N'guessan Koffi et al.

, IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

VILLAGE OF CTE-DIVOIRE

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF PLANTS USED TO CONSTRUCT TRADITIONAL HABITATIONS IN ABOUD-MANDK, A

1Universit

2Centre

de Recherche en Ecologie de lUniversit, Nangui Abrogoua (Cte-dIvoire), 3Universit Flix Houphout-Boigny (CtedIvoire), U.F.R. Biosciences, Laboratoire de Physiologie Vgtale, Abidjan (Cte-dIvoire)

Flix Houphout-Boigny (Cte-dIvoire), U.F.R. Biosciences, Laboratoire de Botanique, Abidjan (Cte-dIvoire) ; N'guessan Koffi 1* Kouam NDri Marie Thrse 2 and Bomisso Edson Lzin 3

Received: 16-01-2013 Accepted: 17-02-2013

*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT traditional habitations (huts). Concerning Aboud-Mandk, in the Department of Agboville, we conducted this ethnobotanical study in a purpose of cultural conservation and to inform the future generations on our heritage. During this study, we met 50 plants used for the traditional dwelling edification. Peasants who cannot built house in hard are content themselves of a more improved intermediate construction than the known traditional type. The plants are selected, for their technological quality, the ecological environment, the preference of the user and the type of slots. The trees (42 or species are selected for their stem that is used like frame of walls and the framework of disappearance. The massive sampling, as well as ligneous that of herbaceous, was to the odorata that is invading, quickly, all surfaces deforested of the guineo-congolese region. KEY WORDS: Agboville, traditional Architect, Hut, infesting Species, Housing and their fibrous peels are used like ties or fastenings. Otherwise, 49 that to say 59.75% Since independence of Cte-dIvoire, one attends an important regression of

peasants who agreed to collaborate with us by providing informations on 80 species of

Address: Name: N'guessan Koffi Place: Cte-dIvoire E-mail: nguessankoffifr@yahoo.fr

52. 50%) are greatly solicited; their wood is used for the confection of doors and windows stripping and cutting) are harvesting for the plant and contribute to species

the roofing or as strips for connection. The different techniques of sampling (barking, origin of earths degraded, currently occupied by dangerous species as Chromolaena

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

indispensable raw material part to his various traditional industries framework that Bertho
[3]

determine the domain of Ethnobotany. Investigation in Africa date to Institut Franais dAfrique Noire (I.F.A.N.) that to say Black Africa French Institute, from 1938. Created in Dakar (Senegal), I.F.A.N. led its investigations in all domains of the daily life. It is within this himself to principal Gramineous of Senegal and their utilization. Ak-Assi conducted a study on the theme Some ethnobotanical notes on the Voltaics . For his part, Faur
[5] [4]

The importance of plants in the man's daily life is considerable

[2].

INTRODUCTION

These constant interactions between humans beings and the plants inventoried 3662 species of vascular plants of natural flora, in

[1].

Cultivated plants, either no, provide him the biggest

his works on the descriptive and biogeographic study of the flora of Cte-d'Ivoire. The author dedicated a part of his results to the presentation of 200 species of plants used by various peoples of Cte-d'Ivoire, in different domains of life, notably in the domain of the huts that peasants of these localities use 74 species of plants for their traditional dwellings edification. farming agglomerations were built in cases that one even met in cities
[7].

interested

construction. Otherwise, during his ethnobotanical study done in Haut-Sassandra and SCIO classified forests (Cte-d'Ivoire), Tra [6] showed habitat. Etymologically, the term "case" comes of the Greek "casa" that means thatched cottage, hut. In Cte-d'Ivoire, until 1960, nearly all In Aboud-Mandk, the traditional habitat or case, by the fact of this irreversible evolution, does not meet more that in the marginal source of material provision serving in the traditional dwelling construction of their utilization on the flora and the vegetation of this locality. Site of the study
[8, 9].

