WORK

Force acting through a distance

POWER
How fast work is done

ENERGY
Capacity to do work

MACHINES
Makes work easier

Instrument that makes work easier

WORK
is the transfer of energy from one physical distance to another Measured in Joules

W=Fxd
Work = Force x Distance

What is Mechanical Advantage?

Number of times a machine multiplies the effort force
Tells how much force is gained by using machine

A machine makes work easier by changing the amount of force you exert, the distance over which you exert your force, or the direction in which you exert your force.

The force you exert on the machine is called the input force or the effort force. The force exerted by the machine is called the output force or the resistance force.

If you compare the input force to the output force, you can determine the advantage of using a machine. A machines mechanical advantage is the number of times a force exerted on a machine is multiplied by the machine.

TYPES OF WORK

A.INPUT
work that goes into the machine
needs effort force

B. OUTPUT
Work done by (out of) the machine

Resistance Force

WORK = FORCE x DISTANCE

WORK INPUT WORK OUTPUT
OUTPUT FORCE
EFFORT FORCE DISTANCE DISTANCE

Change in Direction
Change distance over which force is exerted

INPUT = OUTPUT

Multiply the force

Machines do not increase work output

Work output is never greater than work input

Work in = Work out

Work input (force to move something over a distance) Work output (force from the machine to move something over a distance) Machines make work easier because they change either the _________ , _________ or _________of the force put into the machine.

Lever
A bar free to pivot, or rotate about a fixed point (fulcrum)

Inclined Plane
A flat, slanted surface

Wheel and axle

Circular lever (axle is fulcrum)

Pulley
A wheel revolving freely around an axle

Wedge
Portable/moving inclined plane

Gear
Toothed wheel that fit into one another

Screw
Twisted inclined plane

LEVERS
Simple machines used to lift weights

First Class Levers

An example of this type is a seesaw.

Second Class Lever

The difference from the first class lever is that the fulcrum is on the end, instead of in the middle.

Third Class Lever

The load is the fish; the handle end is the fulcrum.

INCLINED PLANE

Inclined Plane
- A simple machine that makes it easier to move a heavy object to a higher or lower elevation. - It reduces the amount of force needed to lift the object.

The Egyptians used inclined planes to build the pyramids.

WEDGES
A wedge is a simple machine shaped like an inclined plane. It is like a portable inclined plane.

SCREWS
A screw is a cylinder with an inclined plane wrapped around it.

Archimedes Screw
Archimedes of Syracuse, when he was in Egypt, invented a machine for pumping bilge water out of the holds of ships.

WHEEL AND AXLE

made up of two circular objects of different sizes
Larger Object (wheel) Smaller Object (axle)

Pulley
A wheel revolving freely around an axle

Mechanical Advantage = Output Force Input Force

Examples:
Inclined Plane:
M.A. = Load
Effort = 5N/0.2N

Pulley:
M.A. = Load
Effort = 6.5N/1.5N

= 25

=4

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of the machine = Output work Input work

x 100%

Expressed as a percentage