Water 126116.3

August/September 2012 - Vol.
27, Issue 4
www.wwinternational.com
Priority
Substances
Impact on European Utilities
Asias Leaky
Lessons
Urban Water Management Focus
Better Biosolids
Thermal Hydrolysis Experience in UK
Danish Dynamo
CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks
exclusively on Grundfos
new direction
Click here
to access
Spring 2012
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August/September | 2012 www.wwinternational.com
August/September 2012 - Vol. 27, Issue 4
Priority
Substances
Impact on European Utilities
Asias Leaky
Lessons
Urban Water Management Focus
Better Biosolids
Thermal Hydrolysis Experience in UK
Danish Dynamo
CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks
exclusively on Grundfos
new direction
Cover image courtesy
Grundfos
Contents
August/September 2012 Vol. 27 Issue 4
$67 Single copies US & Intl, $44 Digital (worldwide)
To receive this magazine in a digital format, go to wwi.omeda.com
10
24 40
Technology Roundup
Editorial Focus
MICROPOLLUTANTS
24 The European Commission is proposing to add 15 additional chemi-
cals to the list of pollutants to be monitored and controlled by water utilities.
This article addresses what improvements would need to be measure these
Priority Substances.
COLLECTION & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
28 Around 29 billion cubic meters of water is lost each year in Asia. Yet
certain utilities have reduced non-revenue water down to a mere 6%. Why
the disparity? A look at the Philippines, Cambodia and India.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
32 South Korea has learnt to harvest rainwater to cope with monsoon
conditions, followed by drought. A look at where this originated in Star City.
SLUDGE PROCESSING/BIOSOLIDS
36 The UKs Davyhulme facility is not only one of the worlds largest bio-
solids facilities, its also proving the importance of thermal hydrolysis tech-
4 Perspective
6 News
50 International Show Preview: WEFTEC
54 Technology Roundup: Computer Software
55 Product Review: Water Storage
56 Diary/ Ad Index/Web Promo
WATER LEADER FOCUS
10 Global pump manufacturing giant Grundfos is diversifying into water
treatment. CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks exclusively to WWi about the move
and the firms recent S-tube impeller launch.
CREATIVE FINANCE
16 The latest report from industry analysts Frost & Sullivan investigates
efficiency priorities for the top five European water utility markets (France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK).
Regulars
Regional Spotlight
EASTERN EUROPE
20 Bucharests Boom: utility Apa Nova Bucharest explains the story
behind how the city has transformed its wastewater infrastructure since pri-
vatization and future opportunities for the global water sector.
54 Computer Software & Automation Technology: Texan utility imple-
ments Dercetos Aquadapt energy management software; SCADA educa-
tional software update from InduSoft; particle/water analysis software; mass
flow transmitter from Endress+Hauser.
Product Review
53 Water Storage: modular pH sensor for open tanks from Sensorex; elas-
tomeric lining to reduce cracking on secondary containment structures and
GEOlight stormwater storage units from SDS.
News Highlights
6 Recycle Phosphorus and prevent future food crisis
6 Nano-toilet could eliminate water needed for sanitation
8 Reverse Osmosis confirmed for Gaza desalination plant
nology for sludge treatment.
40 Organic food leftovers and wastewater are usually treated anaerobi-
cally, but separately. This article addresses why, given the similarities in
technologies, there should be more co-digestion.
INDUSTRIAL WATER/WASTEWATER
44 Added micronutrients to a brewery in Spain helped enhance biogas
production and stabilize digestors following poor performance from anaero-
bic digestors.
46 Landfill leachate disposal is now requiring more complicated filtration
techniques to meet increasing regulations. A look at how UF and RO mem-
branes are being applied.
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PETER S. CARTWRIGHT
President Cartwright
Consulting Co. [Oegstgeest,
The Netherlands]
FRDRICK COUSIN, PRODUCT
MANAGER Degrmont
Technologies [Paris, France]
BEATRIZ LPEZ LINARES
Environmental Superintendent
DaimlerChrysler [Toluca, Mexico]
IAN LOMAX Global Marketing
Manager - Desalination Dow
Water Solutions [Rheinmuester,
Germany]
PAUL OVERBECK
Executive Director International
Ozone Association-PAG
and International Ultraviolet
Association [Phoenix, USA]
ANDREW WARNES
Senior Product Manager -
Systems Pentair Residential
Filtration - A Joint Venture of
GE & Pentair [Chicago, USA]
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Perspective
4
Tom Freyberg
Chief Editor
L
ike any other red blooded carnivore, Ive
been partial to a good steak in the past. A
medium-rare Wagyu sirloin, to be precise,
was one of the highlights of my steak eat-
ing conquests.
In the past Ive not really put any thought like
the majority of Westerners in the journey a par-
ticular steak has taken to make it from feld to fork
for my enjoyment. Even having a strict vegetarian
fance hasnt changed my eating habits over the
years.
Yet recently my diet has changed. Its always
been healthy but over the last month its got better.
Ive cut down on the amount of red meat, increased
grilled, lean white meat such as chicken, reduced
carbohydrates and increased fruit, salad and veg-
etables.
Why the change? Firstly it was a decision to
cut down on saturated fat (a known baddie in
red meat). Food labels, including Guideline Daily
Amounts (GDA), were once considered annoying
coloured spots getting in the way of a good meal.
Now, instead, I take note of ingredients and these
GDAs, choosing healthier options where possible.
Secondly its because Im training for a half-mara-
thon distance event, coming up in three months
time so diet is a key part of the training.
Yet, there is another factor now impacting peo-
ples diets and choices of food: virtual water. Many
of you will be aware of the amount of embedded
water in products and the often quoted fgure that it
takes 15,000 liters of water to produce 1 kilo of beef.
To date I dont think such stark statistics would
have impacted on shopping habits when people
are at shops or supermarkets. Are consumers
thinking about the water footprint of a product be-
fore making a conscience effort to buy it? Probably
not. Decisions are driven by price, taste, impulse
and brand loyalty. Even carbon mile labels arent
enough to break these habits. And thats certainly
one topic that has been in the public eye longer
than virtual water.
Yet a new report hopes to change these percep-
tions and provoke more discussion. Called Feeding
a thirsty world: Challenges and opportunities for a
water and food secure world, the Stockholm In-
ternational Water Institute's latest report addresses
water scarcity and food production.
It states
that with 70% of water with-
drawals used in agriculture, growing more food to
feed an additional two billion people by 2050 will
place greater pressure on water and land.
Most of us are aware that were exhausting the
worlds resources at an alarming pace, but what is
the report recommending we do? Improvements in
on-farm water effciency; reductions in losses and
waste in the food supply chain; enhanced response
networks and early warning systems in agricultural
emergencies are all recommended.
The UN recommends that we should all fol-
low a healthier, sustainable diet and consume less
water-intensive products. This is as well as reduce
the 30% of wasted food which is produced and im-
prove current production methods. The theme of
the World Water Day earlier this year was even Wa-
ter and Food Security to try and hammer home the
message.
Nor should these global, political challenges be
seen as out of reach from the water sector, includ-
ing technology providers.
As WWi featured earlier this year in its Middle
Eastern spotlight, a small group of farming settle-
ments in the Negev region, Israel, solved the prob-
lem of inadequate freshwater sources. The farmers
pooled their resources together and funded an ef-
fuent reuse system, which was situated next to a
nearby wastewater treatment plant. Filtration and
UV technology was provided by a major water pu-
rifcation company and reused water was piped to
the felds.
In conclusion, its worth noting a comment made
back in 1974 at the frst World Food Summit by US
Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger. He boldly said:
No child will go to bed hungry within ten years.
This aim/prediction couldnt have been more
wrong. Today there remains one billion undernour-
ished people. This raises the question that if the
worldwide population will reach its predicted nine
billion by 2050, how on earth will everyone be fed?
And if agriculture is increased, even if super
crops are developed which require less water to be
grown in arid climates, what will this increase mean
for the water industry? Its certainly worth thinking
about the next time you tuck into a meal. WWi
Eating Our Way to a
Thirsty Planet
A new report highlights threats and
opportunities for food and water
scarcity. Can the West change its
water intensive eating habits?
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Worldwide News
Europe/Middle East
Threats/opportunities
outlined in SIWI report
on water and food
security
Continuing current trends in food
production could lead to increased
shortages and intense competition for
scarce water resources in many re-
gions across the world, the Stockholm
International Water Institute (SIWI) has
said.
The fndings were documented in its
new report entitled Feeding a thirsty
world: Challenges and opportunities for
a water and food secure world. It noted
that 900 million people are hungry and
two billion more people are under nour-
ished in spite of the fact that per capita
production continues to increase.
With 70% of all water withdrawals
used in agriculture, growing more food
to feed an additional two billion people
by 2050 will place greater pressure on
available water and land.
The authors spotlight a number of
essential and largely overlooked chal-
lenges where dedicated action can
help ensure food security to a growing
global population with available water
resources.
These included improvements in
on-farm water effciency, reductions in
losses and waste in the food supply
chain, enhanced response networks to
early warning systems for agricultural
emergencies, and increased investment
to close the gender gap in agricultural
production. The fndings also investi-
gated the impact of the recent surge in
foreign direct investment to lease land
in developing countries on local and
regional water resources. SIWI said this
phenomenon requires more stringent
regulation to ensure that the water and
land rights of local farming communities
are upheld.
Authors behind the report included
SIWI, the Food and Agriculture Orga-
nizations of the United Nations and the
IWMI.
FIELD NOTES
Urgent action is needed to reduce
the rate of phosphorus depletion, the
Chartered Institution of Water and En-
vironmental Management (CIWEM) said
in its latest Policy Position Statement
(PPS).
The PPS outlines the main issues
relating to the worlds supply of useable
phosphate and highlighted the need for
urgent action to achieve its recovery to
improve food security and reduce geo-
political risk.
The statement highlighted how the
mining of inorganic phosphates are re-
lied upon for agriculture and industry.
At the present rate of extraction,
todays phosphate mines will be ex-
hausted by the end of the 21st century
and estimates of future reserves range
from 200 to 400 years (at the current
rate of extraction). China and the USA
have both tried to implement measures
to reduce exports of phosphate as they
have already realised its strategic im-
portance.Wastewater treatment could
recover 95% of the phosphate from
urban wastewater, the statement said.
CIWEM said land application of suit-
ably treated biosolids (sewage sludge)
is invariably the best way to conserve
and recycle the phosphate it contains.
Currently only 20% of the phosphate in
urban wastewater in the EU is recycled.
In order to increase this, CIWEM
called on all governments to follow the
examples of Sweden and Germany and
make phosphate recovery from urban
wastewater a legal requirement.
Nick Reeves OBE, executive direc-
tor at CIWEM, said: Phosphorus is
scarce and resources are being de-
pleted rapidly. To date, attention has
focussed on removing phosphate from
wastewater streams to prevent the eu-
trophication of waters.
But phosphate is of huge strategic
value over the longer term and we must
also act to recover phosphate from
waste-streams for use. The economics
of extensive phosphate recovery from
wastewater would be quite favourable
if we viewed phosphorus as a resource,
rather than the conventional approach
of treating it as a pollutant in the envi-
ronment, and mining it in mineral form
to fertilise our crops.
Canadian frm Ostara Nutrient Re-
covery Technologies is working with UK
utility Thames Water to recover phos-
phorous from the Slough WWTP.
Itron has been awarded a contract for
more than 11,000 advanced residential
water meters equipped with communi-
cation modules, as well as the fxed net-
work infrastructure to support customers
in Floresti, Moldova. Servicii Comunale
Floresti, the water utility servicing several
municipalities, will deploy Itron technol-
ogy over the course of six months begin-
ning later this year.
Itrons water meters will replace ag-
ing meters and will be installed on new
subscribers homes throughout the city.
Consumption data will be transmitted
through the fxed network. The automa-
tion of the entire meter reading process
is hoped to reduce operational costs and
improve effciency.
As part of our water distribution net-
work modernization project, mainly f-
nanced by the World Bank and European
Bank of Reconstruction and Develop-
ment, we decided to select Itron to im-
plement high-end metering technologies
and the EverBlu advanced data collection
system, said Sergiu Rusu, director of
Servicii Comunale Floresti. Itrons wire-
less solution is ideally suited to our needs
for collecting data from hard-to-read me-
ters in urban and semi-rural areas.
As part of the Gates Foundation
global challenge to reinvent the toilet in
developing nations, the UKs Cranfeld
University has designed a solution that
uses nano and advanced water treat-
ment technologies.
The university received $800,000
worth of funding from the Reinvent the
Toilet Challenge of the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation Water.
Cranfelds Nano Membrane Toilet
can treat human waste on-site without
external energy or water, allowing it to
be safely transported away and poten-
tially reused.
The concept uses a combination of
nano and advanced water treatment
technologies and works by essentially
reducing the water content of the sludge
through membranes that allow extrac-
tion of water as a vapour, using a mech-
anism powered by the user. Resulting
sludge moves downwards under gravity
and is encapsulated in briquette form,
with the potential for reuse in combust-
ing or applying to land as a fertiliser.
Cranfeld University said the reinvent-
ed toilet will also have potential in devel-
oped as well as developing countries,
such as Africa.
The results of the frst round of grants
were showcased at the Reinvent the
Toilet Fair on August 14 and 15, 2012
at the foundations offces in Seattle,
Washington.
The fair showcased innovations from
around the world, working towards the
shared vision for a reinvented toilet.
A prototype of the Cranfeld concept is
due for completion next year.
Moldova upgrades water meters
Nano-toilet could eliminate
water needed for sanitation
Recycle Phosphorus and
prevent future food crisis
News Briefs
MBBR order
in Egypt helps
Headworks Bio
enter market
The General Egyptian Company
for Buildings (GEC) in Cairo has
contracted Texas-based Headworks
BIO to retroft a wastewater treat-
ment plant in Alexandria.
The Mubarak facility in Alexandria
was initially designed to treat 4,000
m
3
/day and was commissioned in
2001. However, the plant was taken
out of service in 2009 after suffering
from membrane fouling challenges.
Headworks BIO was asked to
review the performance of the exist-
ing plant and evaluate the options
available for refurbishment. The pro-
posed system involves retroftting
MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) aera-
tion tanks with a Moving Bed Bioflm
Reactor (MBBR) to treat 4,000 m
3
/
day and convert the remaining vol-
ume into a secondary clarifer.
The retroft will help the facil-
ity produce a consistent effu-
ent quality of 50:80:50 mg/L for
BOD:COD:TSS. The biological
treatment process will remove the
infuent BOD to meet the required
effuent target and require minimal
maintenance because each piece
of media self-maintains an optimum
level of productive bioflm, according
to the company.
The Flygt heritage of groundbreaking innovations
continues, as yet again our application expertise
and engineering excellence lead the way. From
the development of the worlds rst submersible
pump which revolutionized the worlds municipal
wastewater infrastructure, to sustaining high
efciency with our innovative N-hydraulics. Time
and again, we listen to you to understand your daily
operations. This, together with our pioneering
spirit, inspires us to achieve the extraordinary.
Now its time for the leaders to move forward
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Worldwide News
Europe/Middle East
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News Briefs
Saudi Arabian SWRO facility
upgrades using BEL vessels
Al Fatah Water and Power has select-
ed BEL Composite Industries pressure
vessels for the second phase extension
of the seawater desalination plant using
Reverse Osmosis technology in Al Jubail
City, Saudi Arabia.
The system is designed to a capacity
of 58,500 m
3
/day and is expected to be
completed by January 2013.
Worlds largest pumping
station project in UAE moves
forward
As part of the Abu Dhabi Sewerage
Services Companys (ADSSC) major
wastewater tunnel project, the service
provider has contracted Mott MacDonald
to the role of engineer of what has already
been deemed as the worlds largest
pumping station.
Located in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi,
United Arab Emirates, the pumping sta-
tion will be over 100 m deep and ap-
proximately 40 m in diameter and will
have an ultimate peak pumping capacity
of approximately 3.3 million cubic metres
per day.
Mott MacDonald will undertake the role
of engineer for the contract administration
and construction oversight. This will involve
project, design, cost, contract and health,
safety and environment management.
As part of ADSSCs Strategic Tunnel
Enhancement Programme (STEP), the
focus is a deep 41km long tunnel sewer
and several systems of link sewers. These
will collect and transport wastewater to a
main pumping station for onward treat-
ment at the Al Wathba Independent Sew-
age Treatment Plants (ISPTs).
Link sewers will intercept the fows
from existing gravity sewers upstream of
the existing pumping stations, both on
Abu Dhabi Island and the mainland. These
fows will be channelled by gravity into the
deep tunnel.
At the downstream end of the deep
tunnel, in the AI Wathba area, an under-
ground pumping station will be built to lift
the sewage to the surface, and into newly
constructed ISTPs. The project is due for
completion towards the middle of 2015.
Reverse Osmosis confrmed for Gaza desalination plant
The controversial 55 million m
3
/year
Gaza desalination facility will use mem-
brane-based, reverse osmosis (RO) tech-
nology for water fltration with the aim of
producing water at a cost of US$0.70 per
cubic meter, WWi has learnt.
The Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)
confrmed that unless the planned desali-
nation facility is in operation by 2020, the
aquifer currently supplying water to the
country would be irrereversibly dimin-
ished, if extraction continues at the cur-
rent rate.
Addressing the World Water Week in
Stockholm, Dr. Shaddad Attili, minister
and head of PWA emphasised the impor-
tance of water security and said there are
1.6 million Palestinians living in the most
densely population area on earth with wa-
ter unft for drinking.
Later in a press conference, Eng.
Rebhy El-Sheikh, deputy chairman of
PWA told WWi that the facility would use
RO technology as the thermal equivalent
(multi-stage fash or multi-effect distilla-
tion) was deemed not appropriate for
the project.
When asked about the expected op-
eration expense to produce one cubic
meter of water, El-Sheikh said PWA is
estimating a US$0.70 cost.
In March WWi reported that France
would be donating 10 million euros into
the project.
The Islamic Development Bank has
signaled support for 50% of the total
$455 million project costs, according
to PWA. These include the desalination
plant, as well as wider rehabilitation work
in Gaza, including efforts to reduce non-
revenue water. PWA said that the target is
to have a water system effciency of 80%
by 2017 - the slated date for the desalina-
tion plant to be operational.
Also, a North-South conveyance sys-
tem will be constructed that will allow the
distribution of freshwater throughout the
Gaza strip.
The desalination facility will be crucial
to relieve current over-abstraction from
the regions aquifer. Total abstraction is
170 million m
3
/year and PWA warned that
salinity levels in the aquifer far exceed the
World Health Organisation guidelines.
Dr. Rafq Husseini, deputy secretary
for environment and water of the Union
for the Mediterranean said the project is
seeking similar donations from other Eu-
ropean countries, as well as France.
Minister Attili said this week that he
has had meetings with the Swedish min-
istry and will be travelling to Finland next,
in a bid to secure support and funding
from Europe towards the project.
9
Worldwide News
Americas/Asia
8r|t|sh water supports
uK |nternat|ona| trade