periphery. Since the advent of the independence, with industrial plantation products that procure to peasants a substantial payment, one districts or is relegated in the camps, out of the big axles of circulation [2]. In certain villages, in dense forest region, cases (huts) became rare, decrease is the fact of the man's increasing ascendancy on the natural space, what has for corollary a fast disappearance of vegetation, appeared necessary to elaborate a scientific and historic document, to save of the oblivion the centennial ancestral value knowledge and to In front of this deterioration of our cultural heritage, it so that their presence often constitutes an object of curiosity for certain people of the generation according to 1960. This traditional dwelling inform the future generations on our heritage. It is why, concerning Aboud-Mandk, in a purpose of cultural conservation, we conducted MATERIAL AND METHOD OF STUDY

The traditional habitat of the disinherited countries is the hut or case that the Westerners describe as primary or rudimentary

attends an important regression of the traditional habitat to the profit of constructions say " constructions in hard ", with modern materials.

Currently, one still finds cases in certain cities but at their

this survey through which we want to show the different plants resources uses in the traditional dwelling edification and to v alue the impact Our investigations took place in Aboud-Mandk, a village of Agboville Department (Cte-dIvoire). Located at 123 km from

Abidjan, Aboud-Mandk is part of the Southern forest of Cte-dIvoire (West Africa), in the guinea field of the mesophilic sector, characterized by dense moist semi-deciduous forest [10]. Currently, the original vegetation has been degraded by human activities [11]. Annual average pluviometry is about 1400 mm of water. Its climate, warm and humid, is characterized by two seasons: a dry season from December to February and a long rainy season from March to November, with two peaks; one is the largest recorded in June, the rainy mo nth and the other in October; between the two peaks, there is a period of less rainfall during August. Aboud-Mandk had 6000 inhabitants Krobou, native people, constitute an ethnic entity of the Akan group, in the great group Kwa African sub-region. Vegetable and technical material
[13]. [12].

non-natives coming from all the other areas of Cte-dIvoire and also a community of foreigners for the most part coming from the West material that allowed us to have access to the plants and take some samples to build up a collection of dried plants. Ethnobotanical survey

Nearby the Krobou, there is a community of

The

The vegetable material is represented by all the plants that are subject of this study. As technical equipment, we used a classic

approach, we met the peasants and organized semi-structured interviews. Each of them was met twice, at different moments, to answer the

The investigation on the traditional use of plants to construct habitations was conducted among natives of Aboud-Mandk. As

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

same questions. This helped us to check the informations we had already collected. During this ethnobotanical investigation, we collected case (hut) and the impact of these sampling on flora and the local vegetation. From the collected samples and specimens of the herbarium of out drawings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

informations relating to the plants used for traditional dwelling construction, the different parts used, their methods of collection, the type of the National Floristic Center, we identified the plants by their scientific name, we determined their botanical characteristics and we carried Botanical characteristics of the studied plants The ethnobotanical investigations we conducted in Aboud-Mandk, made it possible to identify 80 species of plants used in

construction of traditional habitations. These species of plants (table 1) belong to 73 genera and 40 families. The ligneous species of ethnobotanical investigations achieved in classified forests of Haut-Sassandra and of SCIO, in Cte-d'Ivoire the resemblance of tastes of populations in the choice of species.
[6].

taxonomic groups as the Ferms and the Gymnosperms have not been listed. There are 02 classes (Monocots and Dicots), 01 subphylum (Angiosperms) and 01 phylum (Spermaphytes). The 65 Dicots, representing 81.25 %, have the highest number of plants. The family of mentions that 74 species of Angiosperms constitute the main thing of the arsenal of plants used in the traditional dwelling edification. The In his study, the author Arecaceae, with 06 individuals (7.5%), is the best represented. This representation was also observed, to some differences near, during

