Lectures Complete

Customer Training Material
Lecture 2 L t Mechanical Basics
Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 November 2010
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Chapter Overview
In this chapter, the basics of using Mechanical to perform analyses will be covered, which include:
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. The Mechanical Interface Introduction to the Mechanical Application Wizard Basic Analysis Procedure Applying Loads and Supports Graphics Control and Selection The Engineering Data application Workshop 2-1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to the ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above, unless noted.
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Release 13.0 November 2010
Launching Mechanical
Recall that there are two ways of running Mechanical:
Configured from within ANSYS Workbench
or from a supported CAD system
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A. The Mechanical Interface

The components of the user interface are shown below:
Menus Toolbars
Graphics Window
Tree Outline
Mechanical Application Wizard
Details View
Message Window
Status Bar
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. . . Menus
The menus provide much of the functionality present in Mechanical. The more commonly used menu items are covered below:
The title bar lists analysis type, product and active ANSYS license. View controls various graphics options, legend and toolbars. Units to change units on-the-fly. Tools > Options to customize settings and options. Help > Mechanical Help to access documentation.
Analysis Type
Product
License
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Toolbars
There are a number of toolbars to provide users quick access to functionality also found in the menus.
The toolbars can be repositioned anywhere on the top of the Mechanical window. The Context toolbar, as will be illustrated later, updates depending on what branch is active in the Outline tree. Outline Tooltips appear if the cursor is placed over the toolbar button.
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Toolbars
The Standard toolbar is shown below:
Bring up Mechanical Wizard Annotations Comments
Capture Snapshot Solve Model Slice Planes
The Graphics toolbar is used for selection and graphics manipulation:
Select mode
Selection Tools
Graphics Manipulation
Viewports
The left mouse button can be either in selection mode or graphics manipulation mode. The above toolbar buttons are grouped as select entities and graphics manipulation control. The graphics selection can be done using individual selection or boxselection. This is controlled by the Select Mode icon.
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Outline Tree
The Outline Tree provides an easy way of organizing the model, materials, mesh, loads, and results for the analysis:
The Model branch contains the input data required for the analysis. The environment branch (in this case Static Structural) contains the loads and supports relevant to the analysis discipline. The Solution branch contains result objects and solution information. information Other branches (not covered here) are also available.
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Outline Tree
The Outline Tree shows icons for each branch, along with a status symbol. Examples of the status symbols are below:
Checkmark indicates branch is fully defined/OK Question mark indicates item has incomplete data (need input) Lightning bolt indicates solving is required g g g Exclamation mark means problem exists X means that item is suppressed (will not be solved) Transparent checkmark means body or part is hidden p y p Green lightning bolt indicates item is currently being evaluated Minus sign means that mapped face meshing failed Check mark with a slash indicates a meshed part/body p y Red lightning bolt indicates a failed solution
Becoming familiar with the basic status symbols allows users to debug Mechanical problems quickly.
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Details View
The Details View contains data input and output fields. The contents will change depending on branch selected.
White field: input data
Data in white text field is editable
Gray (or Red) field: information

Data in gray fields cannot be modified.
Yellow field: incomplete input data

Data in yellow fields indicates missing information.
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Graphics Window
The Graphics Window shows the geometry and results. Tabs allow access to Print and Report Previews as well.
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Worksheet View
Worksheet views are available for many objects in the tree (i.e. geometry, connections, etc.). Provides a list view of the data in the tree.
Activate Worksheet
Toggle between graphics and worksheet

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B. The Mechanical Application Wizard

The Mechanical Wizard is an optional component, a useful aid to remind users steps required to complete an analysis
The Mechanical Wizard provides a list of required steps and the status of them. Green checkmark indicates the item is complete. Green i shows an informational item. A grayed symbol shows that the step cannot be performed yet. A red q estion mark means that there is an question incomplete item. An x means that the item is not performed yet A lightning bolt means that the item is ready to be solved or updated.
The options on the Mechanical Wizard menu will change depending on the analysis type chosen.
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. . . Mechanical Application Wizard
By selecting an item on the Required Steps checklist, a callout appears, illustrating how that function is performed.
In the example below, Verify Materials was selected, and the callout shows the user where this item can be changed changed.
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Mechanical Application Wizard

The Mechanical Wizard is handy for users who do not use Mechanical every day.
Besides basic functionality, callouts for more advanced items are also available as shown on right.
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C. Basic Analysis Procedure
The purpose of analysis is usually to determine the response of a system based on some type of excitation or loading. It is crucial to remember that a mathematical model is used:
CAD geometry is an idealization of the physical model The mesh is a mathematical representation of the CAD model The accuracy of answers is determined by various factors: y y
How well the physical model is represented depends on the assumptions Numerical accuracy is determined by the mesh density
CAD Model
Finite Element Mesh

