventral & pectoral or pelvic. c. Hypobranchial. d. Branchiomeric arch 1, branchiomeric arch 2, or branchiomeric arches 3-7.
Additional Information
MUSCLE ACTION & TERMINOLOGY Heithaus, P. 1999. Muscle Function. Cat Anatomy Tutorial. Dept. of Biology, Kenyon College. http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/function/function.htm Dauzvardis, MF. et. al. 1996-1998 (updated 2012). Master Muscle List. Loyola Univ. Med. Educ. Network (LUMEN) http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/index.htm Univ. of Michigan. Learning Center. 1994. Hypermuscle: Muscles in Action. (Short film clips). http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html Univ. of Minnesota. 2011. Veterinary Anatomy Actions (with animations) Veterinary Anatomy, College Vet. Medicine. http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/anatDirections/Actions.html SHARK MUSCLES Flashcard Exchange. 2009. Dogfish Muscles. http://www.flashcardexchange.com/cards/dogfish-muscles-765345 Martin, RA. 2010. Feeding: White Shark Bite Kinematics. Biol. of Sharks & Rays. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/bite.htm Martin, RA 2010. Anatomy: Swimming Muscles & Kinetic Jaws. Biol of Sharks & Rays. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/muscles_jaw.htm Western Kentucky University. 1999. Shark Musculature. Digital Anatomy Online. http://bioweb.wku.edu/faculty/ferrell/Digital/shark/muscles.html
General Concepts
Muscle Attachments: Typically, a muscle is attached to two different bones. For a given body movement, one bone (origin) is fixed in some way, the other (insertion) moves as a result of muscle contraction. The origin is often the proximal bone and the insertion the distal bone. There are many exceptions. Some muscles have several origins (called "heads"), which may be on more than 1 bone. Multiple insertions occur on the fingers or toes. Connective Tissues: Typically muscles attach to bones via a slender, cord-like unit of dense, regularly arranged connective tissue called a tendon [tend = stretch]. Some muscles attach to other muscles directly on broad insertion points. Sheets of connective tissues that surround a muscle are called fascia [= bundle]. An aponeurosis [apo = from, neuro = sinew, cord] is a broad thin, sheetlike tendon that attaches a muscle onto a bone. Two mirror-image muscles, on either side of the mid-dorsal or midventral line may attach to each other along a long, thin line of connective tissue, called a raphe. Thus, a raphe is a long, seam-like tendon such as the linea alba. In fishes, axial muscles are divided by myosepta. A horizontal septum divides the epaxial & hypaxial muscles of the shark. In addition, most of these terms are defined in your lab manual pg. 87. Muscle Actions: Depending on the orientation and attachment of their fibers, muscles may act in one or several directions. Long muscles are usually kinetic (able to produce highly visible external motion). Short, deep muscles tend to be responsible for precise, small-scale adjustments rather than gross movements. When we speak of a particular movement, the muscle that produces it is called an agonist. A muscle that produces the opposite movement is called an antagonist. Mutually opposing muscles often function together to fix or stabilize a bone. Different muscles that cooperate to produce the same action are called synergetic. Muscle Physiology: Red muscle fibers are aerobic which means they have long endurance. Red fibers have a higher myoglobin content that gives them a red color (myoglobin stores oxygen). Red fibers have a richer blood supply & more mitochondria in their cells. Vertebrates use red muscle for locomotion at low to moderate speeds or for endurance activities. This tissue forms thin sheets on the outermost edges of the trunk & tail in most fishes. White muscle fibers are anaerobic and are used for short bursts of speed or power. White muscle fibers are usually larger in diameter than red fibers & thus are stronger. However, they produce most of their force anaerobically causing a build-up of lactic acid. High levels of lactic acid can induce muscle fatigue, thus the short-term effectiveness of white fibers. In typical fishes, white fibers make up most of the body mass in the trunk & tail. Greek & Latin Roots Indicating Direction, Relative to Axes of Body dorsi - dorsal externus- superficial extrinsic - outside internus - deep, internal intrinsic - inside lateralis - lateral medialis - medial, middle obliquus - oblique superficialis - superficial superioris - superior (dorsal) transversus - transverse ventralis - ventral
Greek & Latin Roots Indicating Specific Regions of the Body acromio - tip abdominis - abdomen capitus - head cervicis - neck cleido/clavo - clavicle coraco - coracoid femoris - femur genio - chin gluteo - rump hyoid/hyoideus - hyoid hyomandibulae - hyomandibular ilio - ilium mandibular - mandible mastoid - breast shaped palatoquadrati - palatoquadrate cart. scapularis - scapula spino - spine sterno - sternum temporalis - temples thoracis - thoracic region
Greek & Latin Roots Indicating Shape, Size, or Color of Muscle deltoid - triangle digastric - two "bellies" gracilis - short, slender latissimus - widest longissimus - longest magnus/major - larger maximus - largest minimus - smallest platys - flat rectus - straight, parallel rhomboideus - rhomboid semi - half, partly serratus - serrated teres - long & round trapezius - trapezoid vastus - great
Roots Describing Muscle Actions masseter - chewing mylo - mill, molar sartorius - " sits" like a tailor
Adduction: to pull toward the midline, a movement in a frontal plane that takes a part of the body towards the midline. Abduction: to pull away from midline, movement in a frontal plane that takes a part of the body away from midline. Lateral Rotation: a movement in a transverse plane that takes a part of the body outward; or lateral (outward) movement on a limb's long axis. Medial Rotation: movement in a transverse plane that takes a part of the body inward; or medial (inward) movement on a limb's long axis Pronate: turn the ventral side down, e.g. forearm - palm of the hand faces backward. Supinate: turn the ventral side up, e.g. forearm - palm faces forward. Constrict: close or contract a circular muscle. Dilate: open or relax a circular muscle. Protract: drag forward in the horizontal plane. Retract: drag back in the horizontal plane.