Ihe fo||ow|n 12 uK water and wastewater
compan|es esh|h|ted at the uK Pat|||on at
S|napore |nternat|ona| water week 2012.
Partner w|th them for |nnotat|te so|ut|ons
and sert|ces.
Io|n our forthcom|n
|nternat|ona| etents:
17-18 0ctoher, kesource |re|and
uK Irade & |ntestment rants of 1000 are
ata||ah|e for e|||h|e SNLs to esh|h|t at the
|ead|n |r|sh water Lsh|h|t|on
4-11 Notemher, Irade V|s|t to atar and 0man
Neet |ead|n contractors and consu|tants and
others w|nn|n projects |n these markets
4-6 Iehruar, water wor|d N|dd|e Last
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News Briefs
Brazilian utility Copasa to
expand water meters
Companhia de Saneamento de Minas
Gerais (COPASA), Brazils second largest
water utility, has selected Elster to supply
up to 110,000 S120 single-jet water me-
ters in Brazil over the next eight months.
The company will deploy the meters to
provide more accurate water usage mea-
surement, to improve revenue generation
and to reduce water leakage.
Water scarcity could result
from Chinas coal expansion,
says Greenpeace
A plan from China to increase its coal fred
power plants by 2015 could trigger a se-
vere water crisis in the countrys arid North-
west, a report by environmental activists
Greenpeace has claimed. According to the
report Thirsty Coal: A Water Crisis Exacer-
bated by Chinas New Mega Coal Power
Bases, the 16 new facilities to be situated
in provinces such as Inner Mongolia could
consume ten billion cubic meters of water.
Industrial wastewater
treatment boosted in
Singapore by Sembcorp
Sembcorp Industries has started com-
mercial operation of its S$40 million ($32
million) industrial wastewater treatment
facility on Jurong Island. The S$40 million
plant will treat 9600 m
3
per day of com-
plex wastewater from 16 companies on
the island and has helped to double the
frms capacity in Singapore. The waste-
water treatment plant is part of Semb-
corps upcoming S$960 million cluster of
facilities to serve Jurong Island.
Desalination plant in Karachi
Port, Pakistan awarded
The Port Qasim Authority in Karachi,
Pakistan has awarded Aeromix Systems
a USD$775 million contract to develop a
97 million gallon per day desalination facil-
ity. The project involves the design, build,
operation and fnancing to serve the fresh
water needs of approximately 500 industri-
al buildings. The fnancing of the facility will
allow the Pakistani Authorities to pay Aero-
mix for the treatment plants through the
purchase of the treatment water over time.
Shipboard desalination set for
sail with the U.S. Navy
The U.S. Navy, under the Offce of Naval
Research (ONR), has contracted Pall for
a multi-phase project to develop an ad-
vanced shipboard desalination system
specifcally for the challenges. During the
frst six-month phase of the project, Pall
scientists will adapt hollow-fber microfl-
tration and reverse osmosis membrane
technologies to design a solution capable
of producing 4,000 gallons per day of
potable water. In the year-long second
phase of the program, a prototype sys-
tem will be developed and tested on land.
In the fnal 18-month phase, a fully com-
pliant system will be tested for six months
on a naval ship.
WesTech acquires Microfoc
and General Filter from Siemens
WesTech Engineering has signed an
agreement to purchase the conventional
water treatment business of Siemens
Industry that includes the Microfoc and
General Filter product portfolios. The
agreement includes all active projects,
associated assets and liabilities, inven-
tory, and associated patents and trade-
marks, as well as the facility in Ames,
Iowa. Sixty-two active employees dedi-
cated to this business will join WesTech.
Dr. Lukas Loeffer, CEO Water Technolo-
gies of Siemens said the product lines are
solid businesses but that they did not ft
within the companys portfolio.
Fuel cells: a replacement for wastewater
activated sludge treatment?
Microbial fuel cells could produce elec-
tricity directly from wastewater and replace
activated sludge and anaerobic digestion
methods, researchers have claimed. En-
gineers at Oregon State University (OSU)
have found that microbial fuel cells can
produce electricity directly from wastewater,
which they said will mean that wastewater
treatment plants could eventually generate
enough power to sell excess electricity.
OSU claimed the technology can now
produce 10 to 50 more times the electric-
ity, per volume, than most other approaches
using microbial fuel cells, and 100 times
more electricity than some.
Researchers said this could eventually
change the way that wastewater is treated
all over the world, replacing the widely used
activated sludge process that has been in
use for almost a century.
The fndings have just been published
in Energy and Environmental Science, a
professional journal, in work funded by the
National Science Foundation.
The technology cleans wastewater us-
ing a different approach than the aerobic
bacteria. Bacteria oxidize the organic matter
and, in the process, produce electrons that
run from the anode to the cathode within the
fuel cell, creating an electrical current.
OSU researchers reported several years
ago on the promise of this technology but at
that time the systems in use produced far
less electrical power. With new concepts
reduced anode-cathode spacing, evolved
microbes and new separator materials the
technology can now produce more than
two kilowatts per cubic meter of liquid reac-
tor volume, OSU claimed.
The system has been tested on a labo-
ratory scale and OSU said the next stage
is a pilot study, for which funding is being
sought. A food processing plant has been
suggested as a possible testing ground.
Once advances are made to reduce
high initial costs, researchers estimated that
the capital construction costs of this new
technology should be comparable to that of
the activated sludge systems now in wide-
spread use today and even less expensive
when future sales of excess electricity are
factored in.
Making Ripples: Water Leader Focus
10
10
T
he interview with Carsten Bjerg should be focusing upon
the water industry. Instead, the conversation takes an im-
mediate turn towards the 2012 Olympic Games. Den-
mark has just taken a gold medal its second overall
in Olympic track cycling. Bjerg is clearly proud of the
achievement.
A regular gym goer, supporter and follower of a local handball
team (one of the top two in the country), its clear that the Grundfos
CEO is active outside of the boardroom. After the conversation goes
onto team Great Britains efforts (I cant help but bring up the 20+
gold medals to date), Bjerg likens the results with those of his com-
pany. Investment put into athletics at grassroots level years ago is
now paying off, just in time for the Olympics, he says.
And in answering the question of how the company reported an
8% growth on pump sales in 2011 with a turnover of DKK21.2 billion
(2.8 billion Euros), he attributes this to the same reason: investment.
We are seeing payback on the globalization of our company that
we have invested in over the last 15 years. This of course helps in a
period when growth in Europe is not so strong. Europe used to be
our strongest market but we now have much more of the sales out-
side of the region, he says.
The Far East, including China, as well as ASEAN (Association
of Southeast Asian Nations), not to mention Eastern Europe, Rus-
sia and the US markets have
helped contribute to Grundfos
turnover growth despite Eu-
ropes decline.
Just like investing into up
and coming athletes, Bjerg
prizes his efforts over the last
decade in investing into R&D
and new products, which have
now been released onto the
market and are helping with the
fnancial bottom line.
Theres also another reason
why despite being a European
competitor in the Olympics,
Denmark-born Bjerg speaks
highly of Great Britains efforts.
A mechanical engineer by train-
ing, he spent a year at Cambridge University in England complet-
ing a Masters Degree in ACPMM (Advanced Course in Production
Methods and Management). Since then he spent 14 years with Dan-
ish pump and automation manufacturer Danfoss and has been with
Grundfos for the last 15 years. So within the space of two compa-
nies, Bjerg has risen to the role of the CEO.
DIVERSIFICATION: PUMPS TO UV AND MEMBRANES
Olympics fever to one side, in order to discuss the recent develop-
ment and direction of the company, its important to frstly understand
its roots. Grundfos is owned by the Poul Jensen Foundation, set up
by the company founder in 1975. Today the foundation owns 86.7%
of the shares, alongside 2% that are owned by staff and the rest
owned by the founders family.
The foundation is asking us, asking me to ensure that Grundfos
makes a positive difference to the world, the CEO says. And spe-
cifcally over recent years we have come to the conclusion that we
ought to also play a role in water treatment.
And it is this decision that led the company to recently acquire
Enaqua, an American company that focuses on the use of Ultraviolet
(UV) technology to disinfect water, as well as membranes for water
purifcation. The purchased frm produces UV disinfection systems
that range in sizes up to 100 million gallons per day for municipal and
industrial applications.
Discussing the change in direction away from pumps, Bjerg says:
This is not necessarily the investment that has the maximum pay-
back for us. Today we are still a pump company and there is still
enough for us to do there. Yet we are also seeking ways to create a
position for ourselves as a water treatment provider.
Will we see more of this? he asks. The answer is hopefully, yes.
We would like to do more than what this acquisition is making possi-
ble for us. We are looking for other entries into that market with direct
Pump Prodigy
Grundfos CEO Gains Ground
Danish pump manufacturing giant Grundfos is diversifying into
water treatment. CEO Carsten Bjerg speaks exclusively to Tom Freyberg
about the companys plans and how leakages can be reduced globally.
Refecting on success: After rising to the role of
CEO during the course of his 15 years at Grundfos,
Bjerg led the company to turnover 2.8 billion euros
during 2011
Flagship purchase: The founda-
tion owning Grundfos has helped
push Grundfos into the water
treatment market, leading to the
acquisition of U.S. frm Enaqua,
which focuses on UV and mem-
brane fltration
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acquisitions, as well as research and development. Again, we do not
seek to become a provider across the board of equipment for the in-
dustry. But when we identify technology breakthroughs then yes, we
can help the industry and build on the position weve established.
LOWER PRESSURE, LOWER LEAKAGES
Nor is it just manufacturing and selling pumps that make up the core
of Grundfos business. Bjerg says its also about educating the indus-
try on potential savings that can be made. One of these savings is the
area of water leakages and non-revenue water. With the World Bank
estimating that 45 million cubic meters of perfectly usable, potable
water is lost in the network everyday through worldwide leaks: its a
worthy cause for the CEO to turn his hand too.
Rather than focusing on reactively
acting on leaks once theyve occurred,
Grundfos believes the solution lies earlier
in the cycle. Demand Driven Distribution,
or DDD for short. Thats the name the
company gives to the set-up of mul-
tiple pumps operating at proportional
pressures, all in unison. The system is
designed to supply precisely the fow
needed at the pressure required, with
numerous pumps running effciently instead of one big pump.
According to the frm, when you reduce pump pressure by 50%,
you can reduce leakage loss by at least 30%. This is one topic that
the CEO is clearly passionate about.
You have to make sure that you reduce the risk for leakages by
adjusting the pressure of the system, he says. Again here you have
the application where its very common to have full pressure in the
system independent from the demand. This doesnt make sense en-
ergy wise, nor does it make sense when it comes to leakages. So our
main contribution to this is to offer solutions whereby with alternative
controls you are ensuring that you adjust the pressure in the system
according to the amount of water required.
Bjerg says DDD can lead to three benefts: energy saving, reduc-
ing leakages and optimizing the effciency of the system, reducing the
overall maintenance required. Speaking more broadly, he suggests
that the way in which utility leakages are perceived should change.
This is one of the tricky issues because in many places around
the world you do not have the market mechanisms punishing the
water industry if they have leakages in the system. I think we should
pay much more attention to this matter.
So regulatory enforcement/fnes on utilities could help reduce
leakages?
I just think that if you take it from the global challenge we have
on water, it is establishing how you can lose so much drinking water
without that being a problem for anyone.
Indeed, fndings from the Asian Development Bank suggest that
by cutting the amount of lost water across Asia in half, 150 million
people could be supplied with treated water (see feature on page 28).
I think that you could argue, as a consumer for water each of
us how much should we pay for water that is pumped up from the
ground to make it possible for us to drink water? However, its also
important not to blame the water industry because if you provide
water for society and do not beneft from reducing leakages, then
why should you put investment in?
S-TUBE IMPELLER
Shortly before the Enaqua announcement in June, Bjerg was busy
helping to launch Grundfos S-tube impeller at the IFAT Entsorga
show in Munich, Germany. A tube-shaped impeller in a pump hous-
ing that matches the tube shape through the entire pump, Grundfos
claims this design offers greater hydraulic effciency than any other
type of wastewater impeller and doesnt compromise free passage.
So how long has the impeller been in development?
Historically, on wastewater pumps it was always acclaimed that
you cannot use the most energy effcient solutions as you would
have problems with the free passage and problems with clogging on
the pumps, says the CEO. Here we have invented an impeller that
does not compromise on either of the two accounts. This is I believe
the frst in our industry. You have optimal effciency and at the same
time free passage for the impeller. This is actually something weve
had in our laboratories for some years. The frst time I was involved in
discussing this theoretical solution was almost ten years ago.
Reducing unnecessary water losses is also a focus area for the
companys global operations. Like any major industrial manufacturer,
water consumption is a big concern, not to mention expense. In
2010 the company consumed just over 650,000 m
3
. A year later
in 2011, this had dropped to just over 530,000 m
3
. How was this
achieved?
We are preaching the message that this is something that all
companies should be doing, says Bjerg. Weve given it a lot of at-
In many places around the world you do not have
the market mechanisms punishing the water
industry if they have leakages in the systems. I think
we should pay much more attention to this matter.
Hard line: Bjerg strongly believes
that market mechanisms should
be put in place to incentivise
utilities to reduce leakages
14
tention. Weve been looking across the entire organization for
opportunities to save water. The result is down to multiple so-
lutions implemented across our many companies around the
world. Its not down to one technology or one example. One of
the things we do is to use our own technology or products in
our own operations.
ENERGY
Its diffcult to talk with the CEO of one of the worlds largest
pump companies without discussing energy. Pumps, along
with aeration equipment at wastewater facilities, are often
pointed to and blamed for high energy costs. And with esti-
mates suggesting that pumps alone are responsible for 10%
of the worlds entire global electricity consumption, its fnger
pointing that is not likely to go away. So what is being done and
what can be done to address this?
Thats right pumps do actually consume a relatively big
share of the global electricity production across the world at 10%.
This means theres a huge opportunity for improvement. Its not that
you can cut the usage entirely away as pumps are needed in many
places and provide an important role. Its important that its done in
the most energy effcient way.
The CEO adds: We decided that we will go beyond what legis-
lation requires. We have introduced the Bluefux-labelling, which is
something we put on all our products that use our best technology
motors and frequency converters. This is a result of investing in tech-
nology. I would say the investments in technology and R&D are the
major reasons for making this happen.
Legislation requirements on pumps, as mentioned by the CEO,
are now major considerations. The Energy Using Product Directive
is a European Commission energy effciency framework, setting the
future or energy effcient products in the EU. The Directive has also
been revised to include energy related products.
With the new requirements, high effciency, variable speed circula-
tors must be used as a standalone pump. This will mean that invest-
ment in new product development and production lines, as well as
adaptation of tooling, test and production equipment will be a huge
challenge for the pump industry. Grundfos is already actively market-
ing its EuP ready integrated circulators.

FINAL WORDS
When asked to describe himself in fve words, Bjerg avoids the ques-
tion. Instead he describes the reasons why hes remained with only
two companies since his education; a rarity today with the amount of
competition and opportunities inevitably springing up.
I think in my career theres a reason why Ive been with only
two companies and that is that Im very dedicated and committed
to what I do and dont jump from one company to another every
second year. I think that is important. I would have a diffcult time in
working for a company that I dont believe in the business priorities
but also the ability to commit to the purpose of the company. Its im-
portant to me to continue to be the person I am. Everyone will know
me as Carsten and thats the way I like it.
Its clear that Bjerg, sorry Carsten, doesnt preach the environ-
mental message for the sake of it. Both the CEO and the foundation
behind Grundfos believe that the profts from the company should
be invested to help the frm divert into water purifcation for the bet-
ter of the planet. This is an aim thats been clearly backed up by the
Enaqua acquisition. And testament to Bjergs love for the environ-
ment, he spends a great deal of his spare time tending forests and
felds around his house.
For the huge challenges the world is facing on energy, climate
change and water; technology is the answer. I always say that as
a manager and CEO, there is a limit to how much of a difference
you can make. The difference is made by the many people of the
organization. I see my job to provide the best possible framework for
employees to thrive.
Just as I expect the CEO to make another analogy of comparing
people or products to Olympic athletes, news comes through the
wires of another Olympic gold medal. Needless to say, both of us are
hoping its either Denmark or Great Britain as the victor. WWi
Enquiry No. 100
Bright outlook: An engineer by training, the Grundfos
CEO believes that technology will play a pivotal role in
future energy, climate and water challanges
Eastern promise: In light of Europes lagging economy, Grundfos has
found success in the Far East, including China as well as the Eastern
European and Russian markets
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16
T
he Big Five water utility markets in 2012 are predicted
to account for almost $50 billion of CAPEX and OPEX
spending in Europe. As such, they are leaders and cru-
cial testing grounds for new technologies and innovative
practices. Water utility investment has not collapsed in
these countries but is instead getting smarter and looking at opportu-
nities that provide greater confdence in returns. At the broadest level
there are seven market priority areas for innovation and effciency
within water utilities: chemical management, decentralisation, energy
effciency and production, leakage and non-revenue water, sludge,
smart water technologies and water charges.
CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT
Over $346 million is being spent on coagulants, focculants and disin-
fection chemicals in Europe by the Big Five this year and this market
will continue to be needed in the water industry to ensure quality and
safety. This market, however, is changing and seeing different invest-
ment trends and in some cases a decline in demand on account of
disruptive technologies. Direct investment in chemicals is decreasing
slightly due to non-chemical technology alternatives in disinfection,
through UV and membrane use. Furthermore, a decline in overall vol-
umes of water and wastewater treated with early adoption of green
chemical alternatives has started in Germany. While chemical alter-
native is an established
and steadily increasing
trend to the water in-
dustry, they have great
potential to move wa-
ter utilities away from
reliance on traditional
chemicals that are at
the mercy of fuctuating
oil prices. At the same
time innovation in the
sophistication and ef-
fectiveness of chemi-
cals, along with the
price tag, has grown
for focculation pro-
cesses which means
the overall market will
remain relatively steady
over the coming years.
It is worth noting in the
marketplace that tradi-
tional chemical com-
panies, such as BASF,
are making moves into
chemical alternatives
and membrane tech-
nology.
DECENTRALISATION
Decentralisation is increasingly seen as an answer to changes in ser-
vice requirements in Europe. In the UK, for example, while there are
6,400 sewage treatment works, only 76% of those serve popula-
tions of two thousand or less. This occurs at the same time as the
dramatic shift in many European population centres towards urban
shrinkage. While the urban development process began with com-
pact cities and subsequently leading to urban sprawl, more recently
Water Utility Eff ciency Priorities:
What are they?
The European water industry is predicted to spend $64 billion in 2012 but fnds itself in the
middle of a wider prolonged economic slowdown. So what are the main objectives when it
comes to effciency in Europes top fve water utility markets? Seth Cutler looks at France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.
Figure 1. Total water and wastewater CAPEX and OPEX, Europe (2012, 2017)
0.0
2012 2017
10,000.0
20,000.0
30,000.0
40,000.0
50,000.0
60,000.0
70,000.0
80,000.0
90,000.0
$