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Basic Analysis Procedure

Every analysis involves four main steps:
Preliminary Decisions
What type of analysis: Static, modal, etc.? What to model: Part or Assembly? Which elements: Surface or Solid Bodies?
Preliminary Decisions D i i
Preprocessing
Attach the Att h th model geometry d l t Define and assign material properties to parts Mesh the geometry Apply loads and supports Request results
Preprocessing
Solve the Model Postprocessing p g

Review results Check the validity of the solution
Solution
Postprocessing
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D. Applying Loads & Supports
Loads and supports are applied on geometric entities in two different ways:
Pre-select geometry entity in Graphics Window, then select load or support from Context Toolbar
Or, select load or support from Context Toolbar then select geometry entities in Graphics Window, then click on Apply in Details View.
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Applying Loads & Supports
After assigning the load the user can enter additional data in the Details view, if necessary.
Notice that in the Outline Tree the associated loads branch symbol status will also g ( ) change to completed (checkmark).
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For some structural loads direction is needed:
If Components is chosen, enter X, Y, or Z Components of l di C t f loading If Vector is chosen, select geometry and enter magnitude of loading Defaults can be set in Tools > Options p > Mechanical: Miscellaneous > Load Orientation Type
The Global Coordinate System or user defined local coordinate systems can be referenced
User-Defined Coordinate Systems will be discussed later
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Existing geometry can be referenced to control direction:
In the Details view, select Define By: Vector V t Three types of existing geometry can be used
Normal to planar face or along axis of cylindrical face Along straight edge or normal to cylindrical edge Two vertices defining vector
Click on Direction and select geometry used for vector orientation. Use the arrows in the Graphics window to toggle the direction. Click on Apply when finished. Enter magnitude for loading in Magnitude.
Toggle arrow buttons to reverse load direction

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E. Graphics Control and Selection
The left mouse button is used to select geometric entities OR to manipulate the graphics display
User can select items (vertex, edge, surface, body) or manipulate the view (rotate, pan, zoom in/out, box zoom) S l t mode can be single-select or box-select Select d b i l l t b l t
In single-select mode, click-drag with left mouse button to paint select multiple items Use Ctrl-Left mouse button in single-select mode to select or unselect multiple g p entities
In box-select mode, click-drag from left to right selects entities fully enclosed in bounding box In box-select mode, click-drag from right to left selects any entity partially enclosed in , g g y yp y bounding box
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Graphics Control and Selection
In select mode the middle mouse provides several short cuts for graphics manipulation
Click + drag middle mouse button = dynamic rotate CTRL+ Middle mouse button = dynamic pan Shift S f + Middle mouse button = dynamic zoom If present, the wheel can be used to zoom in/out RMB + drag = box zoom Click right mouse button once and select Fit to fit model in view or access context menu options
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Graphics Control and Selection
Selection planes allow for users to easily select surfaces which are hidden from view by other surfaces.
User selects a plane; if more planes lie directly underneath the cursor, selection planes appear. Selection planes are color-coded with the same color as its parent part and are ordered by depth from the cursor.
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F. The Engineering Data Application
The Engineering Data application provides overall control for material properties.
Engineering data is a part of every project. Engineering data can be opened stand alone (as a precursor to starting a project for example).
To open the Engineering Data p g g standalone, add from the component systems in the toolbox (drag/drop or double click), then RMB > Edit or double click.
To edit the Engineering Data in an existing project RMB > Edit or double click
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. . . The Engineering Data Application
The Engineering Data application is displayed below. Individual controls and components are described next.
Data Sources Property Table
Toolbox Individual Materials Property Chart Material Properties
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The 2 icons in the toolbar control the basic display of engineering data. The first toggles a filter for the materials shown in the toolbox:
ON = only materials relevant to the current analysis types are displayed. OFF = all material properties are displayed.
The second toggles the display of either the project materials or the data source materials:
ON: data sources (libraries) are displayed. OFF: materials for the current project are displayed. displayed
Physics Filter for Toolbox
Data Source/Project Display
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With data sources displayed the windows provide a cascading data presentation. To view or modify materials one generally follows a work flow shown here: Data Source > Material > Property
Choose Data Source (Library) p y p y Display Property in tabular and graphical format
Choose Material
Choose Property
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Data Sources
The Favorites field represents the materials which will be available in every project. j
Check box allows library to be unlocked for editing. Libraries must be unlocked before materials can be modified. modified
The list of available material libraries is displayed here. These may be ANSYS supplied or user defined.
New user material libraries may be added by entering a name and a location.
Browse for existing libraries or choose new library location.

