4G Wireless Technology in the Car

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the use of the 4th generation, 4G wireless technology in cars, public transport and emergency services. The article describes the standards for Mobile WiMAX (standard IEEE 802.16e-2005) and the 3rd Generation Partnership Project, the 3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE). In a vehicle which applies the 4G wireless technology car solution concept, consumers would be able to access network- and cloud-based applications, putting on-demand entertainment, infotainment, diagnostics, and navigation. We discuss the advantages of introducing the solution concept 4G connected car and the use of this technology in Russia. We have carried out experimental investigations. Our results show that the system operates up to the speed of the car of 140 km/h. The interactive system to send and receive signals works with data rates of 10 Mbps.

Keywords: LTE, WiMAX, car, 4G . INTRODUCTION

We are using 4G wireless technology in the car based on new services and business models. This is enabled by ultra-high bandwidth technology, always-on network connectivity, cloud computing, cloud storage, and value added network assets such as content management. Furthermore, we apply location services, presence, identity, security, billing and innovative in-vehicle hardware and software systems. This service package provides always-on access to the internet, along with entertainment and real-time navigation systems. Standard features include: Access to social and communication information, as well as streamed radio, TV and Video content, Live updated information about traffic and locations of interest, Accident and emergency assistance, along with stolen vehicle recovery systems.

Enhanced features include:

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 Screens in front and rear of the vehicle, Wi-Fi access for portable devices, Device integration for mobile phones, media players, gaming and computers, Live map data, Video and audio services, such as on-demand movies and access to TV and internet Video, Location-based services, including Google Maps, Communication and messaging service access, Remote vehicle diagnostics, maintenance tracking and notifications systems, Natural language voice interaction for safety. Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information the power of a personal computer sits in the palm of ones hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity. A number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in todays market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized throughout the United States due to its enticing advantages to both users and providers.

Current Technology
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Most modern cellular phones are based on one of two transmission technologies: time-division multiple access (TDMA) or code-division multiple access (CDMA). These two technologies are collectively referred to as second-generation, or 2G. Both systems make eavesdropping more difficult by digitally encoding the voice data and compressing it, then splitting up the resulting data into chunks upon transmission.

Advantages of 4G
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data network on which cellular phones could operate as well as any other data device. Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information age, access to data is the killer app that drives the market. The most telling example is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.

A look at the definition, throughput and technology used for various generations of telecom technology. The comparison between 1g vs 2g vs 3g vs 4g helps analyze capabilities of each of the technologies and features that can be supported by each of them

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Generation

Definition Throughput /Speed 14.4 Kbps (peak) 9.6/14.4 Kbps

Technology

Time period

Features

1G

Analog

AMPS,NMT 1970 -1980 ,TACS TDMA,CD MA 1990 -2000.

During 1G Wireless phones are used for voice only.

2G capabilities are achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing.During 2G Cellular phones are used for data also along with voice

2G

Digital Narrow band circuit data

3G

Digital Broadban d Packet Data

3.1 Mbps (peak) 500-700 Kbps

CDMA 2000 (1xRTT, EVDO) UMTS, EDGE

2004-2005

4G

Digital Broadban d Packet All IP Very high throughp ut

100-300 WiMax Mbps (peak) LTE 3-5 Mbps Wi-Fi 100 Mbps (Wi-Fi)

Transitioning to 4G)

3G has Multimedia services support along with streaming are more popular.In 3G, Universal access and portability across different device types are made possible. (Telephones, PDAs, etc.) Speeds for 4G are further increased to keep up with data access demand used by various services.High definition streaming is now supported in 4G. New phones with HD capabilities surface. It gets pretty cool.In 4G, Portability is increased further. World-wide roaming is not a distant dream.