M
i
l
l
i
o
n
United Kingdom
Benelux
Alpine
Greece
Others
Big 5
Other Europe
Spain
France
Germany
Nordic
Italy
Portugal
$11,489.13
million
$7,484.12
million
$7,392.96
million
$3,456.27
million
$4,892.39
million
$646.76
million
$900.61
million
$10,823.90
million
$12,527.25
million
nce
$3,334.19
million
$985.16
million
17
a contraction and perforation of the urban core has
occurred .
This has serious implications for large capac-
ity European water networks, developed to satisfy
a period of intense urban growth; water networks
are increasingly unft for purpose and, as a result,
ineffcient. There is also a growing recognition that
relatively simple source to consumer to discharge
water systems neither provide the greatest beneft
nor account for differences in urban and rural supply
and demand patterns. The requirement for smaller,
localised, decentralised water supplies, but espe-
cially for decentralised wastewater treatment plants
is therefore growing.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTION
The total electricity consumption of Germanys
10,000 urban wastewater treatment plants in 2009
was roughly 4,400 GWh/year. In the UK, the 2009/10
energy use by the water industry rose to 9,012GWh,
representing a 10% increase over the previous eight
years. In a business as usual scenario it is likely that
energy prices will continue to rise and demand for
electricity will continue to grow. This has major impli-
cations for the water industry as energy consumes,
on average, 28% of water utility operating costs.
Within this pumps account for up to 60% of en-
ergy needed for water distribution and aerators con-
sume 55% of energy used in wastewater treatment.
While this exemplifes the importance and depen-
dence of water utilities on pumps and aerators, it
also exposes specifc targets for greater effciencies
in energy consumption.
Indeed, the sixth World Water Forum sets a tar-
get of 20% reduction in water utility energy use. In-
novations that help reduce energy consumption will
have direct relief for utility budgets. We are currently
seeing this through energy saving pump initiatives
by Grundfos and i2o and also in aerators through
Israeli company, DIffusaire.
The complimentary advancement is to see
wastewater treatment plants and water distribu-
tion networks as untapped sources of energy. The
wastewater to energy movement has very strong
potential to reduce energy demands and carbon
footprints, to reduce waste volumes and to move
further towards net zero energy and energy positive
water utilities. An example of this is Sydney Water in
Australia that has committed itself to being carbon
neutral in energy use by 2020. France is now home
to the worlds frst carbon neutral wastewater treat-
ment plant, Aquaviva.
LEAKAGE, NON-REVENUE WATER AND
SMART WATER TECHNOLOGIES
A key concern of the Big Five water industry
markets is leakage, which averages 22.2% across
the region. Often labelled as an element of non-
revenue water, this is essentially synonymous with
leakage as theft in this region can be considered
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quite low, as can permissible non-billed water use. The leakage av-
erage means that almost one quarter of billable water is lost, which
produces both fnancial and environmental consequences that
sometimes result in highly ineffcient water distribution networks.
Considering the total length of water distribution and wastewater
pipes, almost 1.2 million km in France alone, there is a vast pipe
surface area and geography to monitor for leaks and bursts. Wa-
ter utilities in the Big Five will continue phased pipe replacement
schemes and also more urgent replacements as they appear. Ongo-
ing replacements, however, are
likely to use enhanced materials,
such as polyphenlyether, and
coatings to ensure pipe longev-
ity and install acoustic and other
sensors to detect leaks and limit
burst events.
Installing sensors and data
communicating devices in water
networks to produce near-real
time control is the essence of smart water technologies. A central
factor that increases the attractiveness of smart water technologies
is that it is not requiring a fundamental reconfguration of water indus-
try processes, but instead enhances and makes more responsive
system operations and management. By attaching sensors and te-
lemetry to key pieces of water utility infrastructure, data is produced
and relayed to central servers where algorithms and analysis gener-
ate information, relationships and indicators to enhance the decision-
making process.
This has the ability to make day-to-day operations and manage-
ment, investment and business planning, reporting standards and
understanding of historical performance much more accurate and
insightful, producing a better run utility that maximises fnancial in-
vestment. Data analysis and information production can be handled
internally to water utilities, but increasingly options for software-as-a-
service are emerging. Outsourcing data management can enhance
the drive for opera-
tion effciencies of
water utilities.
BI O- SOLI DS/
SLUDGE MAN-
AGEMENT
Sludge volumes are
on the rise in Eu-
rope, in large part
due to stricter leg-
islation that is esti-
mated to increase
volumes by 50%
alone. As a result
sludge manage-
ment practices are
advancing mainly
on two fronts: frst,
the implementation
of biogas and nu-
trient recovery sys-
tems; and second,
the development of
sludge volume re-
duction solutions such as ozonation and ultrasonic irradiation.
Nutrient recovery is, like wastewater to energy, a natural step for-
ward to reduce sludge volumes, to remove harmful elements and
to produce a new sustainable revenue generation stream by selling
nitrates, phosphorous and other minerals taken from wastes to sell
in raw form or turned into fertilizers. A contract signed between Ca-
nadian frm Ostara and UK utility Thames Water highlights this op-
portunity. Ultrasonic irradiation is similar in that it has proven to reduce
the volume and weight of sludge generated in wastewater treatment
plants, along with a host of other benefts including increased biogas
production, which can subsequently be harnessed for further energy
generation. Working to implement better sludge management tech-
niques helps to reduce sludge as a waste product and turn it into rev-
enue generating stream through recovered nutrients and fertilizers,
decreased waste volumes and increased energy production.
WATER TARIFFS AND COST RECOVERY PRINCIPLE
During the eight years from 2003 to 2011, water charges in the Big
Five markets have increased an average of 4.8%. Rates by coun-
try, however, vary widely with Germany home to the highest charges
through implementation of full cost recovery.
Water tariffs are a controversial tug-of-war between essential
rights of public access and the full cost of recovery principle, to not
only cover operating costs but enable sustainable investment for the
future. Unlike other utility commodities of electricity and gas, water
It is worth noting in the marketplace that traditional
chemical companies, such as BASF, are making moves
into chemical alternatives and membrane technology
Figure 2. Modern challenges facing water utilities
Chemical management
Smart water
Energy effciency
and production
Decentralization
Leakage/non
revenue water
Water changes
Sludge
19
is a prerequisite to life and as such must remain affordable to all. This under-
standing often keeps the cost of water low and below market rate through
public subsidies.
As service costs rise (through regular infation, necessary investments,
stricter legislative requirements and ineffciencies) the costs must be borne
by customers or further paid for through subsidisation. Considering the tough
fnancial situation faced by many water utilities in Europe, the cost of water
for customers is set to increase over the coming years. Going forward busi-
ness models will need to change to ensure water charge rises are aligned
with the cost recovery principle and better appropriately communicated to
the customer.
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
While the areas for investment outlined above vary in attractiveness at national
and local level, it shows a clear movement towards technologies and services
that provide quantifable fnancial, operational and sustainable returns for wa-
ter utilities. With the ongoing economic and capital problems in the Eurozone,
how likely is it that the Big Five markets will make strong advancements over
the next fve to ten years?
The answer, of course, is complex. It is easiest to talk at a regional or
national level, but practically-speaking these areas for investment will require
creative business models that are aligned more towards performance based
payment schemes. As a result, development will be erratic and based on
the strategies of individual utilities. At the utility-level there continues to be
funding available and it is not a case of whether there will or will not be invest-
ment, but how well businesses have aligned their products and solutions with
evolving utility requirements to be seen as part of the solution to their priority
challenges.
In order to increase access to capital, which is likely for ambitious and lead-
ing utilities, there are creative fnancing tools at their disposal. Public private
partnerships are likely to viewed with renewed interest in the water industry
due to their secure, albeit slower, returns. Remondis, for example, is active
in Germany providing water and wastewater treatment services for utilities.
Design, build, operate and fnance models will go ahead in the industry as
it gives investors greater say in the day-to-day operations concerning their
investment. This level of access will provide greater confdence and security
to stakeholders who might traditionally overlook the water sector.
A second likely action by water utilities in countries like Spain and Italy will
be the consolidation of small, local utilities into larger operational structures
that provide greater critical mass for fnancial investments. This is likely to help
bring advanced innovations into rural areas.
Thirdly, securing a better balance between capital expenditures and op-
erational expenditures will also help further the penetration of innovative tech-
nologies. For companies to shift capital investment into longer-term payment
schemes or pay-back through the leasing of equipment can help alleviate any
issues with access to large fund reserves in the near-term, with confdence in
the long-term availability of capital.
Finally, a less likely scenario would be the growth in privatisation of the
water industry. Currently the UK, and to a lesser extent France, have majority
shares of private water and wastewater services, but the other three countries
have an overwhelming system of public operation.
Countries like Italy and Spain could see investment benefts through this
practice, but face stiff opposition from the public. Evidence of this from Italy
is the recent attempts to push through regulations that would open up and
encourage privatisation of the water industry being strongly rejected in a ref-
erendum.
Times are not all doom and gloom in Europes water industry, but effciency
remains a top priority for water utilities and is set to create a favourable en-
vironment for innovation and innovative solutions as well as creative fnance
and business models. WWi Enquiry No. 101
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Regional Spotlight: Eastern Europe
20
B
ucharests frst sewers were built in 1828 and from
1900 through to 1950 the main drains with diam-
eters higher than 150 cm were made: six drains on
the right riverside and 18 drains on the left riverside of
Dmbovit
,
a. Wastewater is collected through a system
constructed mainly in unitary system (the public sewerage system
ensuring the collection, transport, treatment and mutual drainage of
both wastewater and stormwater).
The initial design followed a unitary system (wastewater and storm
water) based on the lower operation cost criterion and aimed at pro-
viding services to a population less than one million inhabitants. The
stormwater drainage area was, at that time, as large as 5,000 ha, and
soil waterproofng was insignifcant.
Since then, operation requirements have changed. The unitary
system now has to meet the needs of a population exceeding two
million inhabitants and the stormwater draining area is larger than
23,000 ha. Due to the impermeability of the city running surfaces as
a result of city development, as well as to the climatic changes result-
ing in powerful storms, the quantity of water needed to be drained is
continuously increasing. As a result, the current state of the waste-
water basin was precarious, thus causing problems to the sewerage
system and more and more often fooding in certain areas of Bucha-
rest whenever there is heavy rain.
WASTEWATER BASIN
The Dmbovit
,
a River crosses the capital from North-West to South-
East along an approximately 18 km long artifcial riverbed. Its natural
course was frst detoured in 1985, on a 10 km segment.
Afterwards, from 1985 through 1988, the riverside was reshaped
due to a series of signifcant works, by creating two superimposed
water layers arranged as follows:
- At surface one concrete sewer supplied with water from Lacul
Morii (artifcial lake)
- Underground a collecting basin structure, to which all the main
drains of the sewerage system are connected
- The basin was designed to drive gravitationally the water col-
lected from the entire city to one treatment plant.
Approximately 18 km long and approximately 45 km in area, the
basin operates as a sewerage drain consisting of two semi-basins
located on the Ciurel Opera section; two semi-basins located on
the Opera Vitan section and three semi-basins located on the Vi-
tan Popes
,
ti section. The present capacity of the wastewater basin
(<50%), built several decades ago, is now insuffcient in managing
current stormwater.
Until 2011, the basin was managed by the Romanian Water Na-
tional Administration. The Bucharest Municipality was in a situation
where it was unable to manage the entire sewerage system of Bu-
charest. As a result, in 2009 the Bucharest Municipality commenced
the formalities to take over the wastewater Basin from the Ministry of
Environment.
This ended up in the Government Decision No. 894/2010 regard-
ing the transfer of the wastewater drain beneath the Dmbovit
,
a river
(wastewater basin) from the State public domain and the manage-
ment of the Romanian Water National Administration to the Bucha-
rest Municipality public domain and the management of the General
Council of the Bucharest Municipalities.
Following the execution of the Addendum No. 7 to the Conces-
sion Agreement on May 17 2011, the Bucharest Municipality leased
the wastewater basin beneath Dmbovit
,
a to Apa Nova Bucharest.
Bucharests Boom:
How the City Implemented
A Collection System
Bucharest now has a complex wastewater system. This wasnt
always the case. A lack of infrastructure has prevented the entire
collection and treatment processes from being carried out. Giovana
Soara details the privatization journey for Romanias capital city.
21
Ever since 2009, by the execution of the Addendum No. 6 to the
Concession Agreement, Apa Nova expressed its consent to integrat-
ing the wastewater basin into the sewerage system and in conces-
sion, respectively, and undertook to fund a technical survey on the
wholeness of the basin amounting to one million Euros.
The survey concluded that the rehabilitation of the wastewater
basin requires signifcant investment but, by such an undertaking,
Apa Nova Bucharest will be able to implement a uniform strategy to
develop and effciently manage the wastewater collection and trans-
port system.
As a result, the wastewater basin was leased on May 17th 2011,
and Apa Nova Bucharest undertook to maintain
and upgrade the basin based on a three-year sig-
nifcant investment plan amounting to 40 million
Euros. The upgrade plan involves arrangements to
discharge the basin into the Dmbovit
,
a river (only
under heavy precipitations) and into the wastewater
treatment plant, unclogging and elimination of ma-
jor internal bottlenecks.
The wastewater basin and its related drains
have so far been inspected with a view to prepar-
ing the survey on cutting down the infltrations. Its
levels and fows have been monitored as part of the
infltration assessment project. Also, sensors have
been installed in order to monitor the operation of
the basin and the B6 service level. This level regu-
lates the current transit capacity of the wastewater
basin at maximum 42.75 m
3
/s, monitored by the
Popes
,
ti Hydro-technical Knot section. Exceed-
ing such fow amount triggers the operation of the
safety down-pipe that directs overfow directly into
the Dmbovit
,
a River through the safety chamber, in
emergency cases.
GLINA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The need to develop a complex sewerage system
has become clear ever since the 70s - 80s. As a
result, mid 80s saw the construction of the waste-
water treatment plant begin near the Glina village,
to extend the wastewater basin underneath the
Dmbovit
,
a River.
After 2000, the need for a functional wastewa-
ter treatment plant became even clearer. As the
cost of the investments with the completion of the
Glina Wastewater Treatment Plant was impossible
to support by the local population, the Bucharest
Municipality decided to directly seek external capi-
tal subsidy.
In 2004, the European Commission and the
Government of Romania decided to co-fund the
project and concluded a Funding Memorandum
for the allocation of non-repayable funds for the
Rehabilitation of the Bucharest Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant - Phase 1 (Instrument for Structural re-
Adhesion Policies 2004/RO/16/P/PE/003 Project).
Besides the non-repayable ISPA (Pre-Adhesion)
funds granted by the European Commission, the
funding of Phase 1 was ensured by the loans ac-
quired by the Bucharest City Hall from the Euro-
pean Investment Bank and the European Bank for
79,=,5;
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23

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The GEFCO 50K, has 50,000 lbs. (22,679 kg) of top
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handle large casing loads associated with shallow
municipal water wells and deep residential water
wells with ease.
The GEFCO 50K features a single rod loader for
quick and safe connections and an air operated
compressor clutch for fuel savings and noise
reduction during times when air is not needed.
Reconstruction and Development. This was secured by the Roma-
nian Government as well as funds from the State budget. The entire
project was directly managed by the Bucharest Municipality and was
completed in June 2011, with the Glina Wastewater Treatment Plant
being run by Apa Nova Bucharest.
ACHIEVEMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Other milestones in the development of Romanias water sector in-
clude putting the L3 (line three) connection chamber into operation.
Since its construction in 1987 and until present, the wastewater ba-
sin has only operated including line two. Although executed, the sec-
tion from line two to line three was not operational. L3 was repaired,
tested and put into operation by Apa Nova Bucharest in 2012, fol-
lowing some complex design and execution works. Line three was
extended with an open sewer directly linked to the Dmbovit
,
a River
which will be provided with the hydro-mechanical equipment need-
ed. The commissioning of such assembly (L3 + open sewer) in spring
2012 signifcantly increases the discharging capacity of the wastewa-
ter basin, namely up to approximately 60 m
3
/s, in case of especially
heavy rains.
Furthermore, the daily monitoring of water collected and trans-
ported through the wastewater basin has been improved. The Op-
eration Regulation and the Collaboration Convention between Apa
Nova Bucharest and Apele Romne have also been developed.
And future investments are planned. Apa Nova Bucharest plans
to complete the provision of the open sewer and the wastewater
basin with the hydro-mechanical equipment needed (grids, dams
and levees).
A cleaning operation of the wastewater basin is also planned, in-
volving cleaning all access points and connections of the large drains
to the wastewater basin and completing the wastewater basin un-
clogging operation.
Further rehabilitation works are planned for affected areas on the
wastewater basin structure in order to restore safety and reduce in-
fltrations. This will include ftting the equipment with level, fow and
quality sensors and ftting the wastewater basin with hydro-mechan-
ical equipment to improve fowing and draining of the water. WWi
Authors note: Giovana Soara is the director of consumer
management at Apa Nova Bucharest, the Romanian branch
of Veolia Water. For more information, please visit: www.
apanovabucuresti.ro/en/. Enquiry No. 102
24
Micropollutants
24
T
he name Albert Szent-Gyrgyi might not fow so easily
from ones lips but it was the late, great Hungarian physi-
ologist, and Nobel Prize winner, who told us that water is
lifes mater and matrix, mother and medium. Hardly sur-
prising, then, that in virtually every culture and civilisation,
from the ancient Greeks to those who follow the Taoist tradition of
today, that water has come to be closely associated with notions of
purity and fertility.
But what if our water is not quite what its cracked up to be? Could
it be the case that our drinking water contains traces of ethinyloes-
tradiol - that is to say orally bio-active estrogen used in almost all
modern formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills? Throw in
a touch of diclolfenac (an anti-infammatory drug) add a little cyper-
methrin (a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide) and we have
surely got ourselves an interesting mix.
PLAYING REGULATORY CATCH UP
Traces of all of these substances to name but a few - can and
do appear as micro pollutants in our drinking water. Which immedi-
ately throws up the question of how water companies can monitor,
measure and, hopefully, reduce the impact of these so-called prior-
ity substances. Of course a legislative framework exists both at
national and European level but the situation can at times come
across as fast-moving and free-fowing as water itself. And with po-
tentially massive fnancial implications for those charged with the re-
sponsibility of delivering fresh and clean - one hesitates to use the
word pure - drinking water to their customers.
The question is whether or not water providers will be able to keep
up not just with new forms of chemical pollution but with the volume
of legislative requirements emanating from Brussels designed to re-
duce water pollution risks. For in January of this year the Commission
proposed adding 15 chemicals to the existing list of 33 pollutants
that are monitored and controlled in EU surface waters. They were
selected, understandably enough, via scientifc evidence that they
might pose a signifcant risk to the environment or human health.
This update is coming via a revision of the directive on priority
substances in the feld of water quality, after an exhaustive three-
year review, which considered the risks posed by no less than 2000
substances. The proposed 15 additional priority substances can
be divided into the following categories: plant protection product
substances: Aclonifen, Bifenox, Cypermethrin, Dicofol, Heptachlor,
Quinoxyfen; substances used in biocidal products: Cybutryne, Di-
chlorvos, Terbutryn; industrial chemicals: Perfuorooctane sulfonic
acid (PFOS), Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD); combustion by-
products: Dioxin and Dioxin-Like PCBs.
The key and innovative development here is that for the frst time in
the history of the management of dangerous and priority substances
certain pharmaceuticals have been added including - 17 alpha-ethi-
nylestradiol (EE2), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and diclofenac.