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To add a material from an existing library to the current project click the plus sign (+) next to that material.
Highlight the desired library
Click the + next to the desired material
Materials can be made available for all projects by designating them as Favorites using RMB Favorites IMPORTANT!: A material that is not displayed in the current engineering data will not be available in the current analysis. = OFF
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To create a new material toggle to the project materials display. Enter a name, and description if desired, f th d i d for the new material. t i l
= OFF
From the Toolbox double click or drag and drop the desired properties. Finally enter values for the properties. Note: properties can be added to existing materials using the same technique.
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Units menu in Engineering Data:
You may choose to display Values as Defined or Values in Project Units. As Defined units are controlled individually.
Project Units are taken from the current Units menu selection.
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G. Workshop 2-1 Mechanical Basics

Workshop 2.1 Mechanical Basics Goal:
Using the Stress Wizard, set up and solve a structural model for stress, deflection and safety factor.
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Lecture 3 L t General Preprocessing p g

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Chapter Overview

In this chapter, using features without the use of the Wizards will be covered Topics:
A. B. C. D. E. Geometry Contact Coordinate Systems y Named Selections Workshop 3-1, Contact Control
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to the ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above and are noted in the lower-left hand tables
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Introduction
The Outline Tree is the main way of setting up an analysis

The Context Toolbar, Details View, and Graphics Window update, depending on which Outline Tree branch is selected Use of the Outline Tree will be emphasized in this chapter
Use f the Outline T U of th O tli Tree is i the means by which users navigate through the Mechanical GUI.
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A. Geometry Branch
The Geometry branch lists the part(s) that make up the model. In Mechanical, there are three types of bodies which can be analyzed:
Solid bodies are general 3D or 2D volumes/areas/parts Surface bodies are only areas Line bodies are only curves Each is explained next . . .
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Types of Bodies
Solid bodies are geometrically and spatially 3D or 2D:
3D solids are meshed with higher-order tetrahedral or hexahedral solid elements with quadratic shape functions. 2D solids are meshed with higher order triangle or quadrilateral solid elements with quadratic shape functions
The 2D switch must be set on the Project page prior to import Geometry type cannot be changed from 2D to 3D (or vice versa) after import
Each node has three translational degrees of freedom (DOF) for structural or one temperature DOF for thermal
3D Solids
2D Solids
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Axisymmetric y cross section

Types of Bodies
Surface bodies are geometrically 2D but spatially 3D:
Surface bodies represent structures which are thin in one dimension (throughthickness). Thickness is not modeled but supplied as an input value. Surface bodies are meshed with linear shell elements having six DOF (UX, UY, (UX UY UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ).
Line bodies are geometrically 1D but spatially 3D:

Line bodies represent structures which are thin in two dimensions. The crossp section is not modeled. Line bodies are modeled with linear beam elements having six DOF (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ).
Surface Body
Line Body
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Multibody Parts
In general, bodies and parts are the same. In DesignModeler however, multiple bodies may be grouped into multibody parts. Multibody parts share common boundaries so nodes are shared at that interface.
No contact is needed in these situations.
Example:
Common nodes are shared by adjacent bodies
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Material Properties
To assign material properties to a body highlight it and select from the available properties in the Assignment field :
The only materials appearing in the list will be materials added using the Engineering Data application (see chapter 2) 2).
For surface bodies a thickness needs to be supplied as well.
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Geometry Worksheet
A summary of bodies and assigned materials is available.
Select Geometry branch and toggle the Worksheet icon. Toggle between graphics or worksheet via tabs at bottom
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B. Contact
When multiple parts are present, a means of defining the relationship between parts is needed.
Contact regions define how parts interact with each other.
With t contact or spot welds, parts will not interact with each other: Without t t t ld t ill t i t t ith h th
In structural analyses, contact and spot welds prevent parts from penetrating through each other and provide a means of load transfer between parts. In thermal analyses, contact and spot welds allow for heat transfer across parts. y , p p Multibody parts do not require contact or spot welds.
Load
Surface contact elements can be visualized as a skin covering the regions where contact will occur.
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Contact
When an assembly is imported contact surfaces are automatically detected and created:
The proximity of surfaces is used to p y detect contact. Tolerance for contact detection is available in the Connections branch details.
Contact is also used for 2D geometry. g y Contact surfaces are represented by edges. Certain license levels allow surface to edge, edge to edge and mixed solid/surface contact.
Note, automatic contact should always be checked and verified before proceeding with an analysis.
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Contact
Connections can be grouped for convenient contact management. In the example shown, contact has been grouped relative to various sub assemblies in the model. Contact can be auto defined for each group via RMB.
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Solid Body Contact
Contact elements provide the relationship between parts. Each part maintains a separate mesh. This means that one small part will not drive mesh density of the entire assembly and/or the user can make parts of interest have a finer mesh than other parts
Note the non-matching mesh at the interface between parts. p Mix of hexahedral elements contacting tetrahedral elements is possible.
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Solid Body Contact

