IP address:
z Is a 32-bit address that uniquely identifies
interfaces of a device – host or router.
Interface: provides connection between a device
and a physical link.
z A device can have multiple interfaces - more than
one IP address.
z Decimal point notation:
“class-full” addressing:
z IP address consists of two parts:
network part (high order bits).
host part (low order bits).
z Address range:
A 27-1=127 224-2=16,777,214
B 214=16,384 216-2=65,534
C 221=2,097,152 28-2=254
Example:
Special addresses:
z Network address:
Host ID is all 0s.
Special addresses:
z Direct broadcast address:
Host ID is all 1s.
Special addresses:
z Loopback address:
Used to test the software on a machine.
Packet never leaves the machine.
“class-full” addressing:
z Allows a network with two levels of hierarchy.
z Inefficient use of address space leads to address
space exhaustion.
e.g. class B net allocated enough addresses for 65K
hosts, even if only 2K hosts in that network
z Short-term solutions:
Subnetting: divides a network into several smaller
networks.
Supernetting: combine several class C addresses to
create a larger range of addresses.
z Long-term solution:
IPv6 or IPng.
CSC4430 – Data Communication and Computer Networks 11
15.4.1. Subnetting
Subnetting:
z Divides a network into several smaller networks.
z The subnetworks still appear as a single network
to the rest of the Internet.
Masking:
z Process that extracts the address of the physical
network from an IP address.
z Applicable with or without subnetting.
Supernetting:
z Assigns a set of class C addresses to an
organization that needs more than 254 host
addresses.
Supernet mask:
z Reverse of the subnet
mask.
Subnet mask: change
some zeros in the
hostid to 1s.
Supernet mask: change
some 1s in netid to
zeros.
z The position of 1s in the
supernet mask defines
lowest address.
z Route aggregation.
16 Class C Dec/Bin
192 4 18 host 11000000 00000100 00010010
Networks
. .
. .
. .
Classless
Network
Initial motivation:
z solve 32-bit address space which may completely
be allocated by 2008.
Additional motivation:
z change header format to speed up
processing/forwarding.
z change header to facilitate QoS.
z provide new “anycast” address: route to “best” of
several replicated servers.
IPv6 addressing:
z 16 bytes = 128 bits.
z Hexadecimal colon notation:
Tunneling:
Dual Stack:
z Router converts header format between IPv6 to
IPv4.
Data H6 Data H4
Tunnelling:
z Using IPv4 header format to encapsulate IPv6
header.
Data H6 Data H6 H4
IP Control Protocols
(Forouzan Section 24.5
Ross Chapter 4)
33