Descriptive Statistics N Derek Olinger Valid N (listwise) 7 7 7 Minimum 1.00 1.00 Maximum 9.00 8.00 Mean 4.7143 5.

1429 Std. Deviation 2.69037 2.54484

Descriptive Statistics N Bathrooms Annual taxes Valid N (listwise) 362 362 362 Minimum 1 1000 Maximum 4 6470 Mean 1.61 3390.91 Std. Deviation .543 890.435

The shape of V1 is unusual. It peaks early and then comes back down, only to peak again. A normally distributed graph should rise to a peak then fall down to the starting point.

The shape of this histogram slightly resembles a bell curve. It starts low and peaks, then falls back down. It is not quite uniform though as there are some outliers and its rise and fall are rather choppy rather than gradual. The shape of Mean1 does resemble a bell-shaped curve though. Since the data in Mean1 was formed using the means collected by many samples, the Central Limit Theorem states that the histogram should resemble a bell-shaped curve.

Page 61 #5:

Yes, the mean of Difference was what I expected, because if the mean of Mean1 is expected to be 1 and the mean of Mean2 is expected to be .5, then the mean of Difference should have been around .5. The likelihood for the difference between means of any samples from any two populations will be greater than three standard errors above/below the mean difference between the two population means is very low. Most of the sample differences lie in the middle of the graph. The histogram would better resemble a bell-shaped curve, and the mean would become closer to .5.

Descriptive Statistics N Grade Average Valid N (listwise) 10 10 Minimum Maximum 2.20 4.00 Mean Std. Deviation 3.5040 .60476

There are 14 intervals. The interval width is 2. There are 50 data points in the entire 26 mile interval.

Question on page 24: The interval width expanded to 3.

Page 14: If you increase the interval size in a histogram the number of intervals will decrease You have too many intervals and should decrease the amount of them.

Lab 4: Part 2

Pg35: The mean is 24.35, the median is 7.15, and the standard deviation is 98.379. The Channel Catfish had the highest mean level of DDT. The lowest was the Large-Mouth Bass.

325 had the highest mean level The Small-mouth Buffalo fish is the heaviest on average. The lightest is the Large-Mouth Bass The longest on average is the Channel Catfish. The shortest is the Large-mouth Buffalo The different standard deviations of DDT levels among the species of fish tells us that the data distribution is wide spread. For Channel Catfish, the standard deviation is around 119.475. This means that values differ around 119 from the mean which is supposed to be the average of the group as a whole. In order to have such a large variance between values, there are likely a lot of outliers. For the Small-mouth Buffalo, the standard deviation is 11.283, this means that the values only skew around 11 from the groups average. This can be attributed to little outliers or just a large variety. For the Large-mouth Bass the standard deviation is 2.043; therefore, the amount of DDT only differs about 2 from the average. The Large-mouth Bass has the tightest grouping of data.

Lab4: Part 3

Lab4: Part 4 The probability of rejection is .07548.

About 11 runs got rejected for having more than two bad protectors. About 5.5% of all runs were rejected.

Page 25: No, they will not. Ideally this would be the case, but in reality it does not work out this way. Although there are 4 sides of a dreidle, if you spin it 4 times you may not get all the possible outcomes; in fact, the probability of doing so is rather low. According to the central limit theorem, the greater the sample size the closer to a normal distribution you will get. We can see this by comparing the one20 histogram to the one1000 histogram. The first does not appear to have a normal distribution, in other words it is not very symmetrical. As we increase the sample size to 1000 though, the histogram shows a more normal distribution and is therefore more symmetrical. Page 26: The probability of an event that is certain to occur is 1. When you roll two dice you are guaranteed to get a face value sum of 2-12. That is to say, there is a 100% chance of getting a face value sum of 2-12.

Therefore the .0225 probability of getting a 2 is a portion of that total 100%. Loaded dice skew the distribution of the outcomes. The face value sum of 2 had a higher probability than the rest, which means that you had a greater chance of rolling a two than any other number. Therefore, the face value sums that included a roll of 2, are have a higher probability of occurring. You would load the dice a little bit more. The number 2 is more likely to appear every time you roll the dice. In the unfair experiment the number of face value sums that contained a 2 increased rather dramatically compared to the fair trial.