Selecting a contact region makes non participating bodies translucent. Contact surfaces are color coded for easy identification. y
When a contact region is highlighted in the connections branch, parts are made translucent for easier viewing.
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Solid Body Contact

Corresponding bodies in tree Bodies without contact Parts without contact Contact regions for selected bodies Contacts common to selected bodies
Go To utilities allow a more detailed investigation of contact definitions:
Contacts can be quickly renamed to match part names q y p
RMB
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Solid Body Contact
To manually define a contact pair insert a manual contact region and select and apply contact and target surfaces.
RMB
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Advanced Solid Body Contact

For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, advanced contact options are available:
Auto detection dimension and slider Pi b ll control Pinball t l Asymmetric contact, contact results tool and additional formulations will be covered in a later chapter.
Details for Connections
Details for Contact Regions
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Advanced Solid Body Contact

The Pinball region represents a contact detection zone:
Contact open status is determined by the pinball radius.
Outside pinball: far field p ( g) Inside pinball (not touching): near field
Closed status is either sliding or sticking.

The pinball radius may be entered so that bonded contact is used in gaps. Pinball radius is displayed as a sphere in the graphics window.
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Surface Body Contact

Shell contact includes edge-to-face or edge-to-edge contact:
Shell contact is not turned on by default. y User can turn on detection of face-to-edge or edge-to-edge contact. Priority can be set to prevent multiple contact regions in a given region. region
Edge t S f Ed to Surface
Edge to Edge
Edge to Surface
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. . . Mesh Connections
Mesh connections can be used to joint surface bodies at the mesh that do not share topology.
Must be a multibody part (DM). Can include gaps/penetration. Can use automatic or manual creation.
For manual definition: Master geometry can be faces or edges. Slave geometry can only be edges. edges
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Spot Weld
Spot welds provide a means of connecting assemblies at discrete points:

Spot weld is defined in the CAD software. Currently, only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define spot welds supported by Mechanical.
Spot weld pairs
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Contact Worksheet
The Worksheet for the Connections branch provides a summary of various contact and spot weld definitions:
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C. Coordinate Systems
The Coordinate Systems branch initially contains only the global Cartesian system. Coordinate systems can be used for mesh controls, point masses, directional l d and results. di ti l loads, d lt
Local Coordinate Systems can be created or imported from some CAD systems (see Mechanical documentation).
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Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems (Cartesian or cylindrical) can be defined by selecting Coordinate System icon from the Context toolbar. Th CS t lb becomes available after CS is defined. The toolbar b il bl ft i d fi d
Delete Translate Move Up/Down
Rotate
Flip
Local coordinate systems are defined either by:

S l ti geometry (Associative Coordinate System). The Selecting t (A i ti C di t S t ) Th coordinate system updates if the geometrys location is updated (not during solution). Its translation and rotation are geometry dependent. Specifying coordinates (Non-Associative Coordinate System). The coordinate system will remain as originally defined i.e.: it is independent of geometry.
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Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems can be used from pull-down menus in the Details view in various applications (examples below) :
Directional Results
Point Masses
Sizing w/ Sphere of Influence Option
Directional Loads Directional Displacements
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D. Named Selections
The Named Selection Toolbar provides functionality for grouping together geometric entities:
Manipulate Show/Hide Suppress/Unsuppress
Create
Defined Names
Named Selections allow users to group together vertices, edges, surfaces, or bodies. Named Selections can be used for defining mesh controls, applying loads and controls supports, etc. Provides an easy method to reselect groups that will be referenced often
Defining contact regions S Scoping results i lt Etc.
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Defining Named Selections

