Introduction The Ancient Egyptian is one of the first ancient civilizations that have been established in history, it is one

of the first countries to build a Dynasty. The Egyptians also had many contributions in many fields such us they created the calendar, wrote the first writing called Hieroglyphic, built the first pyramid, first bakeries, created new musical instruments and baked the first sweets. How they use to give importance to afterlife, ceremonies, mummies, gods and goddesses, religion, pyramid and Pharaohs. This made a huge mark in history. On this selection you will learn many things about Egyptians history, methodology and culture. How the first Egyptian pharaoh named King Menes combined the Upper and Lower Egypt by being the first powerful conqueror leading the Upper Egyptian against the chief of the Lower Egyptian in a violent battle at the land of Anu, which were in King Menes won the battle and gain control over the two lands establishing one Egypt in one Pharaoh in one rule in one city. King Menes also constructed churches for noble worship in the city and taught the people to adorn couches with cloth which brought the first social way of living. On what is the methodology of Gods & Goddesses where they are from, what is there story and what are their obligations as Gods? In the beginning the formless space Nuu adapted Re, the Sun. From the thought of Re came Shu and Tefenet the Upper and Lower Air. From Shu and Tefenet came Qeb and Nut, the Erath and the Sky. Form the virtual eye of Re acme the first man and women. From the Qeb, the father and Nut, the mother, Osiris was born then Isis, afterwards Thout, Nephthys and lastly Seth. And form Osiris and Isis come Huris. They are the God and Goddesses of the Earth. Ancient Egyptians are religious they care for their afterlife thats why they created the Book of Death. This Book is not just a book but a collection of series of chapters of magical spells, formulas, passwords and numbers that will help the decease pass through a given series of challenges. After, fulfilling all the challenges the decease heart will be weigh against a feather which God Thoth would record the results and the monster Ammit would wait nearby to eat the heart that is impure making the deceases lost in the underworld forever. What are the processes of mummification and why is mummification important to the Egyptian? Mummification is the process of dehydrating the bodies water making it look like preserve like a mummy. Mummification is important to the Egyptian because they believe that my mummifying ones body they can use it in there afterlife. Mummifying a body require deep knowledge and careful handling of the decease because it can affect the bodies shapes. Mummification procedures will be stated in the given topic below.

Unified Upper and Lower Egypt The Horus people and the northern people had a very long war. In about 3400 B.C this war was settled, when the Horus people won the battle in Anu (Heliopolis) and established their reign over the Delta region, claiming the entrance of the sea. It was said that the military Horus king was named Menes. He was the first conqueror who united the Upper and Lower Egypt in just one rule and established the capital Memphis. He was known as the Unifier of the Two Land. This said event was witnessed by a famous artifact slate plate which was found among the ruins of Nekhen. This slate shows the figure of King Menes wearing the white crown of the Upper Egypt and the red crown of the Lower Egypt. After the unification of the two lands, King Menes established the first dynasty which is called Memphis, located in the center of the combined kingdom. King Menes constructed the city right in the Nile flood plain and built a big dam to divert the river during flood. It was also recorded that King Menes had engaged in the rituals of noble worship in the city and taught the people on adorning couches with cloths and covering which brought the first exquisite and luxurious way of living. Gods and Goddesses In the beginning was the amorphous unfathomable called Nuu. From Nuu came Re, the Sun God. Re was the ordinal and the most pure among all forms of being. Form his thought came the Upper and Lower Air personified by Shu and Tefenet. From Shu and Tefenet came the Earth and Sky represented by Qeb and Nut. From the essential of the eye of Re came the firstborn man and women. And from the Qeb, the father and Nut, the mother, Osiris was born. Osiris is the Lord of all things born. Then Isis was born, Osiris sister. Afterward came Thout, the God of wisdom. Then, Nephthys was born. And lastly was Seth, the violent one. Osiris and Isis was lovers, they reign over the land. While Nephthys went with Seth and became his wife, they live in the desert. Seth hated his brother Osiris and planned to kill him but his plan was ruin by the watchful care of Isis. One day, Seth plotted a great plan to destroy Osiris; he measured his shadow and made a chest that exactly fits Osiris. Then, Seth established a banquet inviting all to come. To that celebration came all the children of Earth and Sky. They adored the chest, admiring its fragrance and beauty. Seth made a game, telling his brother and sister that he would gave the chest to the one whose body closely fits it. Everyone laid themselves in the chest except Osiris but none fits perfectly. Finally Osiris then took his crown off, laying himself in the chest. To his shock it perfectly fits his form. Directly Seth ordered his 72 guards to place the heavy cover upon the chest; hammering mails in it; soldering it with melted lead. After sealing the chest, the guards took it up; going before Seth running it out of the hall, going to the sea banks Seth drifted Osiris chest to the sea. Isis searched for Osiris body in river banks, crossing sea by sea, seeking the chest of Osiris. The chest was cast upon an island called Byblos. It had lain into a young growing tree which then by time covered the chest with its bark. The king and queen heard of this wonderful and fragrancefull tree. They were attracted to its fragrant so they decided to cut it out placing it in the kings column. Around the world Isis searched for the chest, a band of children told her about the beautiful that had grown in the land of Byblos. Immediately Isi went to the