Dicots, 61 of them, representing 82.43%, are mainly used. The family of Arecaceae, with 05 species, thats to say 6.75%, is the best represented. One notes a concordance of results that would be the fact of identical ethnobotanical investigation approaches therefore or of represent 23.75% of the listed plants. We met 06 plants in fallows and 08 plants in plantations. There are 22 spontaneous wild plants thats to say 27.50%; this does not represent the majority. This is because human beings do harm to their immediate environment, and these harms obviously result in the disappearance of original structures. Therefore, there is a regression of spontaneous wild species. Another these vegetal products, when they need them. The long distance becomes, in this situation, a limiting factor for the populations to procure inventoried species. This highly sampled species testify the state of advanced deterioration of the original forest heritage. According to their statute, the listed plants are distributed in 5 groups. Nineteen (19) cultivated plants are mainly used. They

reason that could explain why these spontaneous wild plants are not in the majority is the long distance people have to make in order to get

spontaneous plants. In secondary forests, twenty five (25) species of spontaneous plants have been quoted; that represent 31.25% of

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

into 4 groups (table 1): trees (42 or 52.50%), shrubs (20 or 25%), lianas (9 or 11.25%) and herbs (9 or 11.25%). Herbs and lianas are least used. The present survey shows that trees (52.50%) are highly used as it was showed by Tra utilization of trees depends of their technical qualities that are more appreciated by farmers. ETHNOBOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Peasants met
[6],

By considering the criteria related to the morphology of the species such as the size and the consistence, the listed tax are divided in Haut-Sassandra forest. Also, the high

collaborate with us, by providing informations on plants used for the traditional habitations. Age of informers varies from 25 to 70 years. Plants classification according to their uses traditional architecture.

The ethnobotanical investigations we conducted made it possible to meet 50 peasants (41 men and 09 women) who agreed to The figure 1 is a schematic representation of a case under construction; it makes appear different pieces of components of the

Plants used like horizontal armatures

armatures of dwellings. It is especially rachis of Elaeis guineensis that are more solicited because of the plant abundance, the facility that one certain cases yard. Plants used for the confection of roof

meets it in his immediate environment and the easiness of access to its leaves. One meets the plant in the near fallows of the village and in what one names the "papo" locally (fig. 2). Some huts are covered with Thaumatococcus daniellii limb (fig. 5). Tra NVa that literally means "Leaf of dispute". The roof of case is made with the suitably woven leaflets of Raffia hookeri or Raffia palma-pinus; these woven leaflets constitute
[6]

The rachis of following plants: Elaeis guineensis, Raffia hookeri and Raffia palma-pinus are used for the confection of horizontal

populations of Haut-Sassandra use leaves of Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Marantaceae), as elements of roof. For superstitious reasons,

Aboud-Mandk peasants avoid this plant that would be the cause of disputes, once introduced in the village; one calls it "NGnon-Man-

indicates that

Fig. 1: Architecture of a slot in construction. A : Breakdown ridge tile ; B : Beam ; C : Current breakdown ; D : Breakdown of strand ; E : High chaining or entered ; F: Horizontal iron-frame; G: Central peg; H: Frame reinforcement; I: Peg of angles; J: Secondary peg

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

Fig. 2: Slot in kneaded earth, covered of " papo "maked up from folioleses of Raffia kookeri; portions of Bambusa vulgaris stem, crisscross, serve to the maintenance of the roofing ; windows and the door are shaped from boards produced in the wood of Pycnanthus angolensis trunk It is prohibited therefore from making bring in the plant in the village and more especially in family, unless to have invoked the protective god of the village or the family and solicited his support, by sacrifices or libations. Plants used in the confection of doors, windows and their settings reported the same use of Enantia polycarpa by populations of Haut-Sassandra. According to the author, the wood of the plant is attacked with difficulty by the xylophageous insects. The wood of Pouteria aningeri is perfect and comprises undifferentiated sapwood Triplochiton scleroxylon, for doors shaping. Plants used in the implementation of the framework
[14].

planks produced in the wood of species trunk as: Alstonia boonei, Antiaris toxicaria, Pterygota bequaertii, Pycnanthus angolensis and The traditional architects use light wood and straight axes as rachises of Elaeis guineensis, Raffia hookeri, Raffia palma-pinus, stems Boards produced in the wood of the trunk of Musanga cecropioides and Pycnanthus angolensis (fig. 3) are used for the construction

The thickest trunks of Enantia polycarpa and Pouteria aningeri are produced in rafters, for setting doors and windows. Tra

