Lauren Markish Period 7/8

Chapter 19: Introduction to Ecology Vocabulary

Section 1: Ecology - the study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment. Greenhouse Effect - the mechanism that insulates Earth from the deep freeze of space. This is because carbon dioxide and water vapor intercept much of the reflected heat and direct it back toward Earth. Biosphere - broadest, most inclusive level of organization; the thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life. Ecosystem - includes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place. Community - all the interacting organisms living in an area. Population - includes all the members of a species that live in one place at one time. Section 2: Habitat - where an organism lives . Biotic Factors - the living components of the environment. Abiotic Factors - the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment. Tolerance Curve - a graph of performance versus values of an environmental variable, such as temperature. Acclimation - process by which some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors; occurs within the lifetime of an individual organism.

Lauren Markish Period 7/8

Conformers - organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes. Regulators - organisms that use energy to control some of their internal conditions. Dormancy - a state of reduced activity. Migration habitat. to move to another, more favorable

Resources - the energy and materials the species needs. Niche - a species' way of life and/or the role the species plays in its environment; includes the range of conditions that the species can tolerate, the methods by which it obtains needed resources, the number of offspring it has, its time of reproduction, and all of its other interactions with its environment. Fundamental Niche - the range of conditions that a species can potentially tolerate and the range of resources it can potentially use. Realized Niche - the range of resources a species actually uses. Generalists - species with broad niches; they can tolerate a range of conditions and use a variety of resources. Specialists - species that have narrow niches.

Lauren Markish Period 7/8

Chapter 20: Populations Vocabulary

Section 1: Population Density - measures how crowded a population is; always expressed as the number of individuals per unit of area or volume. Dispersion - the spatial distribution of individuals within the population. Birth Rate - the number of births occurring in a period of time. Death Rate/Mortality Rate - the number of deaths in a period of time. Age Structure - the distribution of individuals among different ages in an population. Survivorship Curves - curves on a chart that show the likelihood of survival at different ages throughout the lifetime of the organism. Section 2: Growth Rate - the amount by which a changes in a given time. population's size

Immigration - the movement of individuals into a population. Emigration - the movement of individuals out of the population.

Lauren Markish Period 7/8

Birth rate - death rate = growth rate Exponential Model - describes a population that increases rapidly after only a few generations. Exponential Growth - the larger the population gets, the faster it grows. Limiting Factor - a factor that restrains the growth of a population Logistic Model - builds on the exponential model but accounts for the influence of limiting factors. Carrying Capacity (symbolized by K) - the number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time. Logistic Growth - when a population size is at its carrying capacity, the birth rate equals the death rate and growth stops. Density-independent factors - reduce the population by the same proportion, regardless of the population's size. Density-dependent factors - include resource limitations and are triggered by increasing population density. Inbreeding - mating with relatives. Section 3: Hunter-gatherer Lifestyle - obtaining food by hunting animals and gathering roots, berries, nuts, shellfish, and fruits.