DISSECTION ADVICE
TECHNIQUE! As you make the first incision, pull up on the free edge of the skin with a pair of forceps. Go deeply enough to see the yellowish muscle tissue clearly. If you are too shallow, you will only see the connective tissue of the dermis & the fascia that covers the muscles. Shark skin is thin, it is easy to cut through the ventral body wall, so be careful. Once you are at the right "depth" use the forceps to pull or peel the skin back from the muscle. Use a blunt probe to separate the skin from the muscle tissue if you can. If necessary, cut the white fascia while pulling tightly on the skin to lift the fascia off the muscle before you cut. In general, remove skin in the same direction as the pattern of the muscle fibers. You will be less likely to tear muscles. Lateral View
Ventral View
Step 1: Midventral, near posterior border of pectoral fins Begin on the ventral body wall, between the pectoral fins, this is usually easy to skin. As your skill improves, you will reach the more difficult parts of the body. Make a short, very thin, transverse incision in line with the posterior border of the pectoral girdles. Thin means a few mm only. Lift up the skin & then start a mid-sagittal incision so you have a corner of skin to pull on. Thus you can "peel" back the skin on the right & left sides of the ventral body wall in this region easily. You will be exposing the hypaxial myotomes that form the ventral longitudinal bundle, are in series down the abdomen.
Muscle Hypaxial myomeres: ventral longitudinal bundles Body Region trunk, caudal Relative location in that Region mid-ventral Origin & Insertion o: myosepta i: post. myosepta Actions lateral undulation, support viscera
Superficial, Posterior
myosepta
Step 2: Pectoral fin Cleaning the dorsal & ventral sides of 1 pectoral fin is relatively easy. Well wait & do pelvic fins with the reproductive system. Just follow the orientation of the muscle fibers as you pull. Dont pull so hard that the pectoral muscles pull off of the body wall. Muscle Body Relative location Origin & Insertion Actions Region in that Region Pectoral pectoral fin dorsal, superficial o: scapular portion of scapulocoracoid extend or abduct extensors i: dorsal side of pterygiophores pectoral fin Pectoral Extensor Pectoral Flexor scapular process
Pelvic Extensor
o: coracoid portion of scapulocoracoid flex or adduct pectoral fin i: ventral side of pterygiophores o: trunk myomere, ischiopubic bar extend or abduct pelvic i: dorsal side of pterygiophores fin Pelvic Flexor (deep to siphon on male shark)
clasper
siphon
Pelvic flexors
pelvic fin
ventral superficial
Step 3: Chest, gills & throat When you near the throat, you will find a pair of large, triangular shaped muscles called the coracoarcuals. Anterior to the coracoarcuals, the muscle fibers run transversely across the jaws from right to left, forming the intermandibularis. You will need to change directions & perhaps make a new incision to clean this muscle. You don't need to remove all of the skin that covers the gill slits. Just remove enough so you can ID the ventral superficial constrictors. We may have half of the class stop their dissection of the throat after these superficial muscles are exposed, because the intermandibularis must be cut to see the other muscles in this region. Get help from a TA before you start exposing the interhyoideus & other branchial muscles. The interhyoideus is another thin sheet just beneath the intermandibularis, but the two muscles are difficult to separate. The fibers of the interhyoideus run at slightly different angles to the intermandibularis. The mid-ventral raphe is continuous with a sheath of connective tissue that encloses the very thin, whitish coracomandibularis. The fibers of the coracomandibularis run anteriorly-posteriorly & it attaches to the middle of the coracoarcuals. This is the easiest muscle to miss or destroy because of this sheathing. Deep to the coracomandibularis lie the large, paired, coracohyoideus muscles.