VIEW FROM BRUSSELS
Europes Environment Commissioner, Janez Potocnik, has been en-
tirely unapologetic about these new proposals, claiming that water
pollution is one of the environmental worries most frequently cited
by EU citizens.
I therefore welcome these advances, he said, as it is clearly
answering peoples expectations. These 15 additional chemicals
need to be monitored and controlled to ensure that they dont pose
a threat.
His Brussels offce made it clear that the inclusion of these phar-
maceutical products does not for one moment throw into question
the medicinal value of these substances merely addresses the po-
tential harmful effects of their presence in the aquatic environment.
Concentrations above the proposed standards can also affect fsh
health, possibly impacting upon successful reproduction, in addition
to harming other living organisms.
It is not clear if the Commission was infuenced in any way by
alarmist reports in the popular press claiming that up to half the male
fsh in Britians lowland rivers were changing sex not to mention
negatively impacting on human sperm counts up and down the
land. Whatever the case, the next steps are that the Commission is
proposing the revised list as part of a Directive amending the Water
Framework Directive and the Environment Quality Standard Direc-
Priority Substances:
Impact on Water Utilities
With the European Commission proposing to add 15 additional chemicals to the list of
pollutants that are monitored and controlled in EU surface waters, utilities should take
note. Estimates suggest improvements needed to measure these substances in the UK
alone would amount to 27 billion Euros. Jeremy Josephs investigates.
Through the looking glass: utility Thames Water claim that when it comes to oral con-
traception in water no less than 99% of sites would likely fail the new standards
25
Micropollutants
tive. These proposals are now slowly but surely making their way
through the Council and Parliament with a view to discussion and
adoption. All of which could well mean that member states will be
obliged to meet these new and more exacting environmental stan-
dards by 2021.
Key industry players, such as Suez Environnement, are embracing
the fght against micropollutants in water, using innovative prevention
tools such as Nitrascope, carrying out research via its International
Centre for Water and Environmental Research. It says it is engaging in
the fght to reduce liquid waste in the environment under the auspices
of its Rhodanos programme.
Suez Environnements approach is that the most effective way of
addressing this issue is by reducing waste at source. This is the least
costly solution, the company affrms, and the simplest to imple-
ment. It is also possible to create special collectors, or local water
treatment plants. This will make it easier to treat, on site, waste from
a food processing plant, for example, rather than mix it with com-
munity waste.
Suez might well be saying all of the right things in terms of both
image and compliance but it remains to be seen how they will adapt
to these new and more stringent requirements emanating from
Brussels.
UTILITY ALARM BELLS
The truth is that for water companies up and down the UK alarm bells
have been ringing. And it would appear not without some justifca-
tion. For unlike pesticides and industrial chemicals that could con-
ceivably have their uses restricted the only option for water com-
panies will be end-of-pipe treatment at the sewage treatment works.
This is because the steroid oestrogens proposed, for example, are a
product of human metabolism.
Thames Waters CEO, Martin Baggs, highlighted his concerns re-
lating to the Brussels proposals in his address at the Institute of Water
conference which took place in London this Spring and claimed
that when it came to traces of oral contraception in water no less
than 99% of sites would be likely to fail the new standards. Further-
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Meddling medicines: ethinyloestradiol, diclofenac and cypermethrin have
been reportedly found in trace amounts in water supplies
26
Micropollutants
more, 65% of sites would be unable to comply with limits relating
to anti-infammatories and over three quarters of sites would fare
similarly in respect of insecticides. He also claimed that the Com-
missions Impact Assessment which required both ethinyloestradiol
to fall to a level of 0.0004 ug/l could mean signifcantly higher costs
for consumers. And he wasnt talking about a few additional pennies
onto the monthly standing order. His assessment was that the cost
of improvements required would amount to 27 billion Euros in the UK
alone the equivalent to around a quarter of the total investment in
the UK water industry since 1989.
In fnancial terms this would mean a massive additional eighteen
Euros per inhabitant per year. He also had a more practical com-
plaint that some of the levels set out in the proposals are so low
that there are at present no means of measuring compliance. The
balance between the introduction of these new standards and the
potential compliance costs was, he argued, all out of sync.

REPORTS AND VIEWS
A recent report by the World Health Organisation would also appear
to contradict the proposed Brussels regulations.
Currently, analysis of the available data indicates that there is a
substantial margin of safety between the very low concentrations of
pharmaceuticals that would be consumed in drinking-water and the
minimum therapeutic doses, which suggests a very low risk to hu-
man health. Based on this fnding, the development of formal health-
based guideline values for pharmaceuticals in the WHOs Guidelines
for drinking-water quality is not considered to be necessary.
Nor does the UK Parliament seem to be overly impressed with
the proposed revisions to the Priority Substance Directive. EU Sub-
Committee D of the House of Lords has been examining this ques-
tion and their conclusions broadly support the concerns being voiced
by Thames Water.
We see a need for the Government, and the Commission, poten-
tially through its European Innovation Partnership on Water, to acquire
more knowledge of the risk posed, principally by the pharmaceutical
substances being added to the list, and of cost-effective methods of
reducing this risk before effuent containing the substances requires
wastewater treatment.
The Institute of Environment and Health, based at Cranfeld Uni-
versity, recently reviewed the latest endocrine disrupting chemical re-
search implications for drinking water and concluded that in the light
of current scientifc understanding of the way mixtures of chemicals
interact, it was found that even drinking waters containing the pre-
dicted worse-case level of each of the oestrogenically-active chemi-
cally identifed would not constitute a signifcant risk to human health
when considered in terms of the equivalence to consumption of the
natural hormone oestradiol.
These fndings happen to complement a previous report issued
by the Drinking Water Inspectorate: Concentrations of pharmaceu-
ticals and drugs in drinking waters are generally signifcantly lower
than seen in surface waters indicating that the treatment systems in
use in England and Wales are effective in removing these contami-
nants. It would therefore appear that low levels of pharmaceuticals
and illicit drugs in drinking waters do not pose an appreciable risk
to human health.
Given the numerous reports and views, there appears to be a con-
stant tug-of-war between environmental interests on the one hand
and commercial concerns on the other. Who will eventually emerge
victorious of course remains to be seen, although the likelihood is that
a compromise will be reached on the not unreasonable grounds that
both sides ultimately share the same concerns a commitment to
ensuring the long-term health of EU member states watercourses.
TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
While the debate goes on, a more practical challenge awaits: the is-
sue of monitoring and measurement. One thing is clear this is not
a simple task. There is no one piece of kit that could possibly be
used for all types of micropollutants, let alone the new additions on
the Brussels list.
Of course different types of substances will require different ap-
proaches for analysis. A gas chromatography and mass spectrom-
etry approach used in combination can indeed detect a range of
substances but certainly not always reliably so and in any event will
require additional stages and techniques to measure concentrations
rather than mere presence.
The key step is clearly extraction but the problem is that the sub-
stances are at such tiny concentrations that a large volume of sample
is required to begin with, from which one then has to effectively con-
centrate the pollutant in order to be able to measure it. Another key
issue is the consistency and reproducibility of the results so that fnd-
ings from one laboratory can be safely and reliably compared with-
those from another. This would in turn mean that detailed protocols
will be required.
Are we at Thames Water, for example, Howard Brett, the com-
panys expert on the subject asks rhetorically, to be obliged to mea-
sure every trace of everything right down to the last molecule? Be-
cause if we are, such compliance is going to come with a massive
cost and its only right that consumers should know about that.
The Oxford English Dictionary provides us with the defnition of
pure - not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or ma-
terial which certainly means that there is no such thing as pure
water. Never has been. Never will be either. But how to ensure that
it remains as pure as possible? And in any event what do we mean
by such a question? As pure as reasonably possible? If so, what is
reasonable? As pure as commercially possible? As pure as environ-
mentally possible? The debate between these competing objectives
continues. Not least in the corridors of powers both in Brussels and
elsewhere. WWi Enquiry No. 103
Expensive: utilities claim water tariffs in the UK alone would need to in-
crease by 18 euros per person to fund the needed infrastructure to meet
the new European standards
28
Collection & Distribution Systems
28
H
istorically a myth has existed that unaccounted-for-
water (UFW) is impossible to manage properly in de-
veloping countries. Excuses have been made lack
of investment, water scarcity and inability of the poor
to pay for water from utilities as to why adequate
water supply cannot be supplied. Yet these myths and excuses have
now been proven wrong enough times that its becoming diffcult to
continue using them.
Around 29 billion cubic meters of water is lost each year in Asia
alone, leading to a $9 billion loss in revenue. Thats according to a
report from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) entitled: Good Prac-
tices in Urban Water Management: Decoding Good Practices for a
Successful Future.
The report highlights some landmark results, which are sum-
marised below in detail. These include Cambodias Phnom Penh,
celebrating just a 6% water loss in 2008. In India, JUSCO has also
achieved a reduction in non-revenue water (NRW) from 36% to less
than 10% over the space of four years. A mixture of government-
owned utilities (Phnom Penh) and private entities or joint ventures
(Jamshedpur and Manila) from the report has also been provided.
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
Metro Manila is the smallest region of the Philippines in terms of land
area, covering 636 square kilometers (km
2
), or 0.21% of the countrys
total land area. It is the most populated region, with over 11.5 million
inhabitants or 13% of the countrys total population. Metro Manila is
vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons (average of three to
fve typhoons per year). In early August this year torrential rain led to
severe fooding, leaving low-lying areas underwater and at least 19
people allegedly killed.
Historically, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS) was the main corporation providing water and sewerage
services in Metro Manila. MWSS was privatized in 1997 with the East
concession zone awarded to Ayala Corporation and its international
partnersUnited Utilities (United Kingdom) and Bechtel Corporation
(United States). This new company took on the name Manila Water
Company, Inc. (MWCI). The West concession zone was awarded to
Benpres Holdings of the Lopez Group of Companies together with
its international partner, Lyonnaise des Eaux (France). This conces-
sionaire became known as Maynilad Water Services (MWSI).
Both MWCI and MWSI took very different approaches to resolving
the problem of NRW following privatisation. MWCI emphasized on
building relationships with communities that were pilfering its water
with the objective of encouraging them to sign up instead for autho-
rized water connections. It also set up a two-track program aimed at
reducing NRW through:
(i) commercial oversight to address under-metering, illegal con-
nections, and unbilled accounts; and
(ii) technical solutions to fx physical defects, including mainline
leaks and pipe bursts, in the system. MWSI, on the other hand, was
Leaky Excuses
Why Asias Urban Water
Management Needs to Step Up
Water leakages and illegal theft continue to plague water companies in Asia, even when
water is scarce. Yet certain utilities are overcoming the odds and achieving non-revenue
water rates of just 6%. A report from the Asian Development Bank reveals how and
WWi picks three example utilities to share as best practise.
Figure 1. Water Service Connections and Non-Revenue Water, 1998-2008, Manilla
(as reported by Manila Water Company, Inc. and Maynilad Water Services, Inc.)
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
MWCI
100
80
60
40
20
0
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
MWSI
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Service connections in 1,00 % Non-revenue water
29
not able to make any dent in NRW. The Asian fnancial crisis and
the huge increase in peso-denominated concession fees that MWSI
had to bear gave it serious cash fow problems. The company also
found out during its second year of operations that there were close
to 2,000 km of pipe infrastructure not included in the original MWSS
inventory for the West concession zone and these had to be rehabili-
tated. For MWSI, 70% of NRW was due to physical problems (leaks,
water bursts, and others), and only 30% was due to pilferage and
wrong billing.
In MWCIs case, addressing the physical defects of the water net-
work was less complicated than dealing with the problems of illegal
connections and under metering, which were linked
to human behavior. While replacing rusty under-
ground pipes was a major undertaking that could
be capital intensive, it was seen as a fairly straight-
forward job as opposed to dealing with pilferage.
To repair leaking pipes in the networks, MWCI
took advantage of technology provided by its in-
ternational partners. It began to clean underground
pipes without digging them up unless it was ab-
solutely necessary. This initially involved the use of
grinding technology to clean the interior of existing
steel pipes while they remained underground and
coating these with an interior layer of liquefed PVC
that would harden, effectively sealing leaks.
However, the existing pipe network was in far
worse shape than expected and actual pipe re-
placement became the norm. Over 19982008,
pipe replacement projects were estimated to have
saved about 482,000 m
3
per day of water that
would have otherwise been lost through leaks.
To improve on equipment performance and en-
sure that pipes are aligned properly, MWCI invested
in laser alignment, thermal imaging, and vibration
analysis technology to lessen mistakes in pipe-lay-
ing and improve on leak detection. A pump refur-
bishment program by MWCI has improved pump
effciency from 79% to 84%, reducing power con-
sumption by 5% across the system.
The leading premise behind the low bids during
the initial phase of the privatization of MWSS water
services was the private operators belief that they
could bring down NRW and translate this into billed
volume and revenue. MWCI and the old MWSI had
different approaches to this concern.
While both started with technical solutions
including re-metering, pipe-laying, and pipe re-
placement, MWCI soon realized the importance
of addressing community behavior that was driv-
ing pilferage. This evolved into a feld operations
structure that had direct contact with communities,
where informal leaders helped provide information
about pipe bursts, leaks, and water outages.
PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA
AN EXAMPLE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
Cambodia is generally well endowed with water
resources. It has a high annual rainfall (up to about
3,000 millimeters [mm] in the highlands), three
major rivers (Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap) with
many tributaries, and excellent sources of groundwater both in terms
of quantity and quality.
Until the late 1960s, urban water services in Phnom Penh were
similar to what then existed in many of its neighboring countries. Many
of the residents of Phnom Penh had an uninterrupted 24-hour water
supply of reasonable quality water.
The situation, however, changed dramatically after the late 1960s
due to considerable political turmoil. This condition continued un-
abated for the next two decades. By the 1980s, the Phnom Penh
Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) was in bad shape institutionally,
technically, fnancially, and in management terms.
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Furthermore, a major problem in 1993 was the substantial losses
due to UFW, which was well over 70%. One of the biggest changes
was to the utilitys institutional culture. During the early 1990s staff
members demoralized, faced with poor governance, below subsis-
tence pay, lack of discipline, absence of any incentives, and pervasive
corruption. Work culture had to be radically changed by enforcing
strict disciplines in a sensitive, fair, and transparent manner.
It started with senior offcers who had to become the role models.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, one of the perks of the job was
employees of PPWSA received free supply of water. This practice
was stopped. Staff members not only had to install meters but also
had to pay their water bills in full, like any other citizen, and within the
stipulated time period. Otherwise, they were treated exactly as those
who were delinquent in paying their water bills.
With its autonomous structure and good management, PPWSA
decided to maximize its income by:
Reducing UFW signifcantly so that the water produced can be sold
to the consumers
Fixing a tariff structure and implementing it fully with a social con-
science
Preparing and continually updating a roster of customers on a regu-
lar basis
Completely restructuring the billing system so that bills can be pro-
duced and delivered on time and in a transparent manner
Improving the bill collection ratio with appropriate incentives and
disincentives for late or nonpayment
Increasing the annual profts of PPWSA by making it increasingly
effcient progressively.
The increase in tariff was very carefully planned. A survey collect-
ing information on how much consumers were paying for water from
private vendors, and what was their likely reaction if the supplier was
replaced by PPWSA. This survey also showed the willingness and
capacity of consumers to pay a higher tariff than what they were
being charged by PPWSA provided they received a signifcantly im-
proved service. In 1994 some 100 PPWSA staff members visited all
houses in the city to record if they were receiving water or not.
The process took one year to complete. The results were revealing.
The survey found that 2,980 households were ostensibly connected
to the system, but were not. They were being billed for phantom water
supply, and surprisingly, many were paying water bills although they
never received any water. In contrast, there were 13,901 customers
who were connected and receiving water, but were not in the list and
thus were not being billed. In effect, they were receiving free water.
Within the 15-year time frame, 19932008, PPWSA increased its
annual water production by 437%, distribution network by 557%,
pressure of the system by 1,260%, and customer base by 662%.
During the same period, it reduced UFW losses from 72% of treat-
ed water produced in 1993 to only 6.19% in 2008. By judicious use
of incentives and sanctions for its staff with transparent policies that
were consistently implemented, and a strong and determined focus
on capacity building for its staff, the number of accounts served per
employee increased by 671% during the same period.
Phnom Penh has proved that excuses cannot be made when it
comes to not providing adequate water supply. Many reasons are
given by water utility managers and politicians as to why clean water
cannot be provided to urban centres in developing nations. These
include water scarcity, lack of investment, inability of the poor to pay
for water and expertise.
The ADB says all of these are mere excuses to hide the real and
fundamental reason for this shortcomingpoor leadership and gov-
ernance practices of the urban water sector. Phnom Penh has very
clearly shown how it can be achieved under the most diffcult circum-
stances, and in less than 10 years.
JAMSHEDPUR, INDIA
Jamshedpur is located in the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand,
India. It is one of the countrys oldest and largest industrial towns. The
city owes its origins to Jamset Nusserwan Tatas vision of setting up
Indias frst private iron and steel company, Tata Iron and Steel Com-
pany (currently known as Tata Steel).
JUSCO is legislatively responsible for providing water and waste-
water services over an area of 64 km
2
(which is also referred to as
the lease area) in Jamshedpur. It supplies water to a population of
approximately 700,000 through more than 48,000 direct water con-
nections in a distribution network of 550 km.
Another of JUSCOs signifcant achievements is its reduction of
NRW from 36.0% to 9.9% during FY2005FY2009 (Figure 4). JUS-
CO recognizes the need to constantly reduce NRW to cut wastage
and increase revenue. It diligently manages its potable water distri-
bution networks through fow management, leakage detection, and
proactive network maintenance.
JUSCOs NRW reduction program includes installation of DMA
(district metering areas) meters and consumer meters, disconnecting
illegal connections to convert them to authorized connections, and
monitoring the number of leakages per month. The city is divided into
74 DMAs for effective management through better problem identif-
cation, service delivery, and resource conservation. To monitor fows
in the distribution network, 124 electromagnetic meters have been
installed, which log data at 15-minute intervals in distribution mains
and 10-minute intervals in rising mains.
NRW is calculated, monitored, and reported on a monthly basis.
The NRW program aims to focus on addressing leakages and illegal
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
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6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
U
F
W

a
s

a

%

o
f

w
a
t
e
r

s
u
p
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l
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Figure 2. Unaccounted-for-Water,
Phnom Penh 1993 2008
he same period, itt rrred eddd ed ed educ uc c uc uc uuc uc d ed eed ed ed ed ed UUUUUUUUFW FW FW FW FW FW FW FW FWlllllloos os osses from 72% of t
roduced in 1993 to only 6 19%in 2008 By judicious
Figure 3. Distribution of Annual Operation Expenses
Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority
Chemicals
for water
treatment,
10.73%
Administrative
expenses,
5.91%
Maintenance of
vehicle and
machinery,
0.97%
Maintenance of
product facility
distribution network,
5.08%
Allowances,
11.54%
Wages,
4.41%
Salary,
16.21%
Training,
0.19%
31
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connections, which are the two key areas of water losses.
JUSCO resolves pipe breaks within three days. Leak detection
equipment helps detect the exact location of leakages and identifes
underground leakages. Proactive leak detection is carried out regu-
larly by way of walk-through surveys along the network, using leak
detection equipment.
The Minimum Night Flow as a technique has been introduced
to identify physical water losses. If Minimum Night Flow in a DMA
comprising close to 1,0001,500 connections is in the range of 56
kiloliter per hour (kl/hr), then the chances of losses through leakages
are close to zero. JUSCO has implemented this in all supply areas
where regular monitoring takes place.
While leakages are monitored daily and reported weekly, reac-
tive leak detection is carried out through complaints logged at the
JUSCO Sahyog Kendra, JUSCOs 24-hour call center. These efforts
have led to a decline in the number of leakages.
JUSCO also initiated a major disconnection drive to reduce illegal
connections. Illegal connections are disconnected, and consumers are
forced to pay a fne and get authorized connections. If the entire area
is taking water illegally, then new networks are laid down to provide au-
thorized consumption under the peopleprivate partnership program.
ADB says that Jamshedpur presents an inspiring example of an
integrated urban water management that has eluded a number of
Indian and Asian cities. There is scope for other utilities across India
and other developing countries to adopt and adapt several of the
actions taken by JUSCO. While it has some way to go to fully at-
tain global standards (given that only about 25% of its customers
received continuous water supply in 2009), JUSCOs frst fve years
have been transformational. WWi
Authors note: Information for this article has been taken from
the Asian Development Banks report: Good Practices in Urban
Water Management: Decoding Good Practices for a Success-
ful Future. The study is the result of a research initiative titled
Case Studies of Good Practices for Urban Water Management
in Asia, undertaken by the Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan
Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore,
through a Letter of Agreement between the school and the
Asian development Bank (ADB). For more information on the
study, please visit: www.adb.org Enquiry No. 104
Figure 4. Improvement in Non-Revenue
Water Jamshedpur, India
40
30
20
10
0
N
o
n
-
r
e
v
e
n
u
e