N n Valid N (listwise) 10 10

Descriptive Statistics Minimum Maximum 3.21 6.43

Mean 4.7630

Std. Deviation 1.12129

Descriptive Statistics N VAR00002 Valid N (listwise) 1000 1000 Minimum 2.21 Maximum 8.23 Mean 5.0441 Std. Deviation 1.00464

Page 48: 1. Yes, the mean is relatively close. The sample mean is 4.76 and the population mean is 5. The standard deviation is also close. The sample standard deviation is 1.21 and the population standard deviation is 1. The sample graph doesnt really resemble the population graph because it does not resemble a normal bell curve at all. Although the sample mean and standard deviation are similar to the population, the histogram does not represent the overall population well. 2. Yes, the sample mean is 5.04 which is very close to the population mean of 5. The standard deviation is 1.005, which is also very close to the population standard deviation of 1. In addition the histogram has a normal bell curve shape. The sample of 1000 does a good job of representing the population. 3. The sample mean of the 1000 was only .04 away from the population mean of 5; whereas the sample size of 10 had a mean that was .24 away from 5. The sample standard deviation of the 1000 was only .005 away from the population standard deviation of 1; whereas the sample size of 10 had a standard deviation that was .121 away from 1. The 1000 sample graph looks more like the population graph than it did with the smaller sample. In comparison, the larger sample size represents the overall population better than the smaller sample with is consistent with the central limit theorem. Part 2:

Page 52: 1. The expected mean is 5. 2. The expected standard deviation is 3. 3. The histograms differ because the means histogram more closely represents a bell curve than the V1 histogram. 4. The mean of the means is 4.99, which is very close to 5. The mean of the means should be very close to 5, because the mean for each variable should be somewhat close anyway. 5. The standard deviation for the mean of the means histogram is .44. This tells us that the variable means only stray .44 away from the population mean of 5, indicating they are not very spread out. Part 3: Page 53: 1) The means graph began to take shape as I pressed animated to add more data. In the beginning it was skewed and varied widely. As I continued to add data the graph began to take on a more uniform bell shape. As I continued to press animate the graph got closer and closer to the population graph mean of 16. The graph standard deviation also approached the population graph standard deviation of 5 as I added more data.

2) With each increase in the number of samples, the sample data graphs mean, standard deviation, and median came closer and closer to the parent populations. This is consistent with the central limit theorem in that as the number of samples increases the sample graph begins to look like the parent population graph. Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation Parent Popula- 16 5 tion 5 15.22 .96 1000 15.89 2.05 10000 15.99 2.23 3) Increasing the sample size made the graph more symmetrical and it resembled the parent graph more than the smaller sample size. Changing the sample size didnt really affect the mean for me. I got a mean of 16 for both the 1000 and 10000 sample sizes, which could be due to the fact that with 1000 the sample size is large enough to accurately resemble the parent population. The standard deviation went down as I increased the sample size, which means that there are fewer outliers. Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation Parent Popula- 16 5 tion 5 16.10 .69 1000 16 .96 10000 16 1.01 4) Changing the sample size made the graph start to resemble the skewed parent population graph more and more. Changing the sample size increased the mean of the means, ending up only being .01 off of the parent graph after 10,000 samples. The standard deviation increased after jumping to 1,000 samples, but then slowly started decreasing as it became more uniform. Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation Parent Popula- 8.08 6.22 tion 5 5.5 0 1000 8.03 2.74 10000 8.07 2.77

Part 4:

Page 46: 1) The shape of the histogram will take a uniform bell shape because it only shows the mean of the means, which are relatively close together. Since there are fewer outliers the histogram will be uniform in shape. 2) If you have a normal distribution and take the mean of the means, you will get a graph that resembles a bell shape. The graph isnt as widely spread and becomes very tight and uniform. If enough data was added, it could be symmetrical. 3) If the original population is normal then the graph will have a normal distribution after adding enough data. A non-symmetric distribution does not mean that mean of means graph will be as well. We didnt put in normal binomials for our means variable graph and though it is not 100% symmetric and resembling a bell curve, you can see that it is starting to take that shape. That means that regardless of whether or not the population is normal or if you are dealing with the means the graph will end up being uniformly distributed. 4) The central limit theorem states that as you take more and larger samples the distribution will more closely and accurately resemble the parent population. 5) The standard deviation is affected by the large range of values. If the values range widely then the standard deviation will be higher. If the values are all relatively similar then the standard deviation will be lower. When it comes to the means if you make a graph of the means of the means the standard deviation is much lower than the original population. This is because there isnt that much variation within the means so the standard deviation is lower. Outliers will still somewhat affect the standard deviation but not nearly as much as the original population because its based off of means rather than every variable. 6) This example utilizes the Central Limit Theorem because the bell curve is positively skewed. The central limit theorem says that the larger the sample the more normally distributed something becomes. You can get this example to be normally distributed using the formula that converts a skewed distribution to a normal one by getting the mean to 0 and the standard deviation to 1. Then using this you can find the area which is the probability of the z scores 2.94 and 3.06. You then subtract these to only get the segment that you want.