Muscle Ventral constrictors (vc) Coracoarcuals (ca) Intermandibularis (im) Body Region branchial chest throat Relative location in that Region lateral, superficial, below gill slits superficial; paired; posterior to intermandibularis Origin & Insertion o: ventral gill raphe i: next ventral raphe o - coracoid of scapulocoracoid i - coracohyoid ms. o: Meckels cart. i: mid-ventral raphe Actions compress gills depress Meckels cart., expand oral cavity elevate floor of mouth, compress oral cavity Superficial, Anterior
im im
ca
Interhyoideus (ih) Coracomandibularis (cm) Coracohyoideus (ch) throat throat hyoid Deep
vc
deep to intermandibularis deep to interhyoideus, anterior to coracoarcuals, paired; deep to coracomandibularis
vc
o: hyoid arch i: midventral raphe o: coracoarcuals i: Meckel's cart. o: coracoarcual ms. i: hyoid arch
ca
compress gills depress Meckel's cart. (open mouth) depress Meckel's cart.; depress hyoid Deep
im ih ch ch im cm
ch cm ch
ih
Step 4: Lateral side of jaw & head The adductor mandibulae is the largest of the muscles here. It cleans relatively easily, but it does have lots of connective tissue & nerves running over it. Try to get this region clean enough to see the muscle fibers. The levator hyomandibulae is dorsal to the adductor mandibular & forms a thin sheet along the side of the head. The other muscles can only be seen by shaving away part of the top of the neurocranium between the spiracle & the orbit. Do this gradually so that you dont cut the muscles. Both the spiracularis and the levator palatoquadrati are on the anterior to the spiracle. The spiracularis is smaller & posterior to the levator palatoquadrati. Look at the TA shark first to see where these muscles are located.
Muscle Adductor mandibulae (am) Levator hyomandibulae (lh) Body Region head head Relative location in that Region lateral, superficial lateral, superficial Origin & Insertion o: palatoquadrate i: Meckel's cart. o: otic capsule i: hyomandibular Actions elevate Meckel's cartilage (close jaws) compress gills, rotate hyomandibular cartilage forward as jaws open
lp
sp
lh
lp
sp
lh
am
am
Levator palatoquadrati (lp) Spiracularis (sp) Cucullaris (cc) Dorsal constrictors (dc)
lateral, deep to fascia, anterior to spiracularis lateral, deep to fascia, just in front of spiracle lateral, superficial lateral, superficial, above gills
o: otic capsule i: palatoquadrate o: otic capsule i: palatoquadrate o: epaxial fascia i: scapular process on scapulocoracoid o: dorsal gill slit raphe i: post., dorsal gill raphe
Lateral view
cc
cc
dc dc dc dc dc
dc dc
dc
Put a new blade on your scalpel if you have not done so yet. The skin acts like sandpaper because of the small placoid scales & it quickly dulls your blades. The epaxial myomeres that form the dorsal longitudinal bundle are the most challenging to skin. The muscles have large tendons that attach to the skin & the muscle fibers change direction frequently. Work slowly & carefully. Pull the skin to lift the fascia & then cut the line between the muscle & the raised skin, cut into the white fascia. If you cut the muscle, you aren't pulling up enough on the skin or you are cutting too deep. If you dont remove enough of the fascia, you wont see the muscle fibers. If you run into trouble (cutting deep into muscle, you may need to change directions or start at a new point to get back on track. Be particularly careful of the cucullaris, a triangular muscle below the myomeres & just above the gills. The dorsal constrictors muscle fibers run between gill raphes. These are very thin sheets & tear easily, so dont try to expose these muscles down to the top of the gill slits. When you are posterior to the cucullaris, you will see the hypaxial myomeres that form the lateral longitudinal bundle. The lateral bundle is a narrow strip with fibers that run laterally along the body, simpler than the dorsal longitudinal bundle. The lateral longitudinal bundle is dark because it is composed of red muscle fibers.
Relative location in that Region Epaxial myomeres: dorsal lateral & then to dorsal longitudinal bundle midline, above lateral line Hypaxial myomeres: lateral trunk, tail below epaxial myomeres & longitudinal bundle below lateral line Lateral view, past pectoral fin Muscle Body Region trunk, tail Origin & Insertion o: myosepta i: post. myosepta o: myosepta i: post. myosepta Actions lateral undulation; white fibers lateral undulation; red fibers
epaxial
epaxial
red fibers
hypaxial