(
%
)
36
16.5
13.9
11.5
9.9
FY2005 FY2006 FY 2007 FY2008 FY 2009
Figure 5. Decline in Pipe Breaks - Jamshedpur, India
FY2005 FY2006 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

b
r
e
a
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4.0
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Stormwater Management
32
S
outh Koreas extraordinary economic success story has
co-existed with one of the worlds most signifcant wa-
ter challenges. This mountainous countrys monsoon
climate delivers a years rain in three months, followed
by an intense, extended drought. Naturally, both water
resources and stormwater management are high on the govern-
ments list of priorities.
The most recent example of South Koreas water management
strategy has seen Professor Mooyoung Han at work on Kido Island,
one of the thousands of tiny islands that dot the south west coast of
Korea, overseeing installation of rain tanks that will capture the scarce
rainfall and use it for drinking water.
The four cubic meter capacity rainwater tanks have been installed
at each of the islands nine houses, he explains, and also at the
church. In the city, this water is good for non-drinking purposes it
saves on water rates and the energy for water supply. In the islands it
is the only and best drinking water.
Professor Han is the principal global proponent of rainwater har-
vesting, and explains that it is a clean, natural source that requires
minimal treatment before use usually for irrigation, but in this in-
stance directly for drinking. Most of all, it is free of charge.
What the rainwater harvesting system is doing on the island is pro-
viding an alternative to the only other option, desalination, which the
government had been proposing. Although a long time ago people
depended on rainwater, and remember drinking it when they were
young, we have moved to other types of supply, often from far away.
Now the island people think they are in heaven the groundwater
they were using is very salty, and they had to drink it and use it for
washing, but small particles and high Total Dissolved Solids remain
that you cannot drink. The water supply was terrible.
Rainwater is collected from the rooftops via gutters, which divert
fows to a sedimentation tank. This in turn connects via piping to the
rainwater tanks, installed below ground. In the sedimentation tank
a 500 micron flter strains particles from the water, and the rainwa-
ter tank itself works as a sedimentation basin. It is pumped inside
the home and it is used directly for non-drinking purposes, and UV
treatment is applied for drinking
water. It is an ingenious, decen-
tralized solution to a pressing lo-
cal issue.
Such a modest system is
making a real difference to a tiny
group of islanders. The mayor
of the county is planning to pro-
mote rainwater harvesting to all
the 1004 islands in Shinan Coun-
ty for the welfare of the islanders
and as a tourist attraction. How-
ever, it is just the latest element
in a remarkable story that started
with an ambitious rainwater har-
vesting project in Star City which
neatly resolved food, drought
and stormwater management
issues.
Professor Han remembers:
In Star City some very high
rise apartments were planned,
and during the design stage a
baseball playground at the uni-
versity got fooded this is a
food-prone area - so the govern-
ment was afraid the new building
South Korea
A Shining Star in Rainwater Harvesting
With monsoon and drought conditions in quick succession, South Korea has learned the
hard way to fully harvest rainwater on a commercial scale for non-potable applications.
WWi looks at why the major cities of Daegu and Busan are following in the footsteps of an
ambitious project that started in Star City.
A monsoon climate can deliver a years worth of rain in three months in South Korea
33
would cause more runoff and more fooding.
The construction company was asked to install a rainwater
tank, but did not want to pay the cost. Professor Han says: I
came between, and asked the government for the authority to
give more incentive to allow them to build more foor space.
I brought the idea to the construction company, if you make a
tank you will get more foor space and you can sell more apart-
ments the condition is that you have to make a very good
design. They invited me, and I designed it.
Three storeys of below-ground parking were planned for the
development. Professor Han asked the construction company
if it would be possible to add an extra below-ground level to
Building B, for use as a rainwater tank, to which the company
agreed. The tank was 1500 m
2
in area, with a depth of 2 m,
creating a 3000 m
3
capacity tank. This was divided into three
separate units, each with 1000 m
3
capacity.
The frst tank was for food control if there is heavy rain in the city
we can order them to empty the frst tank, which means we have a
1000 m
3
facility for food control, it is designed to retain the frst 100
mm rainfall, Professor Han explains. The second tank is used for
irrigating the very nice central garden and public toilets. The third tank
is always full of fresh water for emergencies if a water pipe breaks,
they can survive for fve to ten days. If there is a fre, the frefghters
can use this water.
The residents only pay 20c a month for their water supply per
housing unit, Professor Han says, which naturally makes them
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very happy, as does the prospect of not being fooded. The
frst tank is for others, the second is for the residents, the third is
for all of us, he explains. Everybody is happy. As it is chlorine
free, the plants and grass are happy too. I op-
erated the system and collected data for a
year in 2008, and found I can save 40,000 m
3
of water a year. It also reduced pump energy by
10,000kWh per year, which will make people on
small islands happy because climate change is
causing the seas to rise.
Professor Han refers to the development of
the waffe theory. He explains: Star City is one
cell of the waffe. If each cell has this system, the
whole city can make everyone happy. The whole
city is the sum of many waffe cells. If it operates
in other cities, the whole country is happy and
if other countries follow, the whole world will be
happy. This is the frst step toward world peace,
because it is said that in the 21st century there will
be war caused by water.
Certainly, the government was convinced by
Star City, and created regulations incorporating
rainwater harvesting/stormwater management
systems into new buildings. To date, 59 cities
throughout the country have followed suit, largely
thanks to Professor Hans tireless campaigning,
including the capital, Seoul, and the major cities
of Incheon, Kwangju, Busan, Daejeon and Dae-
gu. These rain cities have now received the backing of legislation in
the form of a Water Reuse Law that means all new large and public
buildings must incorporate rainwater harvesting systems.
Professor Han collected data from the rainwater harvesting systems in 2008 and found that
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Existing houses can receive a subsidy towards individual systems,
and new houses and apartments must also install rainwater tanks.
However, Professor Han notes that in existing apartment buildings it
is not easy to retrospectively install a rainwater harvesting system. In
order to gain public acceptance and support, he is planning a dem-
onstration project in an existing building, working with a designer to
incorporate the rainwater tank to make it a monument or art work in
a street or house. Professor Han has also taken his campaign over-
seas, and systems have been successfully installed in Vietnam and
Indonesia.
Rain cities have been
backed by a Water Re-
use Law requiring large
public buildings to have
rainwater harvesting
He believes rainwater harvesting is the best
answer to the sort of problems that South Ko-
rea is facing. I guarantee it is very clean. It has
zero mileage. There is no concern about emerg-
ing contaminants, such as micropollutants. He
strongly believes that rainwater harvesting can
provide a decentralized solution for water re-
source issues, which also happily eliminates the
runoff from rooftops that forms a signifcant ele-
ment of fooding.
He also believes rainwater could be used
more widely for potable purposes, but notes that
he doesnt want to fght against the authorities in
charge of urban water utilities, who use the rain-
water for irrigation. But if you come to the island,
this is the best quality water to drink, needing just
sedimentation and fnal disinfection.
From his experience in promoting rainwater to
society, Professor Han developed an innovative
idea - that for the city of the future, it is necessary
to train the citizens of the city of the future. Dr Lee
Hakryul, the mayor of Goseung City, helped him
to realise this vision. For the World Dinosaur Expo,
held in Goseung earlier this year, he created the
slogan Raindrops say hello to dinosaurs, high-
lighting the fact that dinosaurs became extinct
due to the failure of climate change adaptation.
Human beings should be aware of the im-
portance of climate change adaptation, for which
the biggest concern is rainwater management,
Professor Han notes.
The dinosaur and rainwater education cam-
paign was a great success, with 1.8 million visi-
tors over the 73 days of the expo. The expo site
itself is a rainwater classroom that collects rain-
water from the rooftop and uses it for toilet fush-
ing, as a rainwater curtain and rainwater waterfall.
The exhibition itself was created with the intention of demonstrat-
ing the importance of rainwater management. In the rainwater mu-
seum, children learned that rainwater is money it uses less energy
- and were shown indigenous wisdom about coping with rainwater,
impressions they will take into their future lives.
At the IWA Busan World Water Congress in September 2012,
Professor Han and Dr Lee Hakryul will receive an IWA 2012 Project
Innovation Award in the feld of Marketing and Communication for
their work, whose slogan is Rainwater Revolution: from drain city
to rain city by training brain citizens. WWi Enquiry No. 105
36
Sludge Management
36
T
he quantity of sewage sludge, an
inevitable by-product of wastewater
treatment, is increasing worldwide.
This rise is fuelled by a combination
of a growing and increasingly urban-
ized population especially in Far East Asia, and
increasingly strict environmental legislation. Once treated, sewage
sludge becomes a valuable source of nutrients, known as biosolids,
which is used in a number of outlets. Numerous studies have shown
that the use of biosolids as a fertilizer on agricultural land to exploit
its nutrient and other valuable soil conditioning properties is the most
environmentally sustainable and appropriate use for the product.
However, there are a number of instances where land application
of biosolids in this way is not an available option. These instances
may include: legislation preventing its use; high population density
coupled with low land availability; presence of organic or metal con-
taminants, and public perception issues resulting in alternative outlets
to minimize business risk. In these instances, biosolids are typically
used in various energy recovery systems to take advantage of their
inherent energy content, which for dried biosolids, is equivalent to
lignite.
Energy recovery systems may include: incineration; co-fring; gas-
ifcation; pyrolysis or super- and sub-critical wet air oxidation. How-
ever, the quantity of energy which can be recovered is a function of
the type of sludge and treatment it receives on the sewage treatment
works.
Prior to energy recovery, energy can be extracted from sludge
upstream by processing it via anaerobic digestion. This produces a
methane-enriched biogas which can be converted to electricity and
heat using co-generation, or converted into biomethane which acts
as a substitute for natural gas. Typically, anaerobic digestion of 10,000
(TDSA) dry solids per annum (based on European data) produces be-
tween 0.5 and 1.0 MW electricity depending on sludge type.
In addition, a number of pre-treatment processes can be used in
conjunction with anaerobic digestion to further enhance energy re-
covery from biogas. A popular well-established process is known as
thermal hydrolysis. Thermal hydrolysis is a two-stage process com-
bining pressure cooking followed by a rapid decompression. This
combined action sterilizes the sludge and makes it more biodegrad-
able which improves digestion performance. Sterilization destroys
pathogens in the sludge resulting in it exceeding the most stringent
requirements for land application.
In addition, thermal treatment adjusts the rheology to such an
extent that loading rates to municipal sewage sludge anaerobic di-
gesters can be doubled, and also dewaterability of the sludge is sig-
nifcantly improved. The frst full-scale application of this process for
sewage sludge was for the city of Hias in Norway provided by Cambi.
Since then, there have been over 30 additional installations globally.
Thermal hydrolysis was central to the implementation of UK water
company United Utilities sludge strategy, which was announced in
2009. The strategy was based on providing maximum fexibility by
enabling a combination of biosolids recycling to land or burning for
energy recovery or both depending on fuctuating current and future
drivers and legislation.
In order to execute the strategy, a thermal hydrolysis plant (at the
time, the worlds largest) was installed at Davyhulme, Manchester.
Davyhulme is one of several anaerobic treatment plants which feed
an 80 km pipeline initially installed to pump sludge across the region
before it was loaded into ships and ultimately disposed at sea before
that outlet was banned in 1998.
In response to the ban, United Utilities built the Mersey Valley Pro-
cessing Centre (MVPC) on the pipeline which involved dewatering (of
the piped liquid digested sludge) followed by land application or incin-
eration. United Utilities built on this capability, formulating a strategy
Thermal Hydrolysis:
The Missing Ingredient for Better
Biosolids?
One of the worlds largest facilities
in Davyhulme is proving the impor-
tance of thermal hydrolysis technol-
ogy combined with digestion prior
to sludge incineration. Bill Barber,
Rick Lancaster and Harald Kleiven
discuss reasons for the technology
choice and results from an energy
study measuring inputs and outputs.
Thermal Hydrolysis Plant at Davyhulme with installed capacity of 121,000
tonnes dry solids per year. [Photo courtesy Cambi]
37
Sludge Management
in 2002 to reduce its reliance on land application from 70% to 40%
partly by upgrading capacity at the MVPC in response to increasing
pressures on land recycling. The facilitys capacity was increased from
approximately 30,000 tonnes dry solids per annum (TDSA) to 75,000
digested TDSA. In addition, a new raw sludge incineration plant was
planned for Lancashire to treat 52,000 TDSA of raw sludge which was
previously limed.
During the implementation of this strategy extensive work by the
project team and fuctuating drivers started to question the necessity
of the second incineration plant. Burning raw sludge (assumed better
due to higher calorifc value) required signifcant contingency arrange-
ments to be put in place during planned statutory shutdowns. This
was due to the need to manage the sludge via recycling on an inter-
mittent basis. In addition, a growing awareness of the energy potential
in the sludge and the associated carbon footprint benefts was being
gained by United Utilities.
The project team completed detailed mass and energy balances to
articulate the advantages of frst anaerobically digesting the biosolids
prior to burning with respect to energy recovery, contingency planning
and carbon footprint. Although the digested biosolids would generate
less energy at the incineration plant, work showed that more energy
would be recovered in the overall system when combined with the
energy generated from biogas in the digestion facility.
In addition, the incineration throughput is reduced, allowing the
strategy to be delivered by the delivery of the MVPC improvements.
After detailed analysis of a number of variations of digestion followed
by incineration, it was decided that a combination of thermal hydroly-
sis followed by digestion followed by incineration was the most sus-
tainable option.
Ideally, this would be achieved by maximizing use of existing assets.
Therefore, studies were conducted to determine if the existing diges-
tion facility in Davyhulme could take the additional load of Lancashire
sludge. Laboratory experimentation was undertaken to investigate the
impact of thermal hydrolysis on dewatering and calorifc value prior to
energy recovery.
Studies showed that the calorifc value of thermally hydrolysed and
digested sludge was actually higher than sludge, which was only di-
gested and this was due to the signifcant improvement in dewater-
ability.
The additional energy in the sludge meant that the existing incin-
erator could burn more sludge than it was originally designed for. As
thermal hydrolysis affords a doubling in digestion throughput it was
possible to feed all the Lancashire sludge into the Davyhulme plant
without the need for additional digestion infrastructure.
As a result, in 2009, a contract was awarded to Black and Veatch
for the installation of a Cambi thermal hydrolysis plant capable of
treating an average feed of 91,000 TDSA (approximately 52,000 from
Lancashire plus 39,000 from Davyhulme) with an installed capacity of
121,000 TDSA.
The contract includes installation of new co-generation engines
and refurbishment work to the energy plant, which now has an in-
stalled capacity of approximately 12MWe. A new dewatering plant,
based on centrifuges allows dewatering and recycling as an enhanced
treated pathogen-free cake from Davyhulme.
Alternatively, the digested liquid can be pumped in the pipeline as
before to the MVPC where it can be dewatered and recycled as a
standard treated biosolids cake (quality downgraded due to coming
into contact with digested sludge from other facilities attached to the
pipeline), or burnt in the existing incineration facility. These outlets are
not mutually exclusive. The two processes treat approximately 60% of
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38
Sludge Management
the sludge produced by the seven million people who live in the North
West of England. The project was found to:
Reduce carbon footprint from existing scenario
Maximize existing asset use
Signifcantly increase renewable energy generation
Improve biosolids quality enabling land recycling to new outlets
Minimize incineration requirements
Enable maximum fexibility
The construction work at the Davyhulme facility and the seven
dewatered sludge cake feeder sites spread across the North West
of England has been completed. The Thermal Hydrolysis process is
due to be commissioned on sludge in October 2012.
Commissioning will be sectional as there are four streams of Ther-
mal Hydrolysis at Davyhulme, each capable of processing 30,000
TDSA.
The project above has highlighted the importance of thermal hy-
drolysis combined with digestion prior to incineration, but a number
of other variations are possible.
A study was conducted based on some of the fndings at Davy-
hulme to measure the major energy inputs and outputs of the fol-
lowing variations where process steps are either included (green) or
excluded (purple), seen in fgure 1 below. The baseline for calculation
was 10,000 tonnes dry solids processed per year.
The main energy fows are also shown in the Figure 2 below. In
order to appreciate the total energy requirements, it is necessary to
compare the difference between energy recovered and consumed,
i.e. the difference between the frst and second of each pair of bars in
the chart. This data is shown below.
Looking at the fgures, when recovering energy from dewatered
cake, overall energy recovery is far better when anaerobic digestion is
included in spite of the cake having lower calorifc val-
ue. This is due to the higher energy recovery effciency
during cogeneration than compared with burning.
Although the use of thermal hydrolysis with anaer-
obic digestion increases energy demand compared
with use of anaerobic digestion alone (Davyhulme
scenario), the net energy balance is similar due to
increased energy generation in the energy recovery
plant as a result of superior dewaterability.
When considering options involving drying (Op-
tions 4, 5 and 6) anaerobic digestion signifcantly en-
hances the energy balance compared to when diges-
tion is absent (Option 4).
In that case, the energy balance is lower than
-1 MW consumed per 10,000 tonnes dry solids of
sludge processed. If drying is considered prior to en-
ergy recovery off-site, installation of thermal hydrolysis
results in the most favourable energy balance.
Although energy consumption is higher compared
to digestion alone, the drying requirements are fun-
damentally reduced. This is due to a combination of
enhanced digestion performance (less quantity to
dry) compared to better dewaterability (less water to
evaporate).
In this instance, installation of thermal hydrolysis re-
duces dryer energy demands by half when compared
to anaerobic digestion where thermal hydrolysis is ab-
sent, and by two thirds when no anaerobic digestion
is considered. WWi