Page 63 #5: 1. The second data set has a wider confidence interval. It ranges from about 19 to about 34 while the first goes from about 25 to about 27. 2. The data in number two has a greater range than number one. The first one goes from 24 to 28. The second data set goes from 14 to 37. 3. Standard deviation because the data in the first one has a larger standard deviation than that of the second one. This widens the confidence interval.

One-Sample Test Test Value = 13 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean Differt Sample1 1.103 df 9 Sig. (2-tailed) .299 ence 1.50000 Lower -1.5769 Difference Upper 4.5769

One-Sample Test Test Value = 25 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean Differt Sample1 -7.720 df 9 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 ence -10.50000 Lower -13.5769 Difference Upper -7.4231

Page 75: 1. The tails are infinite so they never actually reach zero, they just get so small that SPSS says 0.0. Part 2:

One-Sample Test Test Value = 25 95% Confidence Interval of the Mean Differt Sample1 -7.720 df 9 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 ence -10.50000 Lower -13.5769 Difference Upper -7.4231

Page 70: 1. Is the mean weight of the Florida birds less than the population weight? H0: is 12.3. H1 is <12.3 This is a 1 Tailed Test. The mean weight of the

Paynes Prairies cranes is 11.36 lbs. This means that the Florida birds have a lower mean weight than the population weight.
2. The smaller birds would have a better chance of avoiding the net, which means that the sample could be biased towards the larger birds. 3. The rejection lever would be smaller. Lab Sheet Questions: 1. The P-value is only slightly higher than .000. 2. I used the Significance level to find the P-value. 3. Because the p-value is less than .05, I would reject H0. 4. I conclude that the claim is correct. The Greater Sandhill Cranes, located in Paynes Prairie, are undernourished compared to the average Sandhill Crane. Part 2:

Page 63 #7: 1. If the data had a very large range it could contribute to a wider confidence interval for the difference of means. If the data had a smaller range it would have a smaller confidence level. Page 69: 1. The interval got wider because in order to say something with a larger amount of confidence you must cover more of the data. This is difficult because not every variable can be in the 99% confidence. 2. The confidence interval got smaller because more data was covered and is more easily placed in the 90% confidence.

Part 3:

Page 63: 7 1. Group0 has a wider confidence interval than Group1. Group1 has more data than Group0 and all of the data in Group1 are relatively close together which indicates that it will have a higher confidence level. 2. The width increased when the confidence level increased. 3. The interval for the difference of two means for Group3 and Group4 is wider than that of Group1 and Group2. The standard deviation is greater for Group3 and 4, which means the data has a higher variance. The standard deviation and variance is different between the two data sets. Group 3 and 4 have are more spread out and cover a larger range than Group1 and 2. 4. The confidence interval of a population mean is the likelihood of any data being the mean. The standard deviation can affect the width at any given level in a population and sample. If there is a huge variation in data the mean will not give an appropriate measure of center. Therefore, the confidence interval will have to become wider to cover all of the data. 5. The confidence level for the difference between two means is a certain percentage of what numbers will you most likely find there. This is different than a regular data set because it will be a difference of two means. The number that is the difference between two means will fall within the confidence interval. Like the confidence interval for a population mean, standard deviation can affect the confidence interval for the difference between two means. If one data set has a high standard deviation the difference in means will be large. This will cause the confidence level interval to be wider.

Page 85: 1. Non-runners have a higher median. 2. Non-runners have a larger range. 3. The whiskers arent symmetric, which indicates that the pulse rates of the non-runners have a wider range than that of runners.

Page 87:

1. H0: 1-2=0 2. H1: 1-20 3. If the p-value goes past alpha then the null hypothesis would be rejected. 4. We are assuming that there are two normal populations, that these populations are independent, and that they have equal variances.

Page 89: 1. Asdf

Page 78 & 79: #4: A. 1. 1= Median=215 2. 2= Median=210 3. 3= Median=215 4. 4= Median=195 5. 5= Median=212 B. C. #5: A. B. C. D.

, 1st Quartile=185 , 1st Quartile=182 , 1st Quartile=175 , 1st Quartile=170 , 1st Quartile=190

, 3rd Quartile=220 , 3rd Quartile=225 , 3rd Quartile=230 , 3rd Quartile=217 , 3rd Quartile=248

No, there are no outliers. Out of the 5 sites, site 4 was the only site thats median was under 200. H0: 1 =200, H0: 1>200 P-Value If the p-value goes by alpha, then we would reject the null hypothesis