ABSTRACT:

Electricity is today a necessity of modern life. It is difficult to imagine passing a day without electricity. In our present electricity generation system, we waste more than half of its resources, especially the transmission and distribution losses are the main concern of the present power technology. Till now wireless technology has blossomed in fields of mobile and satellite communications, now believe it or not this is being extended to the field of electricity as well in form of WITRICITY, the acronym for wireless electricity. This technology basically aims to transmit electric power without the use of wires which are bulky and cause inconvenience In order to circumvent the difficulties caused by wires and sockets However researchers in MIT have devised a means of providing electricity without any wires.

Basic principle:
Witricity is nothing but the short name of Wireless Electricity. The basic concept behind this is Magnetic Resonance. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while dissipating relatively little energy in extraneous offresonant objects. In systems of coupled resonances, there is often a general Strongly Coupled regime of operation. If one can operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer is expected to be very efficient. Midrange power transfer implemented in this way can be nearly

omni directional and efficient, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, with low interference and losses into environmental objects. The above considerations apply irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances.

DEFINITION OF WITRICITY:
The Transfer of Electricity from one place to another without Wires is known as WITRICITY.. It works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects for the transference of electricity to objects without the use of any wires. The present project on witricity aims at power transmissions in the range of 100 watts. So far the MIT researchers have been able to power a 60 watt light bulb from a power source that is located about seven feet away, while providing forty percent efficiency. This was made possible using two copper coils that were twenty inches in diameter which were designed so that they resonated together in the MHz range. One of these coils were connected to a power source while the other, to a bulb. With this witricity setup, the bulb got powered even when the coils were not in sight.

NEED OF WITRICITY:
Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous electronics like Laptops, Cell-phones, Household robots and all those devices typically rely on chemical energy storage (Battery) As they are becoming daily needs to present generation, Wire less energy transfer would be useful for many applications as above and they need midrange energy.

BASICS OF WITRICITY:
There are 3 major types of wireless energy transfer: Short range; Inductive Coupling Medium range; Resonant Induction Long range; Electromagnetic Wave Power Transfer

SHORT RANGE WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION: INDUCTIVE COUPLING

What Is Inductive Coupling? Inductive Coupling is a method for short range wireless energy transfer. Its range can vary, but its often very short. Because of its short range it usually is used when the device containing the receiver and the device containing the transmitter are touching.

DETAILED PRINCIPLE:
Consider two self resonating copper coils of same resonating frequency with a diameter 20 inches each. One copper wire is connected to the power source (WiTricity transmitter), while the other copper wire is connected to the device (WiTricity Receiver). The electric power from the power source causes the copper coil connected to it to start oscillating at a particular (MHz) frequency. Subsequently, the space around the copper coil gets filled with nonmagnetic radiations. This generated magnetic field further transfers the power to the other copper coil connected to the receiver. Since this coil is also of the same frequency, it starts oscillating at the same frequency as the first coil. This is known as 'coupled resonance' and is the principle behind WiTricity.

MECHANISM:
The first copper coil (24 inches in diameter) was connected to the power source and the second was connected to the bulb, and were made to resonate at a frequency of 10 MHz. The bulb glowed even when different objects (like a wooden panel) were placed between the two coils. The system worked with 40% efficiency and the power that wasn't utilized remained in the vicinity of the transmitter itself, and did not radiate to the surrounding environment.

HOW WITRICITY WORKS:

Basically a copper coil is encapsulated in the ceiling of our room along with a resonant circuit which resonates at a particular frequency. Now various radiation methods can be used for implementing WITRICITY, One can envision using directed electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves. While such radiation is excellent for transmission of information, it is not feasible to use it for electricity transmission. Since radiation spreads in all directions, a vast majority of power would end up being wasted into free space. WITRICITY is based on something called magnetically coupled resonance WITRICITY is based on using coupled resonant objects.

CHARGING OF DEVICES:

People and other Non Resonant objects are not affected by this energy transfer from mains to laptop & hence its safe to use.

NIKOLA TESLA THEORY:

In 1899, Sir Nikola Tesla proposed a method of Wireless Power Transmission. In 1891, Nikola Tesla invented a type of resonant transformer called the Tesla coil, which was used to generate very high voltage, low current, and high frequency alternating electricity. He experimented with a large variety of coils and configurations, As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency. The efficient midrange power transfer concept is Witricity. In this model source and load are in Magnetic resonance so there is no power loss.

HOW SAFE IS WITRICITY:

Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power. However, does magnetic coupling or resonance coupling have any harmful effects on humans? MIT's researchers are quite confident that WiTricity's coupling resonance' is safe for humans. They say that the magnetic fields tend to interact very weakly with the biological tissues of the body, and so are not prone to cause any damage to any living beings.

ADVANTAGES:
Highly efficient Safe for people and animals From Milliwatts to kilowatts That can fit into oem products Unaffected by the day night cycle, weather or seasons. This is an eco friendly system.. It is boon for the devices which uses midrange power. Safe, fairly efficient, good range: Magnetic fields interact weakly with biological masses (humans), and energy is only transmitted between resonating objects. Efficiency can be increased with time, most of the 60% lost is from heat radiated from the coils. Theoretically one stationary coil in a room could power multiple devices with receiving coils. No more messy wires, and with widespread enough use it could even eliminate costly batteries.

DISADVANTAGES:

WiTricity Applications
WiTricitys wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly. WiTricity technology can be used to provide: Direct Wireless Powerwhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its WiTricity power source. Automatic Wireless Chargingwhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power source. WiTricity technology is designed to be directly embedded in the products and systems of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's). If your company is an OEM, you may be interested in our Developer's Kit or Demonstration Kit which will allow you to evaluate and adapt WiTricity wireless power transfer to your own products, or you may prefer a custom engagement with our inhouse research and development department. Either way, we encourage you to contact us to discuss your application in more detail. If you are a consumer eager to purchase products that are WiTricity enabled, please check back later at our website to learn about products that you can purchase with WiTricity inside!

Transportation

Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.

Other Applications

Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrilator, etc.). Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.). Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.

FUTURE OF WITRICITY:
MIT's WiTricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The team's next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors. The scientists have said that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use. WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live. Imagine cellphones, laptops, digital camera's getting self charged! Wow! Let's hope the researchers will be able to come up with the commercial system soon. Till then, we wait in anticipation!

CONCLUSION:
As witricity is in the developmental stage, lots of work is still to be done in improving it as the device used for their research disclosed that witricity power applications operate at only 40% efficiency. These witricity applications are expected to work on the gadgets that are in close proximity to a source of wireless power. There are no limitations in witricity power applications where anything and everything that used to run with batteries or electrical connections can be used using witricity. Just imagine, the future witricity power applications permit you to use wireless energy, without having to replace or recharge batteries. with witricity, there is no need of plugging in any wires and plugs and thus face a mess of wires. Hence if scientists are successful in developing WITRICITY to an extent that it can be used on a domestic scale we can certainly circumvent the difficulties caused by wires.

BIBILOGRAPHY:
1. An article published in the Science Magazine as Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances by Andre kurs, Science 317, 83(2007); Dol: 10.1126/ science.1143254. 2. H. Haus , Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice hall Publishers, Englewood 3. http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/optics507/modules/m6/coupled_resonators.htm 4. Efficient Non-Radiative Midrange Energy Transfer by Aristeidies karalis, Marlin Soljacic. 5. Nikola Tesla, My Inventions, Ben Johnston, Ed., Austin, Hart Brothers, p. 91,1982.