Author note: Bill Barber is formerly of United Utili-
ties, Rick Lancaster is the sludge balanced asset
programme operational readiness manager of United
Utilities and Harald Kleiven is from Cambi.
Enquiry No. 106
1
2
3
4
5
6
Thermal
hydrolysis
Option Digestion Dewatering Drying Energy
recovery
Figure 1.
Green = thermal hydrolysis
Purlpe = dewatering
Yellow = drying.
Figure 2.
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
E
n
e
r
g
y

(
M
W
)
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6
Energy inputs and outputs for options considered.
Energy generated (frst of each pair of bars)
Drk. blue = from energy recovery
Lt. blue = from anaerobic digestion
Energy consumed (second of each pair
of bars)
Energy
generated
Energy
consumed
Net energy
balance
Net energy balance for options considered
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Figure 3.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Options
E
n
e
r
g
y

[
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40
Sludge Treatment
40
T
he volume of organic wastes that need to be treated in
the UK is growing due to an increasing population and
more stringent regulations designed to reduce organic
wastes being sent to landfll. Consequently, it is impor-
tant that growth in the organic waste treatment industry is
promoted. As in other areas, there is also increasing momentum be-
hind making the best use of the resources we currently throw away.
Defras Waste Review (June 2011) identifed that, for the treatment
of food waste, Anaerobic Digestion (AD) offers the greatest environ-
mental beneft of any treatment option. Making household and busi-
ness waste available for digestion by segregating the organic frac-
tion at source also increases the value of other recyclables in the
waste stream by removing sources of contamination.
In addition to the 16 million tonnes of food we throw away each
year, organic waste comes from two other sources. These are ag-
ricultural wastes, such as slurries and manures (around 90 million
tonnes in the UK in 2008), and sewage sludge (around 1-2 million
tonnes dry weight). Most sludge (60% - 65%) is treated in sludge
treatment centres located at wastewater treatment works, and gov-
erned by one of ten Water and Sewerage Companies (WaSCs). Oth-
er organic wastes tend to be treated by a large number of companies
and farms of various sizes and structures.
The Offce of Fair Trade (OFT) Market Study, commissioned by
water services regulator Ofwat, identifed that Ofwat regulations were
inhibiting competition in sludge treatment between water companies.
This was as well as reducing the likelihood of water companies and
other waste companies becoming involved in wider organic waste
treatment.
The OFT has put forward recommendations for Ofwat to review
economic regulations and design a framework that can deal with the
issues that discourage competition and provide WaSCs with a cost
of capital advantage over other waste companies for treating organic
wastes.
GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
Although anaerobic digesters have been a feature of sewage treat-
ment sites for decades, there is a renewed level of energy and inter-
est behind the sector. By using bacteria to break it down, AD is able
to treat organic waste and produce a digested fertiliser as well as
renewable energy, which allows WaSCs to gain access to Govern-
ment incentives for renewable energy generation. In the
fnancial year ending in 2011, 73% of sludge treatment
was through AD and WaSCs obtained a total of 27
million from incentives.
The potential to gain access to Government incen-
tives is also likely to increase with the recent introduc-
tion of the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and the
growing opportunities to develop gas-to-grid injections
as pioneered in the water industry by Didcot Water
Treatment plant. These gas-to-grid injections could be
replicated at large facilities all over the country, resulting
in hundreds of megawatts of power, in the form of gas,
being pumped into the national grid.
From the perspective of the UKs future energy mix,
this is of huge signifcance. While renewable electricity
generation has the greatest prominence, it is often for-
gotten that a third of the UKs fnal energy consumption
is of gas. Decarbonised energy therefore cannot be a
reality without low carbon gas: even with their existing
facilities, water and sewerage companies could be at
the forefront of this energy revolution.
AD has been less commonly employed to treat
other organic material (there are only 72 non-water
AD plants in the UK), with slurries typically spread straight to land
and food waste sent to landfll. However, recent policy developments
have made the sending of organic waste to landfll more diffcult, with
escalating landfll tax creating a strong incentive for local authorities
Co-digestion Charge:
Is Waste Waters New Best Friend?
Anaerobic treatment of wastewater and organic wastes usually take place separately.
Given the similarity of technologies, is co-digestion one way for water utilities to tap into
another valuable resource? Charlotte Morton discusses the potential for competition.
Getting the bug: The OFT says that increased competition beween the
water and solid waste industries could lead to increased effciency. Many
water companies are starting to take advantage of this area. GENeco, a
subsidiary of Wessex Water, operates a biogas-powered VW beetle from
gas generated from its Avonmouth plant
41
Sludge Treatment
and businesses to fnd other treatment op-
tions.
Consequently, waste companies now
have to consider alternative ways of treat-
ing and recovering or disposing of organic
waste.
COMPETITION NEEDED
To date AD plants designed to treat other
organic wastes have typically been built ei-
ther on farm or industrial sites. The sewage
sludge treatment market, as a monopoly for
local water and sewerage companies, exists
in isolation from it. However, the OFT Mar-
ket Study noted that given the similarities in
the technologies and systems used to treat,
and recover or dispose of, sewage sludge
and other organic waste, there is clear po-
tential for competition between suppliers of
treatment for each type of waste.
Competition within and between indus-
tries can be an inexpensive way to increase
Right: Sludge ft for a Kings Lynn: Anglian
Waters advanced digestion facility with a ca-
pacity of 20,000 tpa capacity. The main barrier
the OFT identifed as inhibiting competition or
organic waste are the economic regulations of
Ofwat
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Sludge Treatment
effciency and innovation, providing signicant benets to consumers
through lower prices and better quality of goods and services and/
or greater choice. It could make use of existing assets and locations,
and ensure that waste does not have to be transported long dis-
tances at great carbon and nancial cost.
However, the Market Study observed that currently there is limited
competition between WaSCs to treat sludge, and between WaSCs
and waste companies to treat either sludge or other organic wastes.
The study identied a number reasons for the lack of competi-
tion in the treatment of organic wastes, including differences in envi-
ronmental regulation. This was with there only being limited existing
spare capacity (about 20%) for WaSCs to expand and there being
a need for competition to exist locally as organic wastes can only
be transported short distances (sludge can be transported at most
around 50 km, while for other organic waste the distance which it
can be transported economically depends on the energy potential
of the waste).
However, the main barrier the OFT identied as inhibiting competi-
tion in the treatment of organic waste are the economic regulations
of Ofwat.
REGULATIONS
Under the current regulations, if WaSCs are to carry out an unregu-
lated activity (such as processing other organic wastes) but use their
regulated business assets to carry out these activities, WaSCs are
required to allocate some costs to the unregulated activities or to
charge a transfer price. Stakeholder engagement by the OFT dem-
onstrated that this was perceived as complicated and time-consum-
ing and thus very few WaSCs have undertaken the procedure.
THE AVONMOUTH SOLUTION
A state of the art food waste processing facility that will have
the capacity to receive up to 40,000 tonnes of food waste per
year is now under construction at GENecos 300 million litre per
day Bristol Sewage Treatment works in Avonmouth. The plant will
begin accepting food waste deliveries from autumn 2012.
AD specialist, Monsal had previously upgraded the digestion
plant for sewage sludge using an advanced pre-treatment tech-
nology that now generates 4 MWe from biogas. The process op-
timises the conditions for sewage sludge digestion in two sepa-
rate vessels; thereby optimising gas production and making it one
of the most efcient digestion plants in the country. GENeco has
chosen to build on its digestion expertise by constructing a new
food waste treatment facility.
The latest development will be the rst large scale food waste
treatment facility in the UK located at a sewage works. It will of-
fer supermarkets and other local producers a cost effective and
sustainable solution for treating their packaged and unpackaged
food and catering waste.
The GENeco food waste plant is based on the Monsal tech-
nology platform which is also operational at the Deerdykes plant
for Horizons Environment.
Key facts about the Avonmouth site:
- Sewage sludge capacity PA 40,000 Tonnes Dry solids
- Food Waste capacity PA 40,000 Tonnes Wet solids
- Number of digesters 10
- Renewable power capacity 5.75 MWe.
Ofwats economic regulations also discourage other waste com-
panies from investing in facilities to treat waste other than sewage.
Regulations enable WaSCs to borrow at a lower cost of capital than
is available to waste companies, creating a potential market distor-
tion. Capital costs for WaSCs building new facilities for other organic
waste treatment at sewage treatment centres are also often lower.
Also, planning permission and public agreement easier to obtain
for WaSCs than for other waste companies as the infrastructure
would be built on an already approved site and the public believes
the treatment of sludge is necessary, whereas the treatment of other
organic wastes is considered a business venture. It is therefore vital
for Ofwat to create a balanced regulatory environment to ensure that
competition between water and waste companies is fair.
The OFT Market Study identied changes to economic regulation
as the crux of any package of remedies, if the necessary competi-
tion within, and growth to, the organic waste treatment industry is
to be realised. If Ofwat decides to follow the advice of the OFT and
review economic regulations, WaSCs would be able to look into ex-
panding their facilities to treat other organic wastes as well as sewage
sludge (either separately or co-digested).
This would not only aid the government in reducing waste but
would increase the incentives brought in by the WaSCs as other or-
ganic waste tends to have a higher energy content than sludge, so
generates more biogas.
THE FUTURE
Many water companies have already started to act to unleash their
potential in this area. GENeco, a subsidiary of Wessex Water, oper-
ates a biogas-powered VW beetle from gas generated at its Avon-
mouth plant and Northumbrian Water will commission its second
advanced digestion plant in the summer, on the banks of the Tyne
at Howdon.
A change in Ofwats economic regulation could lead to substantial
growth in the renewable energy generated by water companies. It
could cause a fundamental shift in the relationship between water
and waste companies, and open up huge potential for novel projects
and joint ventures. Organic waste is a hugely valuable resource, and
the UK needs to get the most out of it. Expanding the use of anaero-
bic digestion both inside and outside the water industry is the only
way to do this. WWi
Authors note: Charlotte Morton is chief executive of the
UKs Anaerobic Digestions and Biogas Association (ADBA).
For more information, please visit: www.adbiogas.co.uk.
Enquiry No. 107
Competition within and between
industries can be an inexpensive
way to increase efciency and in-
novation, providing signicant ben-
ets to consumers through lower
prices and better quality of service
Conference and Exhibition