One uses

[6]

of Bambusa vulgaris and the dry perches of Trema orientalis for the framework realization. Less frequently, one uses perches from Dialium aubrevillei, Diospyros heudelotii, Polyalthia oliveri and Scaphopetalum amoenum. Plants used for the confection of enclosures and the decorative hedges of enclosures serving for the distribution of bathrooms no far from the slot. Boards produced of the trunk of these plants ar e light, resistant vulgaris as well as leaves carefully disposed of Cocos nucifera and Elaeis guineensis (fig. 4).

to clemencies, to the fungal attacks and termites. One also uses, for the confection of enclosure, the longitudinal cleft straws of Bambusa

Fig. 3: Enclosure serving bathroom : A : Devout prepared with perches of Baphia nitida ; B : Attachment constituted by thongs of rattan stem (Eremospatha macrocarpa) ; C : Board produced with the wood of the Musanga cecropioides trunk ; D : Horizontal armature formed with the stem of Celtis zenkeri

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

Decorative hedges are elaborated with Bougainvillea glabra, for its beautiful purple flowers, its sarmenteuxes branches and its thorns, Clerodendrum inerme, for its white petals and its sarmenteuxes branches; one also uses Caesalpinia pulcherrima, for its flowers and its thorns, Cajanus cajan, for its flowers and its lomentaceses fruits and Jatropha curcas, for its beautiful inflorescences in corymbiformes panicules and its fruits in three cockles. These edifications (enclosures and hedges) are strengthened by pickets from variou s species perches to easy bouturage, as it is the case of Azadirachta indica, Baphia nitida, Baphia pubescens, Dracaena arborea, Glyphaea brevis, Newbouldia laevis, Spondias mombin and Sterculia tragacantha.

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

Fig. 4: Enclosure serving bathroom: A: Devout prepared with perches of Newbouldia laevis ; B : Attachment constituted by thongs of rattan stem (Eremospatha macrocarpa); C : Palms regularly disposed ; D : Horizontal armature shaped with the stem of Celtis zenkeri

Fig. 5: Slot serving shelter to the camp: A : Roofing made of Thaumatococcus daniellii leaves; B : Perch bound of Trema orientalis, serving to maintain the roofing in room; C : Board (laths of Musanga cecropioides wood) ; D : Thongs of Eremospatha macrocarpa serving of attachment; E : Blind (laths of rachis of Raffia leaves) serving of door; F : Opening or door of entrance of the slot

Fig. 6: Intermediate construction between the traditional type (the slot) and the modern type: A : Site of nail either tack ; B : Roofing in galvanized sheet metal ; C : Rafter shaped in modern joinery ; D : Wall roughcast with the cement ; E : Window made in modern joinery ; F : Door made door in modern joinery

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

Plants used for the ornamentation clear [15]. It is the case of Aboud-Mandk peasants. They use 7 species of plants as decorative. These are: Canna indica, Catharanthus roseus, Cymbopogon citratus, Furcraea selloa, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Sansevieria trifasciata and Thevetia neriifolia. Plants used like string the stem of Acacia kamerunensis, Calamus derratus, Calycobolus heudelotii, Eremospatha macrocarpa, Loeseneriella africana, Maranthochloa suppleness. One also uses fibbers extracted of peels of Cleistopholis patens stem. Plants used like pegs In buildings, one uses for the ligature of elements of the frame of the wall and the framework, the strings from thongs produced in Many people liked plants for the beauty of foliage, flowers, fruits, and their resplendent pace and sometimes for perfume that they

leucantha, Platysepalum hirsutum. However, thongs of rattan (Eremospatha macrocarpa) are more valued for their resistance and their group are Celtis zenkeris, Microdesmis keayana, Tricalysia discolor and Xylopia quintasii. Shady plants and Morus mesozygia.