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3rd GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT LONG TERM EVOLUTION LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the trademarked project name of a high performance air interface for cellular mobile telephony. It is a project of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), operating under a named trademark by one of the associations within the partnership, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. LTE is a step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. The current generation of mobile telecommunication networks is collectively known as 3G (for "third generation"); LTE is marketed as 4G. Ideally, LTE is a 3.9G technology since it does not fully comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) Advanced 4G requirements. Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility in the United States and several worldwide carriers announced plans, beginning in 2009, to convert their networks to LTE. The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened by TeliaSonera in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo on the 14th of December 2009. LTE is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) which was introduced in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. Much of 3GPP Release 8 focuses on adopting 4G mobile communications technology, including an all-IP flat networking architecture. On the 18th of August 2009, the European Commission announced to invest a total of 18 million into research and deployment of LTE and 4G candidate system LTE Advanced. While it is commonly seen as a mobile telephone or common carrier development, LTE is also endorsed by public safety agencies in the US as the preferred technology for the new 700 MHz public-safety radio band. Agencies in some areas have filed for waivers hoping to use the 700 MHz spectrum with other technologies in advance of the adoption of a nationwide standard. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of at least 100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbps and Radio Access Network (RAN) round-trip times of less than 10 ms. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 20 MHz down to 1.4 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). The main advantages of LTE are high throughput, low latency, plug and play, FDD and TDD in the same platform, an improved end-user experience and a simple architecture resulting in low operating costs. LTE will also support seamless passing to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), cdmaOne, W-CDMA

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(UMTS), and CDMA (Code division multiple access) 2000. The next step for LTE evolution is LTE Advanced and is currently being standardized in 3GPP Release 10.

MOBILE WIMAX (STANDART IEEE 802.16e-2005) IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the IEEE. The current version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE 802.16j2009. Although the 802.16 family of standards is officially called WirelessMAN in IEEE, it has been commercialized under the name WiMAX (from "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access") by the industry alliance called the WiMAX Forum. The mission of the Forum is to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless products based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. The most popular implementation of the IEEE 802.16 standard is the Mobile WirelessMAN originally defined by the 802.16e-2005 amendment that is now in process of being deployed around the world in more than 140 countries by more than 475 operators. With more than 100 commercial contracts worldwide and the first large scale mobile WiMAX gainsdeployment with Sprint in the US. WiMAX has already been brought to market and the success of the Sprint roll-out will have tremendous impact on further adoption worldwide. Ironically, the fact that WiMAX has been developing so fast is actually the main reason for LTE standardization to accelerate. From a technical point of view, LTE and WiMAX are very similar with IP and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as core component. OFDM is not a new technology. Because of the algorithms it was not commercially viable in the past. Now recent developed CPUs allow to bring costs to the tipping point for this kind of technology to become viable. Besides LTE and WiMAX, Wi-Fi as well as DSL are also using OFDM technology. The standards themselves are still in the specification phase and should be completed by 2010. However, WiMAX has a slight advantage as 802.16e has to be standardized in the future while LTE standards are close to completion. However, there are some other significant differences, such as the fact that WiMAX is based on IEEE while LTE is a 3GPP development. IEEE has a proven history of being more supportive to open standards than 3GPP although a lot of efforts have been made towards open standards in 3GPP. The main difference between WiMAX and LTE is the deployment strategy. WiMAX requires a new network to be built whereas LTE is an evolution of existing Wideband-CDMA/High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) networks and therefore it has the footprint advantage of close to 80% subscribers worldwide. With UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) no
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longer an option, both CDMA and GSM operators are heading towards LTE. More than fifty percent of the worlds population now lives in an area where a license for WiMAX is available. Licenses have been allocated mainly in TDD 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Now, WiMAX FDD is under consideration in the United States, for 1.7 GHz Downlink (DL) or 2.1 GHz Uplink (UL). This interest follows auctions of the Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) spectrum, because operators have already bought part of the band. 700 MHz frequencies are also becoming available to simplify mass coverage at reduced costs. LTE, on the other hand, offers more flexibility than WiMAX. All 3GPP operators already have a spectrum that can be used for LTE. LTE FDD will become available, initially, for 2.1 GHz, AWS, 700 MHz, 2.6 GHz, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. LTE has a great flexibility as carriers can be allocated from 1.3 MHz wide all the way to 20 MHz wide carriers, allowing LTE to be added in bands with existing technologies. LTE TDD is also undergoing standardization due to market needs, especially in China in connection with Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). In both cases, the range of the available frequencies and channelization applied on automotive systems strongly rely on the quality signals offered to customers. Thus, even if licenses suitable for both technologies are available, a technology choice may hinge on which license offers the more attractive end-user service relative to costs. As a conclusion, in todays

fluid market environment, many evolution scenarios are possible. Alcatel-Lucent helps operators succeed in their growth and transformation process by remaining a technology-neutral advisor .

