1.0
OBJECTIVE
2.0
INTRODUCTION
A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases, maximum allowable deflections are specified by Code of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion result. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load, elastic theory is used. In this experiment double integrations method is used to give the complete deflected shape of the beam.
3.0
THEORY
M x-x
EI dy =
dx v x-x = EI dy dx EIy = =
PLx _ Px + A 4 4
y x-x
PLx _ Px + Ax + B 8 12
When x = 0 ; dy = 0 hence A = 0
When x = L / 2 ; y = 0; hence 0 =
PL _ 32 B = -
PL + B 96 PL 48
x = L / 2 ; v mak = PL ( at support ) 16 EI
4.0
APPARATUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specimen Beam
5.0
PROCEDURES
1.
The moveable knife-edge supports were positioned so that they are 400mm apart. The chosen beam was place on the support.
3.
The hanger and the digital dial test indicator placed at mid span. The digital reading zeroed.
4.
An incremental load was apply and the deflection recorded for each increment in the table below.
5.
Repeated the above using span of 300mm and 500mm and another beam.
6.0
RESULT
No. 1 2 3
No. 1 2 3
No. 1 2 3
7.0
DATA ANALYSIS
Experiment 1, number 1;
When x = Y mak
E = 207GNm-2
= 98.14 %
When x = Y mak
E = 105GNm-2
% different = theo exp x 100% exp = - 1.49 (- 0.0015) x 100% - 1.49 = 99.90 %
When x = Y mak
I steel
b = 19mm d = 3.0mm
E = 207GNm-2
% different = theo exp x 100% exp = - 0.68 (- 0.00072) x 100% - 0.68 = 99.89 %
8.0
DISCUSSION
The range of percentage of the different between the theoretical and experimental result was 99.14% to 99.92%. Therefore, there might have some errors occur during this experiment. The surrounding environment might be effect the reading of the result of deflection. The errors also can occur when the hanger was hang at a wrong place or the masses was not accurate.
9.0
EXTRA QUESTIONS
y x-x = (2.453 x 0.5 x 0.1672) (2.453 x 0.1673) 0.0015 x 10-3 8 12 -3 = 3.32 x 10 m = 3.32 mm 2. Calculate V max in experiment 2, no. 2.
x=L/2; v mak = -PL ( at support ) 16 EI P = 2.453N L =0.4m E = 207GNm-2 I = 42.75 mm4 = 4.275 x 10-11m4
10.0
CONCLUSION
Macaulays method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams. Use of Macaulays technique is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading. Typically partial uniformly distributed loads (u.d.l.) and uniformly varying loads (u.v.l.) over the span and a number of concentrated loads are conveniently handled using this technique.
The first English language description of the method was by Macaulay. The actual approach appears to have been developed by Clebsh in 1862 Macaulay's method has been generalized for Euler-Bernoulli beams with axial compression, to Timoshenko beams, to elastic foundations, and to problems in which the bending and shear stiffness changes discontinuously in a beam.
From this experiment, we can concluded that we were achieve the objective that to determine the relationship between span and deflection. We also can conclude that the deflection will be increase when the mass or forces are increase. Beside that, the span or the length of the beam will also affect the value of deflection. The shorter beam will have a smaller value of deflection
11.0
REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.com.my Mechanics Of Materials Second Edition Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
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