One uses, for the frame of walls, 29 species selected for their straight, hard and resistant perches. The preferential species of this Plants with dense foliage are used like shady plants that are essentially: Cassia siamea, Chrysophyllum cainito, Millettia thonningii The use of every plant, to build the traditional rural settlement, is determined by various factors that are the ecological

Criteria of plant selection

environment, the mechanical quality of the plant, the type of habitat, the taste or the user's preference, the geographical situation and the (fig. 5), according to whether one is in a swampy region or to drained soil.

climatic area. With regard to the ecological environment, the farmers have access more easily to a given plant formation, will use materials of building pulled of plants fluently met in this area. For example, in the South of Cte-dIvoire, in dense forest region, the roofing of dwellings (Cyperaceae), Hyparrhenia sp. (Poaceae) or with leaves of Borassus aethiopum (Arecaceae). The other material selection takes into account met in these types of surroundings that are: Alstonia boonei, Calamus derratus, Cleistopholis patens, Raphia hookeri. The one that gets settled Trema orientalis. makes himself with leaflets of Raffia hookeri and Raffia palma-pinus, woven in "papo" (fig. 2) or with the limb of Thaumatococcus daniellii On the other hand, in savanna region, roofings are prepared with tufts of Hypolytrum sp. (Cyperaceae), Imperata cylindrica

the ecology of material met. The one that, for example, has his domain in a swampy zone, will use, for the building of his slot, species fluently

in a dense forest portion semi-deciduous, will use: Blighia sapida, Celtis zenkeri, Strombosia pustulata, Uapaca esculenta. In localities of wood hard as the one of Corynanthe pachyceras, Celtis zenkeri, Strombosia pustulata, Microdesmis keayana. Thus, the thin stems appropriated walls, one avoids the use of pegs coming from plants to easy bouturage, by reason of destructions that provoke their dismissals in walls; it is the case of Baphia nitida and Baphia pubescens. The shape of slots is also a criterion of selection of the construction architecture. Thus, are leaves of raffia. Openings include a door and one or no window. Walls, to frame understanding the "wood of bush" and rachises of palm, bound The mechanical quality of wood also determines the choice of species. For example, the confection of the wall armature requires

secondary forest dominance, materials of construction come from the following species: Harungana madagascariensis, Musanga cecropioides, at Sterculia tragacantha are not used like pegs. Indeed, this species is recognized as having a wood little resistant. During the construction of

slots, of oblong shape (fig. 2), are nearly all constructed, according to the same architecture: roofing in two bilateral slopes, covered with with thongs extracted of rattan stems (Eremospatha macrocarpa), are strengthened with the dirt either kneaded soil in clay that one calls locally "banco". The material used for the realization of the slot roofing depends on the type of habitat. Inhabitants, who construct simple

shelters in fields or pailloteses of hunt or again of slots in a camp, use leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (fig. 5) or those of Vernonia conferta to cover roofings. In the village, one uses lobes woven in papo of raffia solely. According to the climatic zones and the geographical

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

situation, one notes a variation in the shape of the slot and elements of the roofing. In savanna region, it is more current to meet some round slots with roofing's the more often prepared from tufts of Hypolytrum sp. (Cyperaceae) or from leaves of Borassus aethiopum. Organs used leaves come from 6 species. The stem of plants is highly used. It intervenes in the frame of walls, as peg and central peg. Besides, it is used like breakdown central axle, current breakdown or breakdown of strand in the realization of the frame of the framework. When it is as a stem provide the plant fibbers used like ties. The thickest trunk wood serves to the confection of doors, windows and their settings. Rachises sp. and Thaumatococcus danielii serves roofing. One uses leaves of the palm and those of the coconut tree, for the confection of enclosure. Evolution of the traditional settlement of leaves of Arecaceae are used like horizontal armatures for the frame of walls and the frame of the framework. The limb of leaves of Raffia The entrance of Aboud-Mandk countryman and generally of the countryman of the South Cte-d'Ivoire in the way of the In this locality, 49 species are selected for their stem; 2 species intervene for their stem bark; 9 species are used for their wood;