island and seek for the tree, but she never found it. Still she keeps on searching and searching for it in the island. The queen heard rumors about the stranger and ordered Isis to be taken to the palace. Afterwards the queen ordered Isis to nourish her child. One night, Isis revealed his true identity to the queen as a God claiming the column of the wonderful tree. The king had the column taken down, splitting it in half. There Isis saw the chest wrapping it with linen, carrying it out of the kings house, and sailed on a ship to Egypt. Coming back to Egypt, she opened the chest and took out the body of her husband. She breathed into Osiris mouth bringing Osiris back to life; days past as they ruled the land happily. One dim night, Seth came past by Osiris and Isis comfortably sleeping. He soundlessly killed Osiris, cutting his body in 14 pieces, scattering it all over the land. Isis travelled far and wide seeking for the 14 pieces of her husbands body. One by one she found each pieces. Finding the last part, she carefully put them back together wrapping them in tight bandages. She then called the God Anubis for help. Anubis breathed life back into Osiris but Osiris cannot turn to a man again, instead he went to the underworld becoming the God of Death; judging the sins of the dead. A child form Osiris was born to Isis named Horus. Thout guarded him to the land while he was growing. Now, an adult Horus strives on fighting against Evil Seth. In a violent battle, Set managed to pluck out Horus eye but in the end Horus won, giving revenge to his fathers death. Though Seth still lives but as a lesser God trapped in the Underworld of evil. Horus continued to be the protector of the living while his plucked eye became the way of seeing the dead. Book of Death The Book of the Dead is the common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts it original name is known as rw nw prt m hrw translated that means Book of Coming Forth by Day. Used form the beginning of New kingdom to 50 BC. It contains a collection of chapters made up of magical spells, formulas, passwords and numbers used by the deceased as a guide in safely reaching happiness of thy afterlife. There are four sections. The first to sixteen chapters of the papyrus is about gaining powers of movement and speech. The seventeen to sixty-three chapters contain the reborn of deceased as the morning sunrise. The sixty-four to one hundred twentynine chapters explains how the decease deceased travels to the underworld to appear before Osiris and the one hundred thirty to one hundred eighty-nine chapters involves the assumption of the decease power in the universe as one of the gods including chapters of protective amulet, provision of food, and important places. The first Book of Death was develop in Thebes around the beginning of 1700 BCE, the earliest occurrence of text spells was found tomb of Queen Mentuhotep of the 13th dynasty it was written Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. The famous content spells in the Book of Death deal with the judgement of the deceased in the Weighing of the Heart ritual. The heart of the dead was weighed against a feather, and if the heart was not weighed down with sin (if it was lighter than the feather) the deceased would be allowed to go on. The god Thoth would record the results and the monster Ammit would wait nearby to eat the heart that is unworthy. Wealthy Egyptians like Pharaohs hired scribes to write down all their personal favorite spells on papyrus sheets. Once prepared, this collection of spells was packed carefully with their other grave goods, to be placed in their tomb someday. If you did not have a lot of money, you could buy a ready-made version that included several of the most popular spells. A space was left on the sheet of papyrus for your name. That way, you not