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SERVING THE MARKETS
ESSENTIAL WATER NEEDS
INVITATION TO ATTEND
WaterWorld Middle East returns to Qatar National Convention Centre, Doha, Qatar 4-6 February 2013 with a
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The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is one of the most water-scarce regions in the world. Diminishing natural
water supplies coupled with surging demands ensures that investment for developing water supply is at the forefront of
regional objectives and requirements with GCC countries likely to invest more than $100 billion in the water sector up to
2016, even as the region faces water over consumption with per capital higher than the global average.
Attracting delegates, exhibitors and visitors from over 50 countries across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
and around the world, this high-quality event is set to become the industrys leading platform to meet and network with
senior executive and industry leaders with a dedicated and diverse exhibition foor and multi-track conference.
Attendee opportunities provide the chance to:
Be part of this top quality event that draws interest from high-level decision makers and infuencers
Network with peers and professionals and develop new business contacts
See the latest equipment and technological solutions that promote water sustainability and reuse to help
cope with increasing demand
Join us in Doha, Qatar in February 2013 and celebrate the 2nd annual WaterWorld Middle East conference and exhibition
as the regions leading annual gathering of water industry professionals.
WaterWorld Middle East attracts the top players in the industry and its the single most important
conference where you can network with the movers and shakers to fnd out from the decision makers
where the business is headed. - Robert M. Bryniak, CEO Golden Sands Management Consulting
To register, visit
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Email registration questions to
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For information about participating at
the conference as a speaker or
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44
Industrial Water/Wastewater
44
A
t Heineken Spains brewery in
Seville wastewater generated
is treated in the two Water-
leau designed UASB (Upfow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
reactors. Unfortunately the plant start-up
did not run smoothly and the anaerobic
digesters did not perform as well as ex-
pected - the inoculated sludge developed
an unusual appearance and didnt grow.
Microorganisms involved in the anaero-
bic digestion of wastewater have particular
nutritional requirements. In most wastewa-
ters there is usually more than enough of
certain food components and a defciency
of others.
In the case of breweries, there is usually
an excess of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(carbonaceous compounds), sulphur and
the macronutrients (nitrogen and phos-
phorus). The latter two may have to be
removed by a separate process. There is
often a shortage of others such as minerals and essential trace ele-
ments (micronutrients).
MICRONUTRIENT MIX
The essential trace elements are those elements required as cations
in minute quantities but indispensable to the proper function of the
microorganisms. Sometimes these elements are not present in the
wastewater or they are in a form that is not available to the micro-
organisms. Hence trace element addition is a usual practice for in-
dustrial anaerobic effuent treatment in Europe. A laboratory analysis
of the Heineken brewerys wastewater revealed some indications of
a shortage of micronutrients, which could be related to the process
defciencies encountered. It was proposed that plant performance
could be improved by using a nine micronutrients mix.
Looking for a solution to this problem, Heineken turned to Omex
Environmental (OE), which provides concentrated bio-available so-
lutions of micronutrients called
Nutromex Trace Elements Ad-
ditives (TEA). It was decided to
do a fve month trial in UASB 2
with Nutromex TEA 310, a so-
lution containing complexed
compounds of iron, manganese,
nickel, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum,
copper, boron and selenium.
The anaerobic digester treats
about 3000 m
3
/day of wastewa-
ter at a chemical oxygen demand
(COD) concentration of 3200
mg/L. Following the addition of
Nutromex TEA 310 in February
2010, the digester performance
Heineken Brews Better
Biogas Production with Added Nutrients
Added micronutrient technology helped a brewery in Spain to save costs, enhance biogas
production and stablise digestors after the facility had problems with treatment. A look at
results from applying a solution containing complex compounds of iron and manganese,
among others.
Figure 1. Effciency in COD Removal (%COD Removed)
November December January February March April May June July
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
Effciency in COD Removal
Average Effciency
TEAs Start (1 February 2010)
Average Effciency
After Trial:
87.0%
Average Effciency
Before Trial:
81.3%
continued on p49
46
T
he release from a sanitary landfll consists mainly of leach-
ate, which has become the subject of recent interest as a
heavily polluted wastewater and biogas that can be used
as a resource for energy production.
Leachates are defned as the aqueous effuent gen-
erated as a consequence of rainwater percolation through wastes,
biochemical processes in waste cells and the inherent water content
of the wastes themselves. Leachates may contain large amounts of
organic matter (biodegradable, but also refractory to biodegradation),
where humic-type constituents make up an important group, as well
as ammonia-nitrogen, heavy metals, chlorinated organic and inor-
ganic salts.
The removal of organic material based on Chemical Oxygen De-
mand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and ammonium
from leachate is the usual prerequisite before discharging the leach-
ates into natural waters. Toxicity analysis carried out using various
test organisms (Vibrio fsheri, Daphnia similes, Artemia salina, Brachy-
danio rerio) have confrmed the potential dangers of landfll leach-
ates and the necessity to treat it so as to meet the standards for
discharge in receiving waters.
Year after year, growing recognition of the impact that landfll
leachate has on the environment has forced authorities around the
world to implement increasingly stringent requirements for pollution
control. Today, the use of membrane technologies, more especially
Reverse Osmosis (RO), either as a main step in a landfll leachate
treatment chain or as single post-treatment step has shown to be an
indispensable means of achieving purifcation.
LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS
The two factors characterising a liquid effuent are the volumetric fow
rate and the composition - which in the case of leachate are related.
There are many factors effecting the quality of such leachates, i.e.,
age, precipitation, seasonal weather variation, waste type and com-
position.
In particular, the composition of landfll leachates varies greatly de-
pending on the age of the landfll. Data that summarise the ranges of
leachate composition show that the age of the landfll and thus the
degree of solid waste stabilisation has a signifcant effect on water
characteristics. Values of COD vary from 70,900 mg.L-1 for a leach-
ate sample obtained from the Thessaloniki Greater Area in Greece
to 100 mg.L-1 with a sample from a landfll near Marseille, France
that was over 10 years old. With few exceptions, the pH of leach-
ates lie in the range 5.8 to 8.5, which is due to the biological activity
inside the landfll. It is also important to notice that the majority of Total
Kejeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is ammonia, which can range from 0.2 to
13,000 mg.L-1 of N.
In addition, the ratio of BOD/COD decrease rapidly with the aging
of the landflls from 0.7 to 0.04. This is due to the release of the large
recalcitrant organic molecules from the solid wastes. Consequently,
old landfll leachate is characterised by its low ratio of BOD/COD and
fairly high NH3-N. The existing relation between the age of the landfll
and the composition of the organic matter, may provide a useful cri-
teria to choose a suited treatment process.
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENTS
Conventional landfll leachate treatments can be classifed into three
major groups:
Leachate transfer: recycling and combined treatment with domes-
tic sewage
Biodegradation: aerobic and anaerobic processes
Chemical and physical methods: chemical oxidation, adsorption,
chemical precipitation, coagulation/focculation, sedimentation/
fotation and air stripping.
For many years conventional biological treatments and classical
physico-chemical methods have been considered the most appro-
priate technologies for the manipulation and management of high
strength effuents such as landfll leachates. When, treating young
leachate, biological techniques can yield a reasonable treatment
performance with respect to COD, NH3-N and heavy metals. When
treating stabilised (less biodegradable) leachate, physico-chemical
treatments have been found to be suitable as a refning step for bio-
RO & UF Membranes:
Market Opportunities in Landf ll Leachate?
Membranes are now commonly used in
purifcation and treatment of drinking water and
wastewater. The tightening of regulations
elsewhere on landfll leachate disposal is now
requiring more complicated fltration
techniques. Philippe Moulin addresses how
ultrafltration modules are being applied to the
area, as well as reverse osmosis developments.
Caution: the growing recognitiion of the impact that landfll leachate has
on the environment is forcing utilities to implement increasingly stringent
requirements for pollution control
47
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logically treated leachate, in order to remove organic refractory substances.
With the continuous hardening of the discharge standards in most countries and the ageing
of landfll sites with more and more stabilised leachates, conventional treatments (biological or
physico-chemical) are no longer suffcient to reach the level of purifcation needed to fully reduce
the negative impact of landfll leachates on the environment.
This implies that new treatment alternatives must be proposed. Therefore, in the last 20 years,
more effective treatments based on membrane technology have emerged as a viable treatment
alternative to comply and pending water quality regulations in most countries.
MEMBRANE TREATMENT METHODS
Microfltration (MF), ultrafltration (UF), nanofltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are the main
membrane processes applied in landfll leachates treatment. MF remains interesting each time
that an effective method is required to eliminate colloids and suspended matter. For instance, in
pre-treatment for another membrane process (UF, NF or RO) or in partnership with chemical treat-
ments, but it cannot be used alone.
UF is effective to eliminate the macromolecules and the particles, but it is strongly dependant
on the type of material constituting the membrane. Past studies have suggested that UF might
prove to be effective as a pre-treatment process for reverse osmosis, but the elimination of pollut-
ing substances is never complete (COD between 10% and 75%).
More recently, UF has been applied to biological post-treatment of landfll leachate. Several
hybrid processes such as activated sludge-ultrafltration-chemical oxidation and activated sludge-
ultrafltration-reverse osmosis have been tested. Studies have demonstrated that 50% of the or-
ganic matter could be separated by the UF step alone.
Finally, UF membranes have been successfully used in full scale membrane bioreactor plants
and high treatment levels have been achieved for landfll leachate in such a process.
The combination of membrane separation technology and bioreactors has led to a new focus
on wastewater treatment. It contributes to very compact systems working with a high biomass
concentration and achieving a low sludge production with an excellent effuent quality. However,
few research studies are related to landfll leachate purifcation by membrane bioreactors.
NF technology offers a versatile approach to meet multiple water quality objectives, such as
control of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants. Few studies mention the use of NF to
treat landfll leachates. Nearly 60% to 70% COD and 50% ammonia were removed by NF, whatev-
er the membrane material and geometry (fat, tubular, or spiral wounded), with an average velocity
Pipe dream: UF membranes have been successfully used in full scale membrane bioreactor plants and
high treatment levels have been achieved for landfll leachate in such processes
48
of 3 m.s-1 and a transmembrane pressure between 6 and 30 bars.
However, successful application of membrane technology re-
quires effcient control of membrane fouling. A wide spectrum of
constituents may contribute to membrane fouling in leachates nano-
fltration: dissolved organic and inorganic substances, colloidal and
suspended particles. In particular, natural organic matter fouling has
recently gained interest.
RO seems to be one of the most promising and effcient meth-
ods among the new processes for landfll leachate treatment. In the
past, several studies, performed both at lab and industrial scale, have
demonstrated RO performance on the separation of pollutants from
landfll leachate. Values of the rejection coeffcient referred to COD
parameters and heavy metal concentrations higher than 98% and
99%, respectively.
Back in 1998 one study reported that more than 80% of the total
installed capacity of leachate purifcation by RO used a disc tube (DT)
module. However, two issues have been identifed, and remain today
major drawbacks for the implementation of pressure-driven mem-
brane processes, and particularly RO, to landfll leachate treatment.
Firstly membrane fouling, which requires extensive pre-treatment
or chemical cleaning of the membranes, results in a short lifetime of
the membranes and decreases process productivity. Secondly the
generation of a large volume of concentrate, which is unusable and
has to be discharged or further treated.
DISCUSSION
Developing a suitable treatment strategy for any given landfll site
depends on major criteria, such as the initial leachate quality. The
knowledge of these specifc parameters may help with the selection
of suitable treatment processes for the lowering of organic matter
present in leachate to meet the fnal requirements given by local dis-
charge standards.
Today, the hardening of landfll regulations, controls and manage-
ment hamper an effcient conventional treatment, which appears
under-dimensioned or does not allow the specifcations required by
the legislator to be reached. Now membrane processes, and most
particularly RO, offer the best solution and have been proven to be
a more effcient, adaptable and indispensable means of (a) achieving
full purifcation (rejection rates of 98-99% for RO) and (b) solving the
growing problem of water pollution.
However, landfll leachate RO feasibility is highly conditioned by
the control of concentrate treatment costs and the choice of the feed
pre-treatment mode in order to reduce membrane fouling.
Residue production, which constitutes a capital environmen-
tal concern, still remains a major hurdle since it is usually unusable
and has to be discharged, further treated or landflled. Transport to
an incineration plant equipped for the burning of liquid hazardous
waste remains the preferred option (in spite of many controversies)
but leads to high treatment costs and other possibilities are slowly
gaining importance.
One such option is the solidifcation of residues with different ma-
terials, such as fy ash or sludges from wastewater treatment plants
for disposal on the landfll itself. Another is the controlled reinjection of
the concentrate into changing areas of the landfll.
Methods to reduce the cost of treating residues must be devel-
oped or improved with respect to ecological and economical require-
ments. Moreover, techniques to prevent or control membrane foul-
ing need to be further investigated - such as suitable pre-treatment
choice, modifcations affecting surface membrane roughness or hy-
drophilicity/hydrophobicity, cleaning of membrane surface, etc.
While some research has shown that biological pre-treatments are
often ineffective as RO pre-treatment, lime precipitation does appear
a promising option for the pretreatment of RO membranes and the
removal of colloidal particles and organic macromolecules that are
the principal RO foulants of landfll leachates.
Although lime precipitation is traditionally used to eliminate the
temporary hardness of the
water by decarbonation, it has
been shown by a number of
studies focusing mainly on
underground or surface wa-
ter treatment to be able of
removing by co-precipitation
certain high molecular weight
organic molecules such as
humic and fulvic acids. As
these are responsible for ir-
reversible membrane fouling,
the may be a solution for land-
fll leachate treatment using
RO.
Year on year authorities
have imposed more and more
stringent requirements for pol-
Right: A leachate treatment
plant developed by TECAM at
the Terzigno tip in the Italian
province of Naples. The system
is made up of fve sections
of treatment: a low power
consumption under-vacuum
evaporator, two reverse osmo-
sis plants, a chlorination plant
and an active carbon plant.
49
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resistance giving a service
life of up to 50 years
Applications:
Drinking water, wastewater
& sewage, effluent storage
& processing, mining water,
leachate storage, desalination,
dry bulk storage, renewable
energy biogas production/AD
and slurry storage to name a
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lution control. Even by combining biological and physico/chemical
processes, only partial destruction of contaminants will be achieved.
Due to the so called hard COD, new regulations will not be reached.
In recent years, membrane fltration has emerged as a viable treat-
ment alternative to comply with existing and pending water quality
regulations. WWi
Authors note: Philippe Moulin is from the Laboratory of Me-
chanics and Acoustics at Aix Marseille Universit. Co-au-
thors of the article include E. Carretier, J.P. Bonnet, Y. Wy-
art B. Marrot. For more information, please email: philippe.
moulin@univ-amu.fr
Credit: TECAM
The system studied from TECAMs Technical Sales Engineers on
the base of leachates parameters of young landflls of Campania
evaluating the relation between costs and benefts of investment
is able to reduce until to 10% the leachate volume, producing an
amount of dischargeable water until to 90% of the matter introduced.
Enquiry No. 108
started to improve within one months use. Daily fgures of several
performance parameters were recorded and studied three months
prior to the use of TEAs and fve months afterwards.
Before dosing TEAs, the COD removal effciency varied from 70%
(even as low as 55%) to 95% whereas when using TEAs the eff-
ciency was much more stable. In addition to this, the average COD
removal effciency increased from 81.3 % to 87%, although the COD
load was about 8% higher from February onwards.
More COD removed in the digester leads to more biogas pro-
duction, which actually increased by 27% on average. Apart from
that, sludge activity improved with the dosing of TEAs, as the specifc
biogas production (amount of biogas produced per kg. of COD re-
moved) rose by 13%. This means that the greater volume of biogas
produced was due to the improved COD conversion into biogas, but
there was also a higher COD load at the same time.
The amount of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by the digester
decreased in the TEAs trial, which could be directly related to the
increased biogas production and the improved sludge activity. VFAs
out of the reactor were rather unstable prior to the TEAs addition.
COST SAVINGS
VFA concentrations could easily vary from 10 mg/L to 350 mg/l - a
rather high concentration. However, after approximately one month,
VFAs levels started stabilise around a concentration of 35 mg/L. The
average VFA out concentration dropped about 88% - from 91.5
mg/L (before TEAs) to 48.6 mg/L. With greater methanogenesis,
biogas production improved allowing a greater saving in the costs of
running the brewery boilers.
The new nutrient solution also heralded an improvement in sus-
pended solid removal, which decreased by around 16% while the
sludge grew considerably - in the fve months of the trial it increased
from about 16,000 kg to 23,000kg.
Clearly, in general, the majority of the plants performance parame-
ters were positively infuenced by the micronutrient mix addition while
the major benefts associated with the change have helped improved
digester stability and increased biogas production, yielding signifcant
savings for Heineken Seville. WWi Enquiry No. 109
continued from p44
50
International Show Preview WEFTEC
50
N
utrient removal and recovery will be among the impor-
tant topics discussed at this years WEFTEC confer-
ence, set for Sept 30 to Oct 3 in New Orleans. Across
the country, and especially in key watersheds, utilities
are being challenged to meet increasingly stringent
nutrient limits for wastewater discharges. At the same time, there is
a growing interest in recovering nutrients from wastewater, especially
phosphorus.
Ana Pena-Tijerian from the City of Fort Worth, TX, and Rajendra
Bhattarai from the city of Austin, will discuss the challenges theyve
faced in trying to help develop nutrient criteria for the state of Texas.
Their paper, The Texas Two-Step: Developing the Numeric Nutri-
ent Criteria for the Second Largest State in the U.S, will discuss the
challenges, and frustration, they have experienced as theyve worked
through this process.
Bhattarai says a dance has been going on between USEPA and
the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), with EPA
insisting on strict numeric criteria for total nitrogen and total phospho-
rus, while Texas has put forward surrogate criteria as an alternative. In
2010, TECQ submitted criteria for 75 major reservoirs in the state but
they have yet to be approved by EPA.
We realize that what we are seeing here in Texas is not really any
different from what other states are seeing or facing. The challenges
are the same, says Pena-Tijerian. The reason for this paper was
to make the point that we have a common problem here. The chal-
lenges are basically the same, and maybe we can work together to
solve these issues.
One major challenge has been the low numeric levels sought by
EPA, which would be diffcult and expensive to achieve with current
technologies, Pena-Tijerian adds.
Most of the wastewater treatment plants here in Texas are smaller
than 10 mgd, so having to install the technologies needed to achieve
those very low numeric criteria is just not possible, she says.
Stephanie Sansom, a supervising engineer at MWH, will present
a paper that highlights the challenges faced by utilities trying to meet
low numeric criteria. Her paper, TN and TP - How Low is Low and
How Do We Get There? highlights a series of treatment plant proj-
ects designed to tackle low nutrient levels.
In one example pilot project in Florida, the treatment facility faced
two different phosphorus limits -- 0.27 mg/l for reuse in wetlands
applications and a very tough 0.005 mg/l for discharge to Class 3
Outstanding Florida Waters. The pilot project used MBR, chemical
addition for additional phosphorus precipitation, followed by reverse
osmosis and then advanced oxidation processes, Sansom says.
The point of that plant wasnt to look at the various technologies,
it was really seeing if we could actually get to that (0.005 mg/l) level
by throwing everything at it, Sansom adds. We could achieve the
.27 level, but we could not achieve the .005. We came close. We got
down to point .007 on one or two samples.
The facilities in her study were all discharging to sensitive water
bodies and had limits that went beyond those imposed by US EPA.
We found that MBR systems can remove dissolved phosphorus
after chemical addition. Ultrafltration has been successful at reject-
ing particulate sections of phosphorus and that can be enhanced by
chemical addition, and then reverse osmosis has various rejections,
Sansom adds.
Still, few treatment facilities would be willing or necessarily able
to install an RO system to achieve extremely low nutrient levels, she
says. For every additional point or additional .5 of phosphorus or
nitrogen, you have to consider how much additional energy does
it cost, how much additional chemicals, Sansom says. Obviously,
there is a limit not only on technology but what treatment plants are
willing to spend on capital and operational expenditures. And you
have to ask, at what point does the technology or operational require-
ments outweigh the sustainability of the plant?
NUTRIENT RECOVERY
While utilities are struggling to meet or prepare for tighter nutrient
limits, there is a growing interest in resource recovery in the wastewa-
ter treatment industry. Recovering nutrients for reuse can help pre-
serve resources and also potentially help offset the cost of treatment,
says Dr. James Barnard of Black & Veatch.
Barnard will present a paper entitled State-of-the-art Recovery Of
Phosphorus From Wastewater. The paper will examine both biologi-
cal and chemical recovery system and look at work underway in the
US and abroad.
Barnard is recognized for his development of biological nutrient
removal processes. He says phosphorus is a limited resource and
will grow in value in the years ahead. While chemical precipitation can
produce a viable fertilizer product, he prefers biological processes for
recovering phosphorus. He says the two processes can be used in
combination to help increase recovery as utilities strive to meet lower
discharge limits.
As more facilities turn to biological phosphorus removal, a large
fraction of the nutrient becomes concentrated in biomass. Anaerobic
digestion and dewatering produce a sidestream with a high nutrient
content. Recovering nutrients from that concentrated stream can be
more economic than recovery from main-stream processes.
Wendell Khunjar of Hazen and Sawyer will present a paper entitled
Economic Evaluation of Alternatives for Sidestream Nutrient Remov-
al and Recovery. He will discusses different strategies for treating
and recovering nitrogen and phosphorus from that sidestream.
We will discuss four case studies representative of treatment fa-
cilities that are experiencing really stringent nitrogen limits and have
Nutrient Removal, Recovery
to be Showcased at WEFTEC
Across the U.S. utilities are faced with meeting low numeric levels set by the EPA for
nitrogen and phosphorous. Can these challenges be turned into an opportunity through
nutrient recovery? James Laughlin looks at pilot studies in the region ahead of a
conference session dedicated to the topic at WEFTEC.
51
to deal with a large fraction of their nutrient load coming back in their
sidestream, Khunjar says. From a nitrogen perspective, he will discuss
removal of nitrogen using conventional nitrifcation/denitrifcation or using
novel strategies including nitritation/de-nitritation as well as deammoni-
fcation. He will also discuss recovery of both nitrogen and phosphorus
in struvite.
Struvite recovery allows you to recover up to 90% of the phosphorus
but also allows you to take out about 25% of the nitrogen, Khunjar says.
In some facilities, that 25% reduction might be suffcient to allow that
nutrient stream to come directly around to the head of the plant and not
have an impact on mainstream treatment.
As plants begin to embrace biological phosphorus removal, they of-
ten also experience an increase in problems caused by struvite. Dealing
with that nuisance and also recovering a marketable product can make
economic sense, Khunjar says.
The nutrient problem was not cre-
ated overnight and we cannot solve
it overnight
Right now there are 20-25 plants who have done piloting or some
type of evaluation and that number is growing, he says. Everyone is
very interested in understanding if it (nutrient recovery) makes sense from
an economic perspective. Sometimes it does and sometimes it does
not.
CONCLUSION
Sansom says the facilities she examined in her study were all working
toward a future of tight nutrient limits.
They are looking more long-term and how to phase in these require-
ments, she says. They are not ready to stick an RO plant at the back
of their facility to achieve these limits, but they are looking for ways to
move forward and how can they incorporate even upstream reductions
of nutrient loading in the source water.
The process of setting nutrient criteria is slow and frustrating at times,
but it is an important process that requires careful deliberation, Bhattarai
says. The nutrient problem was not created overnight and we cannot
solve it overnight, he says. Its probably better to take some initial steps
and, gradually, using an adaptive management strategy, work toward
achieving compliance. The title of our paper is the Texas Two Step. In
the end, we say the Texas Two Step still goes on, he says. Were still
dancing. WWi
WEFTEC 2012 IN NEW ORLEANS
WEFTEC 2012, the annual event hosted by the Water Environment
Federation, will take place Sept 30 to Oct 3 in New Orleans, LA. The
program includes 130 technical sessions, 24 workshops and eight local
facility tours, and is expected to draw thousands of water quality profes-
sionals and exhibitors from around the world.
To date, nearly 900 companies have already reserved over 290,000
net square feet of foor space at the New Orleans Convention Center.
For more information on the event, and details on the individual paper
presentations, visit www.weftec.org.
Author note: James Laughlin is the editor of WaterWorld, the
sister publication of WWi covering the municipal water and
wastewater markets in the US and Canada. For more informa-
tion, visit: www.waterworld.com Enquiry No. 110
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the wastewater treatment in our product ranges. Defender brand
pretreatment equipment, Fatfot brand grease separation equip-
ment, Anaconda brand dissolved air fotation equipment, Sludge-
way brand sludge thickening equipment and Draco brand sludge
dehydration equipment.
We offer our customers the best water treatment solutions, based
on more than 20 years experience in the design and manufacture of
equipment, as well as commissioning.
www.toroequipment.com WEFTEC Booth: 1609
MEMBRANES MADE IN GERMANY
MICRODYN-NADIR GmbH with locations in Europe, Asia and the
USA is the leading independent manufacturer of micro-, ultra- and
nanofltration membranes and modules. As this will remain our core
competence in the future, we pursue very intensive research and
development activities at our Wiesbaden/Germany location.
For more than 45 years our products have been used in various
industrial and municipal applications, among others in the feld of wa-
ter and wastewater treatment but also in many process-integrated
applications.
One of our most innovative products is the immersed BIO-CEL
module for membrane bioreactors. The BIO-CEL is a back wash-
able module that integrates the advantages of fat-sheet membranes
with the packing density of hollow-fbers, which facilitates a multi-
tude of application possibilities in the feld of municipal and industrial
wastewater treatment.
www.microdyn-nadir.com WEFTEC Booth: 3757
Out with the Old,
in with the New Orleans
Show promotion: Company Showcase
53
ENERGY PRODUCING WASTEWATER
Emefcys technology transforms wastewater
treatment plants from cost to proft centers by
addressing the two most costly operational
expenses: energy and sludge. Rather than consume electricity to treat in-
dustrial wastewater, our EBR (electrogenic bioreactor) uses microbial fuel cell
technology to produce electricity. Our SABRE (Spiral Aerobic Bioflm Reac-
tor) passive-aeration treatment process is also signifcantly more energy eff-
cient than alternative approaches. Emefcys Electrogenic Bio Reactors (EBR)
is unique compared to other wastewater treatment processes. Our EBR is
based on three components new to biological wastewater treatment: an-
odes (in anaerobic conditions) - where the bacterial oxidation of the organic
matter occurs; cathodes (which are exposed to air) - where the correspond-
ing reduction reaction takes place and an electrical circuit that includes the
external load, connecting the anodes to the cathodes.
www.emefcy.com WEFTEC Booth: 2252
TOUGH COUPLINGS
Teekay Pipe Couplings allow pipes to
be joined without the need for fanging,
grooving, threading or welding. By simply
butting two pipes together and connect-
ing with a Teekay Pipe Coupling; space, weight, time and cost savings are
achieved with every installation. Teekay Couplings have been sold for over
three decades to more than 85 countries worldwide for civil, water, oil & gas,
marine, building service, process, automotive and countless other industrial
projects for pipes between and 180 in diameter.
Teekay Couplings are suitable for pressure applications with ratings avail-
able up to 600 psi. We offer a full range of straight couplings, repair cou-
plings, fange adaptors, dismantling joints, threaded and fanged branch
connections, stepped couplings and reducers.
www.teekaycouplings.com WEFTEC Booth: 4100
WORLDWIDE PUMPING SOLUTIONS
Sulzer Pumps design, develop and supply
pumping solutions and related equipment
worldwide. Intensive research and development in fuid dynamics, process-
oriented products and special materials as well as reliable service solutions
help the company maintain its leading position in its focus market segments.
Our customers come from the oil and gas, hydrocarbon processing, power
generation, pulp and paper, water and wastewater sectors, as well as from
specialized areas in the general industry. The company has a network of 20
manufacturing facilities worldwide and sales offces and service centers in
150 locations globally. ABS, associated with innovation and well proven solu-
tions for wastewater handling, is a product brand of Sulzer.
www.sulzer.com WEFTEC Booth: 7239