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

tropical creeper, the stem is produced in thongs and employee like ties, for fastenings of armatures and elements of the framework. Peels of

monetary economy, drag since more a quarter of century, to an important regression of the traditional settlement to the profi t of buildings But then, the famers who cannot offer themselves this shape of house, adopt an intermediate construction (fig. 6), more improved than the

achieved, with the modern materials (bricks in cement, timbers, rafters, nails, sheet metal, iron wire etc. ). Now, in Aboud-Mandk, the known traditional type. In this type of habitat, pegs (frame), in wood of bush or in rafters, are attached with the wire na iled; the roofing includes the galvanized sheet metal; walls, in kneaded earth, are roughcasted with the cement; soil is in tile of cement. Openings include Elaeis guineensis leaves, cutting of Newbouldia laevis, in the traditional habitat, are replaced by walls in cement, for the decorative hedges achieved with the exotic plants as Bougainvillea glabra, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Clerodendrum inerme. Impact of sampling of raw materials vegetable on flora and vegetation machete or the axe for the thick specimen slaughtering, high and inaccessible. These techniques of sampling are showed by Ouattara
[17]. [16],

traditional habitat or slot, by the fact of this irreversible evolution, meet only in the marginal districts, or in camps, out of the major-roads. several doors and windows and are made in modern joinery. Palisades, usually prepared from boards of Musanga cecropioides, rachis of

cutting, to get the plant fibres, the branches loping of takes place thanks to the special object of picking, for the high specimens; one uses the

The techniques of sampling are various. Specimens easily accessible (leaves) are usually picked to the hand. One proceeds by peel in his ethnobotanical investigations at Divo (South-forest of Cte-

d'Ivoire). This author indicates that the peel cutting most often lets enormous scars by which these plants are attacked subsequently by Ak-Assi
[18]

mushrooms, birds and caterpillars. That is why, the branches loping from slaughtering and the peel cutting exercised by country-men of signal that in Burkina Faso region, shapes of exploitation by cut of the trunk or the stem contributed to amplify effects of the climatic
[18],

Aboud-Mandk are dangerous techniques of taking for the plant and are the origin of the species disappearance as noted by Anoma an d Calycobolus heudelotii, Loeseneriella africana, they are become extremely rare in the plant environment of this locality. Otherwise, Some et al. drought on the forest resources deterioration. The peels cutting on the periphery of Cleistopholis patens trunk gives back to vulnerable plant to interferences and provoke difficulties of feeding in water. This prejudice caused to the life of the plant by this techniques of sampling has also been signalled by Some et al. numerous cuts done in vegetation, Chromolaena odorata is becoming invading in all degraded surfaces in South of Cte-dIvoire. CONCLUSION confection of doors and windows are cut down; what has for consequence the decrease of the population of the big woody. The massive This ethnobotanical survey shows that various parts of the plant (woods of trunk, peels of stem, leaves and stems) and whole concerning Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae). Species whose wood is produced in boards for the Also, for the fact of their massive exploitation, rattans (Calamus derratus, Eremospatha macrocarpa) as well as lianas as

sampling of tax was to the origin of the earth deterioration occupied by species of streets border and infestness. For example, because of the plants, from 80 species, are used by the traditional architects of Aboud-Mandk, to build their slots. The plants selection is not based on

the luck; it takes precise criteria into account (mechanical quality of wood, ecological environment, type of habitat). Of all materials that

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

enter in this type of building, trees are the more used. Stems intervene to all levels of the construction and constitute the more used part. The irreversible mutations within vegetation and the deterioration of the environment carry the traditional habitat (slot) to the modern building rarefaction or the disappearance of natural flora species; they are at the origin of the species of streets border proliferation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. REFERENCES Universit Nationale de Cte-d'Ivoire, F.A.S.T. dAbidjan. Doctorat dEtat, Universit dAbidjan, F.A.S.T. Fleurentin, J., J.C. Hayon et J.M. Pelt, 2007. Les plantes qui nous soignent-Traditions et thrapeutique. Editions Ouest-France, pp: 189. Bertho, J., 1952. Quelques notes ethnobotaniques sur les Voltaques de lEst. Notes Africaines, I.F.A.N., 53 : 12-14. Faur, J.B., 1957. Sur les principales Gramines du Sngal et leur utilisation. Notes Africaines, I.F.A.N., 74 : 37-38. de Doctorat de 3me Cycle, Universit de Cocody-Abidjan, F.A.S.T. profit. The peel cutting, the branches loping of and slaughtering are dangerous techniques of sampling that contribute meanin gful way to the