only had several spells on hand to use, but you also had your name written down, which helped your Ba and your Ka - the two pieces of your soul - find their way home each night to your tomb. Mummification In about pre-dynasty times, ancient Egyptian used to bury their dead corpse in the desert, in a sandpile, where the natural heat of the sand dehydrates moist flesh which preserves the body quickly, creating a vivid and natural mummy. But later on the ancient Egyptian noticed that the corpse would often end up being dug up by wild animals. So the Egyptian decided to create a new technique in preserving their deceased corpse. They first took the Pharaohs corpse placing it in the Beautiful House. Second cleanse the body with natron and sacred oil. Third remove the Pharaohs organs putting each in a different Canopy Jar except the heart this would prevent the body from decaying. Put some natron on the jar and seal them. After taking the brain fill the vacant skull with natron and plaster. Then, replace the eyes with prettify stones or onions. Fourth stuff the body with linens keeping the heart inside. Bandage the deceased from toes to head. Last put the mummy in the coffin performing sacred ceremonies. Mummification is important to preserve the body that the deceases will be using for his/her afterlife.

Conclusion In my research I have truly widen my vocabulary and had learned many things upon my main topic. Egypt is not only a beautiful country but this state lends a big contribution in the field of ancient histories civilization from dynasty, pharaohs, city, temples, pyramid, writing, music and food. Ancient people are civilize. The first powerful Egyptian Ruler who conquered the Lower Egypt uniting it with the Upper Egypt as one land in one rule is King Menes, he constructed and established the Egyptians first productive capital city called Memphis located at the center of the Upper and Lower Egypt. He was the first pharaoh who introduced to the people of divine worship in temples and In adorning cloths giving each one an elegant and sumptuous way of living. In the Egyptian time there are a lot of Gods and Goddesses each one is originated by the formless space called Nuu adapted Re, the Sun. From the thought of Re came Shu and Tefenet the Upper and Lower Air. From Shu and Tefenet came Qeb and Nut, the Erath and the Sky. Form the virtual eye of Re acme the first man and women. From the Qeb, the father and Nut, the mother, Osiris was born then Isis, afterwards Thout, Nephthys and lastly Seth. And form Osiris and Isis come Huris. Each of the Gods has a power, divine responsibility and duties to perform as a God. Egyptians are religious they base their death in the book of dead. This isnt just a book but it contains a selection of series of sacred spells, formulas, passwords and numbers that the decease will be going to use at the afterlife in the travel of meeting the Gods, those spells can help you fulfill the challenges that my came against your way. After, winning all the hurdle the decease heart will be weigh against a feather which God Thoth would record the results and the monster Ammit would wait nearby to eat the heart that is unpurified making the deceases lost forever. Mummification is a process in preserving bodies taking the water off preventing it to decay. Mummification is important to the Egyptians because they believe that our earthly body is needed in passing through our afterlife. Mummification has a lot of processes before getting your body truly mummified. In all I enjoyed my research and gained more information about the fascinating history of Egypt.

Bibliography Colum, Padriac. Osiris and Isis In the world Literature revised edition, edited by Holt Rinehart and Winston Holt. Newyork: Harcourt Brace and company N.D. Petter Hepplewhite and Terry Deary. The Awesome Egyptian Newyork Oxfor Street, Scholastic Childrens Books. Book of Death. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead Menes the First Pharaoh. http://www.kingtutone.com/pharaohs/menes/ Mummification A Mystery. http://www.kingtutone.com/mummies/mummification/ Mummification. http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/home.html