HIGH HEAD PUMPS
Selwood is the only UK Company that designs, manufactures, hires and sells
a full range of pumps and is the leading Pump Hirer in the UK. Around 75%
of Selwoods pump units are now exported from the UK through a worldwide
distributor network. Building upon the companys market leading reputation,
Selwood Pumps is dedicated to a programme of continuous improvement of
its existing range of products as well as
developing additional models as part of
its on-going strategic pump programme,
to meet the demands of the market.
Selwood is redesigning its range of high head pumps. The new H100 was
launched in 2010 and has been a success in both the UK and export markets.
www.selwood.co.uk WEFTEC Booth: 5757
54
Technology Round-up: Computer Software
August/September | 2012
Endress+Hauser has introduced the Proline Pro-
mass 100 transmitter that can be combined with
industry-specifc sensors, materials and fnishes.
The Promass 100 measures mass fow, volume
fow, density, viscosity, concentration, and tem-
perature with accuracy up to 0.05%, and with
immunity from process and environmental infu-
ences. All measurements are fully traceable as the
fowmeter is certifed on calibration rigs accredited
to ISO/IEC 17025.
The fowmeter is approved for operation in
Zone 2 and Class 1, Division 2 hazardous areas;
and with the intrinsically safe Modbus output, it is
approved for Zone 1 and Class 1, Division 1.
The wide range of industry-optimized sensors en-
sure accurate measurement and compliance with
guidelines and regulations in different industries,
according to the manufacturer.
The Promass S 100 for the food and beverage
industries conforms to all 3-A, EHEDG and FDA
requirements. It provides a gentle, non-invasive
measurement of the product without causing
shear force. It is also drainable and withstands
CIP/SIP cycles with immediate return to normal
operation, including high pressure or steam jet
cleaning.
www.us.endress.com/promass-100
Enquiry No. 113
New signal input
board for multiCELL
transmitter
The modular multi channel multiCELL trans-
mitter/controller 8619 is an individually ad-
justable measuring system with extended
functionalities that can be used with a wide
range of different
types of sensors.
The fuid tech-
nology specialist
Brkert is now
expanding the
modular system
with a new signal
input board that
can be used for direct connection of up to
two additional fow sensors via the digital in-
puts and two additional measurement devic-
es of various types via the analogue inputs.
The multiCELL transmitter/controller type
8619 is ideal for many applications in areas
such as water treatment or the production
of foods and pharmaceuticals. The sys-
tem consists of an extensive featured ba-
sic unit whose functions can be individually
enhanced as needed by adding hardware
boards and software modules. The new
signal input board improves the system by
further increasing the number of possible ap-
plications, since it is now possible to connect
almost any sensor available on the market to
the 8619.
www.burkert.com Enquiry No. 111
Mass f ow transmitter
Texan utility
implements energy
saving software
In a move to achieve signifcant energy savings,
along with increased effciency of water network
operations, El Paso Water Utilities (EPWU) responsible for water supply to El Paso City in
Texas, and parts of the surrounding County including the large Fort Bliss military base has
begun implementing Dercetos Aquadapt energy management software.
Supplying more than 800,000 users in the desert climate of El Paso requires balancing
groundwater from 150 wells with seasonal surface water supply from the nearby Rio Grande.
Water fows through four water treatment plants, three wastewater treatment plants and one
water reclamation plant.
Successfully meeting the challenge of maintaining supply through droughts and with
a ten-year population increase of around 20% has earned EPWU a strong reputation for
innovation within the water engineering community. EPWU implemented the frst PC-based
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system implemented by a major US water
utility, introduced new technology to detect leaking water mains.
www.derceto.com Enquiry No. 112
SCADA educational
software update
SCADA provider InduSoft has launched a spe-
cial educational version of its InduSoft Web Stu-
dio v7.1 for students and researchers at higher
education institutions all over the world.
The goal of the program is to provide students
a complete SCADA/HMI package that enables
them to develop real-world applications, with-
out limits on development time. This enables
students to experiment and innovate while cre-
ating the types of actual projects they encounter
in the work world.
The aim is that by developing a special edu-
cational version of InduSoft Web Studio v7.1,
the company can review feedback from people
who are learning SCADA/HMI application de-
velopment for the frst time. A thorough range
of testing was performed in the development of
the educational version of InduSoft Web Studio,
as well as the creation of special licensing.
The nduSoft Web Studio program has been
used throughout the world from the University
of Texas to colleges in Canada, the Philippines
and the Netherlands.
www.indusoft.com
Enquiry No. 114
Particle/water
analysis software
Laboratory instrumentation manufacturer Fluid
Imaging Technologies, Yarmouth, Maine has
introduced VisualSpreadsheet V3.0 particle
analysis software.
The addition is a companion to the com-
panys FlowCAM particle imaging and analysis
system that automatically detects, images and
identifes particles and microorganisms. Visual-
Spreadsheet V3.0 features new custom graph-
ing functionality that allows users to create cus-
tom scattergrams and histograms by choosing
the variables on the x and y axes from a menu of
the systems 32 different measurement param-
eters without rerunning the sample.
Permitting the size, length, width, perimeter,
roughness, intensity, fuorescence and the other
parameters to be quickly switched both during
and after processing, VisualSpreadsheet V3.0
provides access to more than 1,000 different
combinations for segmenting and evaluating
the data from new perspectives that were previ-
ously unavailable on any type of analysis instru-
mentation.
Ideal for laboratory managers, process engi-
neers, quality control managers, research scien-
tists and others, VisualSpreadsheet V3.0 comes
installed with the FlowCAM instrumentation.
www.fuidimaging.com Enquiry No. 115
55
Product Review: Water Storage
GLASS-FUSED-TO-STEEL TANKS FOR
POWER STATION WATER
The Medupi Power Station is a new dry-cooled coal
fred power station being built in the Limpopo province
of South Africa. When completed, the power station will
have six high pressure boilers each powering an 800
Mega Watts (MW) turbine, producing 4800 MW of pow-
er and will be the largest dry-cooled coal fred power station in the world.
The boilers require extremely highly purifed water, requiring the removal of all dis-
solved organics and suspended solids. The water is subject to many purifying
processes including ultrafltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis to achieve
the level of purity required by the boilers. During and after the treatment process,
the water would be contained in 19 storage tanks which must retain the integrity of
the quality of the water, and not allow any impurities from the tank coating to enter
the water stream which could affect the operation of the high pressure boilers. The
extremely tight parameters for the water quality specifed a maximum silica con-
tent from the tank shells of < 1 ppb and for operating temperatures between 30
oC and 90oC. For such demanding containment requirements, PERMASTORE
Glass-Fused-to-Steel bolted tanks were chosen ranging in capacity from 85 m3
to 5,000 m3. The tanks were supplied via Permastores local Distributor in South
Africa. www.permastore.com Enquiry No. 121
Open tank
mounted electrode
The S8000 Modular pH Sensor Platform from Sensorex is available as a
submersion mounted sensor system for open tanks and vessels as part of
water and wastewater treatment applications.
Designed for measurement in wastewater treatment tanks, the S8000CD
pH electrodes are fully submersible and are available with rugged mounting
hardware with threads to attach standard couplers as well as pipe to protect
the cables from chemical attack. Sensorex said the combination of a fat sur-
face self-cleaning pH sensor with modular mounting hardware and optional
electronics delivers precise measurement with reduced maintenance.
The same Sensorex S8000 pH/ORP electrode can also be used for in-line
mounting applications to measure pH, HF resistant pH, ORP (REDOX) or low
ionic pH. Sensorexs next-generation double junction ERP technology pro-
vides a complex path to protect the reference in the presence of interacting
ions such as proteins, silver and sulfdes that interact with silver or chloride.
High temperature reference gels also protect against thermal breakdown.
www.sensorex.com Enquiry No. 116
Storm sewer modular storage tank
Work is underway on Northern Ireland Waters storm sewer improvement
scheme in the Dundonald area as a result of in-
creased residential development.
Approximately 600,000 has now been invested in
the scheme, which will improve the sewerage infra-
structure for the Millreagh development and reduce
the risk of fooding from the Enler River.
The new modular storage tank is a unique sus-
tainable drainage system and this is the frst time this technology has been
used by NI Water, and throughout Northern Ireland. This will also result in a
more effcient, environmentally friendly process. This process will also speed
up the construction of the storm tank when compared with more traditional
concrete materials. www.niwater.com Enquiry No. 117
Elastomeric lining to reduce cracking
There is a solution to the combined threats of UV, weather, chemical and
expansion-contraction problems on water storage solutions: an engineered
elastomeric lining system. This can be applied to primary and secondary
containment structures ranging from
wastewater facilities to protecting live-
stock ponds from chemical infltration.
The engineered elastomeric lining
is noteworthy for its long service life,
ability to bridge joints and cracks in
concrete, imperviousness to UV light
and harsh chemicals, and ease of
installation. The Elasti-Liner system
from KCC (Houston, TX) is a leading line of engineered elastomeric lining
products that is applied by brush or roller to concrete substrates and directly
over expansion and control joints.
Past installations for the frm include the elastomeric formula as a lining of
a large, 4-ft. containment dike for an 18,000 sq. ft. tank farm holding highly-
corrosive phosphoric acid in Chicago Heights, IL. The elastomeric product
line can be used to bridge cracks up to one-eigth inch as the polymers are
cross-linked and act like coiled springs that expand and also contract as
concrete moves.
www.kcccontrol.com Enquiry No. 118
GEOlight stormwater
attenuation tanks
Stormwater management solution provider
SDS has won a contract to provide an attenua-
tion system for the new Twickenham Academy, a college specialising in sports
and digital technology in England.
Due to the area of catchment, an attenuation tank has been installed to hold
stormwater in times of heavy rain and release it via a vortex fow control into the
main storm system.
SDS supplied and installed the attenuation tank using its GEOlight units, with
a storage capacity of 200 m
3
. The provided system consists of two manholes
(inspection chambers) connected by a length of perforated distribution pipe
which feeds the storm water storage reservoirs on either side formed from
GEOlight. This is post-consumer PVC waste diverted from landfll.
The distribution pipe is normally from 225 mm up to 500 mm diameter,
generally covered in a trench flled with draining material such as 15/25 clean
graded stone, free from fnes. The reservoirs and distribution pipe are wrapped
in a waterproof membrane, such as butyl, to prevent water seeping into the
surrounding ground.
The top of each reservoir has a vent which is connected back to the upstream
manhole. A geotextile or 10 mm mesh geogrid is laid between the distribution
pipe and GEOlight to prevent the units being clogged by the draining materials.
www.sdslimited.com Enquiry No. 119
Composite trench panels as
alternative to metal and concrete
Fibrelite has launched its new A15 load rated 50mm depth
trench panels available in sizes from 800mm to 1600mm long,
incorporating recycled glass fbres into the design. The com-
posite covers provide an alternative to metal and concrete ac-
cess covers and are suitable for access to sewage systems,
underground pipework and drainage networks. The covers
are inert so will not corrode, are not electrically conductive and
have low thermal conductivity, according to the manufacturer.
The covers have a guaranteed lifespan of 15 maintenance
free years and are fully lockable. www.fbrelite.com Enquiry No. 120
56
Advertisers Index
Currently online at www.wwinternational.com
Groundwater tool frst to accurately measure global footprint
New on-line platform unites stakeholders on water stewardship projects
Pall to supply freshwater generators for UK Royal Navy Ships
Global Water Partnership appoints new chair
Nano-membrane toilet to eliminate water for sanitation
Water scarcity could result from Chinas coal expansion, says Greenpeace
Fuel cells: a replacement for wastewater activated sludge treatment?
Saudi Arabian SWRO facility upgrades using BEL vessels
In other news:
USGS: Susquehanna reservoirs near sediment capacity
La Plata to upgrade water system with advanced metering, remote disconnect
Singapore students scoop Stockholm Junior Water Prize
Community - www.wwinternational.com
Missouri Rural Water Association Creates Suite of FREE Phone Apps for Water & Wastewater Use
Rock the Boat Wins Best Feature FIlm at the FILManthropy Film Festival
Algae and Bioflm control project for a drinking water treatment plant in Cyprus
CLCA announces upcoming Spring 2012 Water Management Certifcation Program Workshops and Tests!
Trailer: Taste the Waste of Water
Video: Bringing Change - Global Sanitation Fund
Webcasts
Use Wireless Technology to More Ef-
fectively Manage Your Open Channel
Sewer Flow Monitoring Program
Learn how unique fow monitoring solutions allow
you to easily manage your fow data.
Set for broadcast on Sept 19, 2012
How to Prepare for the Reduction of
Lead in Drinking Water Act
Attendees can learn about zero lead materials
available today.
Water Utility Executives Challenges
& Choices
A look at technology challenges for utilities over
the next fve years.
Originally Broadcast May 23, 2012
Online - www.wwinternational.com
Calendar of Events
Diary
A selection of events related to the water and wastewater industry in 2012 can be found here.
For a full list, visit: www.wwinternational.com and click on the Events tab at the top of the page.
September 09 - 12, 2012 - 27th Annual WateRe-
use Symposium, Florida, USA. www.watereuse.
org/conferences/symposium
September 16-21, 2012 - IWA 8th World Water
Congress & Exhibition 2012 Busan, South Korea.
www.iwa2012busan.org
September 23-26, 2012 - International Ozone
Association Regional Conference Milwaukee, WI ,
USA. www.io3a.org
September 29 - October 03, 2012 - WEFT-
EC.12, New Orleans, LA, USA. www.weftec.org
October 4-5, 2012 - International Activated
Carbon Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. http://
pacslabs.com/conferences/iacc/iacc27.php
October 27 - 30, 2012 - Eco Expo Asia: Inter-
national Trade Fair on Environmental Protection,
Hong Kong. http://www.hktdc.com/fair/ecoexpoa-
sia-en
October 31 - November 3, 2012 - WWEMA
104th Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. www.
wwema.org/
November 4 - 8, 2012 - International Water
Conference, San Antonio, Texas. www.eswp.com/
water
November 19 - 20, 2012 - ENVICON Interna-
tional Environmental Protection Congress, Poznan,
Poland
November 27 - 30, 2012 - Pollutec 2012, Lyon,
France. www.pollutec.com/GB.htm
November 27- 29, 2012 - Valve World Expo
2012, Dusseldorf, Germany. www.valveworldexpo.
com
November 28 - 30, 2012 - VIth World Aqua
Congress, New Delhi, India. www.worldaquacon-
gress.org
December 6 - 9, 2012 1st International Indus-
trial Water Technologies Symposium and Fair,
www.ensutek.org
January 22 - 24, 2013 - 3W Expo 2013: Interna-
tional Exhibition on Water, Wastewater and Waste
Treatment, Bangkok, Thailand. www.3w-expo.com
February 1 - 3, 2013 - India Water Expo, Gujarat,
India. www.waterworld.com/events/2013/02/india-
water-expo.html
February 4-6, 2013 - WaterWorld Middle East
conference and exhibition, Doha, Qatar. www.
waterworldmiddleeast.com/index.html
ABB S.P.A. 2
Aerzener Maschinenfabrik GmbH 29
AH&M Marketing 34
Analytical Technology, Inc. 15
ANDalyze, Inc. 35
British Water 9
Burkert Fluid Control Systems 8
Contitech Schlauch GmbH 37
DHI Water & Environment 27
Emefcy Bio-Energy Systems 52
Flygt, a xylem brand 7
GEFCO (The George E. Failing Company) 23
Gorman-Rupp Company C4
Grundfos Management A/S C2
Microdyn - Nadir GmbH 47
Myron L Company 3
NEFCO, Inc. 31
Permastore Ltd. 49
Promosalons UK Ltd. 39
Red Valve Company 17
Reed Mfg. Co. 33
Selwood Pumps Ltd. 51
Shimadzu Dtl GmbH 13
Sibico International 45
SIPOS Aktorik GmbH 19
Solinst Canada Ltd. 33
Sulzer Pump Solutions AB 5
Teekay Couplings Ltd. 49
Toro Equipment 53
Verder Ltd. 41
Virtual H2O 22
Wedeco, a xylem brand 25
WWME 2013 43
X-Flow B.V. 11
Xypex Chemical Corp. 21
Zoeller Waste Systems Ltd. C3
COLLECTION SYSTEMS
DIGESTER RECIRCULATION
EFFLUENT
FLOOD CONTROL
FILTER FEED
WAS
RAS
SLUDGE TRANSFER
GRpumps.com
GORMAN-RUPP INTERNATIONAL
P.O. Box 1217
Manseld, Ohio 44901-1217
USA
PH: +1 419.755.1011
FX: +1 419.755.1266
intsales@gormanrupp.com
492 Copyright, The Gorman-Rupp Company, 2012
Gorman-Rupp manufactures a complete line of above- and below-ground lift stations designed
specically for sewage. Our lift stations can be used in new wastewater collection systems for
community expansion or to retrot an existing pump system.
We set the industry standard in solids-handling, emergency back-up and bypass engine-driven
pumps for all your wastewater needs. Every Gorman-Rupp pump is factory-designed and tested for
long lasting, trouble free use. All Gorman-Rupp pumps are backed by the best distributor network and
parts inventory in the industry. Contact your local Gorman-Rupp distributor today for more information
on our line of sewage-handling products.
PPPPHH PP : +1 4
long lasting, trouble free use. All Gorman-Ru
parts inventory in the industry. Contact your
on our line of sewage-handling products.
GRpumps.com

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