N'guessan Koffi et al., IJSID, 2013, 3 (1), 1-10

N'guessan, K., 1995. Contribution l'tude ethnobotanique en pays Krobou (Cte-d'Ivoire). Thse de Doctorat de 3 me cycle, Ak-Assi, L., 1984. Flore de la Cte-dIvoire : tude descriptive et biogographique, avec quelques notes ethnobotaniques. Thse de N'guessan, K., 1989. Contribution au recensement, l'Ecologie et la systmatique de quelques Angiospermes utilises, pour d'Ecologie Tropicale, Option vgtale. Universit Nationale de Cte-d'Ivoire, F.A.S.T, Laboratoire de Botanique. zone. World Bank, Washington, D. C., pp: 1-24. Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section), 82: 175-185. de Botanique.

Tra, B.F.H., 1997. Utilisation des plantes, par lhomme, dans les forts classes du Haut-Sassandra et de SCIO, en Cte-dIvoire. Thse l'dification des habitations traditionnelles, par les habitants d'Aboud-Mandk, Sous-Prfecture d'Agboville, Cte-d'Ivoire. D.E A.

Spears, J., 1986. Cte-d'Ivoire forestery sub-sector discussion paper: Key forest policy issues for the coming decade in the rain forest Chevalier, A., 1948. Biogographie de la fort dense ombrophile de la Cte-dIvoire. Rev. Bot. Appl. Agr. Trop., 28 (305) : 101-115. Anonyme, 1999. Plan damnagement de la fort classe de Bamo (Agboville), SO.DE.FOR., pp : 1-22. 75017 Paris, pp : 26-27. Ak-Assi, E., 2002. Contribution ltude des plantes ornementales cultives dans les rgions dIvoire. Thse de Doctorat de lUniversit de Cocody-Abidjan, U.F.R. Biosciences, Laboratoire de Botanique. A.C.C.T., 3 (2) : 153-158. lOuest, 2 : 37-51. 3me

Myers, N., 1990. Mass extinctions: What can the past tell us about the present and the futur? Palaegeography, Palaeclimatology, N'guessan, K., 2008. Plantes mdicinales et pratiques mdicales traditionnelles chez les peuples Abbey et Krobou du Dpartement dAgboville (Cte-dIvoire). Thse de Doctorat s Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Cocody-Abidjan, U.F.R. Biosciences, Laboratoire

Sournia, G. et J.C. Arnaud, 1978. Les ethnies de Cte-dIvoire. In Atlas de Cte-dIvoire. Edition Groupe J.A.-51 Avenue des ternesSattler, D., 1997. Bois de Cte-dIvoire : Prcis de reconnaissance des arbres commercialiss. Edition CEDA, Abidjan, pp : 387. Cycle, Universit de Cocody-Abidjan, U.F.R. Biosciences, Laboratoire de Botanique. dAbidjan et de San-Pdro, en Cte-

Ouattara, D., 2006. Contribution linventaire des plantes mdicinales significatives utilises dans la rgion de Divo (Sud forestier de la Cte-dIvoire) et la diagnose du poivrier de Guine : Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae). Thse de Doctorat de Anoma, G. et L. Ak-Assi, 1989. Flore de la Cte-dIvoire: disparition de nombreuses espces due la destruction inconsidre de lespace naturel : le cas de Monanthotaxis capea (E. G. et A. Camus) Verdc. (Annonaceae). Md. Trad. Pharm., Bulletin de liaison

Some, A.N., J.S. Oudraogo et D.Y. Alexandre, 2002. Biodiversit et fonctionnement des co-systmes post-culturaux de la zone soudanienne (Burkina Faso: rle dans la rsilience et lvolution des communauts vgtales. Annales de Botanique de lAfrique de

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 3, Issue 1, January-February 2013

10