Application platform
The QNX CAR program offers a new approach to prototyping and producing in-vehicle systems that includes an application platform, inclusive ecosystem, and enablement strategy. It pre-integrates QNX products, third-party technologies, and code from our technology incubator as a set of reference implementations and then delivers these implementations through a new and simple business model. This model provides QNX CAR customers with a low-risk way to build compelling connected products that improve the bottom line. The QNX CAR platform includes a wide array of QNX technologies: the proved QNX Neutrino Realtime Operating System (RTOS), a powerful multimedia framework, Adobe-flash based HMI suite, best-in-class acoustic processing library, and hundreds of services and utilities increasing every day. Using

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patented transparent distributed networking, the QNX CAR platform connects modules and shares resources within the vehicle without any code changes. It connects to a host of portable devices, media or others. Furthermore, it connects to the cloud providing access to a wealth of internet services and expands the vehicle experience like never before. QNX Software Systems provided the software foundation for the LTE Connected Car including the operating system, touchscreen user interfaces, media players for YouTube and Pandora, navigation system, Bluetooth connectivity, multimedia playback, hands free integration, games, Apple store, and virtual mechanic. All components are based on the QNX CAR application platform.

Hardware platform and experimental results

Subscriber device switching between base stations in the 4G network happens during 40 ms, allowing full access to the network. We carried out experimental investigations with a car at speeds up to 140 km/h. The system we used was an ordinary 4G USB Modem Samsung SWC-U200 connected to a simple netbook. The program we applied was Yota Access. Thus, we were able to measure the CINR (Carrier to Interference and Noise Ratio) and the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication). From Table 2 we see that at speeds up to 140 km/h, we can send and receive data signals up to 10Mbs without disconnection to the base station. The Mobile WiMAX/Wi-Fi set-up has been incorporated into the car. Specialized equipment connected by Wi-Fi or Ethernet allows for live television, radio broadcasting and video-conferencing. Installed in the cars in one service router Mobile WiMAX together with WiFi enables a common secure network. The system based on network infrastructure can be arr anged via VPN-connections over the internet or via dedicated channels between a local company network and the network infrastructure.

Where it is of interest? * In taxi business and corporate coaches for passengers to access the internet, * In car accident and emergency services for videoconferencing with operational headquarters, * In ambulances for the organization telemedicine, * In mobile radio and video studios for the organization of online broadcasting everywhere in the area of coverage.

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CONCLUSION
In this paper we discussed the possibility of using 4G technology for cars in connection with the rapid development of wireless technology. In many large cities we have the opportunity to work in Mobile WiMAX networks now. Our experiments show that the system is able to send and receive signals of data rates of 10 Mbps up to a speed of the car of 140 km/h. The concept of wireless technology in the car is implemented into hardware of Intel, Alcatel-Lucent, Samsung and other manufacturers. An operating system for embedded computer in the car allows to track the status of all the main sensors applied in cars. Passengers and drivers have now unique opportunity to listen to internet radio, watch movies, check e-mails and book online airline tickets, to connect their mobile devices to the internet by use of Wi-Fi in the car. Currently, automotive corporations are used for M2M (Machine to Machine) technology for data transmission channels of the 3G standard because of good coverage in all countries. In Russia currently active dissemination of the technology use is Mobile WiMAX which operates in major Russian cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar and Ufa. Internet access in every car is just a matter of time.

REFERENCES
[1] Alcatel-Lucent.: Executive Summary LTE Connected Car Study in EMEA, www.ngconnect.org, 2010. [2] European Commission pumps 18 million into LTE research | Wireless News, Betanews, www.betanews.com, Retrieved 2010-03-24. [3] WiMAX vs. LTE, Laurent Perch, Head of Customer Solutions, Solutions & Marketing, Alcatel-Lucent (Thailand), www.nationmultimedia.com, January 9, 2009. [4] Ng Connect Programm: LTE Connected Car, View Flash Demo, www.qnx.com, 2009.

BOOKS REFERRED 1. Ad-hoc Networks, 2. Mobile communication regarding 4g network 3. MANET( Mobile Ad-hoc networks)
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