To create Selections using geometry selection:
Select the vertices, edges, surfaces, or bodies of interest, then click on the Create Selection Group icon. Enter a name in the dialog box. box The new group will appear in the Named Selection Toolbar as well as in the Outline Tree. Note:
Only one type of entity can be in a particular Named Selection. For example, vertices and edges cannot exist in the same Named Selection. Named Selection groups can be imported from some CAD systems (see Chapter 10).
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Selections can be created employing various criteria using the Worksheet method. Add, remove, filter, etc. to stack criteria for complex selections. Each selection is generated to complete the operation.
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Example, select a vertex at x,y,z = 97.7, 33, 0: Using three operations (add, filter, remove), allows a single vertex selection.
Results in 4 vertices selected
Results in 2 vertices selected
Results in 1 vertex selected
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Using Named Selections
In many detail window fields Named Selections can be referenced directly: Example (pressure load):
In the Details view, change Method from Geometry Selection to Named f G S Selection Select the Named Selection from the pull-down menu
Mechanical will filter non-applicable types of Named Selections. pp yp
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Using Named Selections
Named Selections can be used in other situations where geometry must be picked:
Select Geometry from the Details view to enter picking mode T Toggle the Named Selection to select from the Toolbar l th N d S l ti t l tf th T lb Select the applicable choice:
Select Items in Group, Add to Current Selection, Remove from Current Selection
Then, click on Apply in the Details view , pp y
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E. Workshop 3.1 Contact Control

Workshop 3.1 Contact Control Goal:
Investigate several types of contact behavior.
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Lecture 4 L t Meshing in Mechanical g

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Chapter Overview

In this chapter controlling meshing operations is described. Topics:

A. B. C. D. E. Global Meshing Controls g Local Meshing Controls Meshing Troubleshooting Virtual Topology p gy Workshop 4-1, Meshing Control
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to the ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above and are noted in the lower-left hand tables lower left
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Meshing in Mechanical
The nodes and elements representing the geometry model make up the mesh:
A default mesh is automatically generated during initiation of the solution. Th user can generate the mesh prior to solving to verify mesh control The t th h i t l i t if h t l settings. A finer mesh produces more precise answers but also increases CPU time and memory requirements.
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A. Global Meshing Controls

Physics Based Meshing allows the user to specify the mesh based on the physics to be solved. Choosing the physics type will set controls such as:
Solid element mid-side nodes Element shape checking Transitioning
Physics preferences can be:

Mechanical Electromagnetics g CFD Explicit
Note: Some mesh controls are intended for nonMechanical applications (CFD, EMAG, etc). Only mechanical mesh controls are discussed in this course. course
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Global Meshing Controls

The user has control with a single slider bar
Relevance setting between 100 and +100 g
Basic meshing controls are available under the Defaults group in the Mesh branch
- Relevance = coarse mesh
+ Relevance = fine mesh
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Sizing Section:
The controls in this group set the basic size defaults for the initial mesh. Local controls (described later), can be used to override these values in specific regions of the model. Th These settings assume the Use Advanced tti th U Ad d Size Function is set to Off.
Relevance Center: sets the mid point of the Relevance slider control. Element Size: defines element size used for the entire model model. Initial Size seed: Initial mesh size is based either on the entire assembly or on each individual part. Smoothing: Attempts to improve element quality by moving nodes. Number of smoothing iterations can be controlled (Lo Medi m High) (Low, Medium, High). Transition: Controls the rate at which adjacent elements will grow (Slow, Fast)
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Advanced Size Functions: 4 settings to control basic mesh sizing.

Curvature: The curvature size function examines curvature on edges and faces and sets element sizes so as not to violate the maximum size or the curvature angle (automatically computed or d fi d b th user). t l ( t ti ll t d defined by the ) Proximity: The proximity size function allows you to specify the minimum number of element layers created in regions that constitute gaps in the model (features). Fixed: The fixed size function does not refine the mesh based on curvature or proximity. Rather, you specify minimum and maximum sizes and gradation is provided between sizes based on a specified growth rate. Note: users may accept default settings for these options or specify their own (described next).
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Curvature settings:
Normal angle: the maximum allowable angle that one element edge is allowed to span (default based on relevance and span angle center settings). Min Size: the minimum element edge size that the mesher will create. Max Face Size: Maximum size the surface mesher will allow. Max Size: Maximum size the volume mesher will allow. Growth Rate: Specifies the increase in element size for each succeeding layer progressing from an edge. A value of 1.2 represents a 20% increase. Settings from 1 to 5 with a default determined by relevance and transition settings.
Curvature = 20 deg.
Curvature = 75 deg.
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Proximity Settings:
Proximity Accuracy: Set between 0 and 1 (0.5=default). Controls the search range used with the max size and cells across gap settings. A setting of 0 is faster, f t a setting of 1 is more accurate. tti f i t Num Cells Across Gap: specifies the number of element layers to be generated in the gap sections (i.e. between features).
Num Cells = 2
Num Cells = 5
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Shape Checking:
Standard Mechanical linear stress, modal and thermal analyses. Aggressive Mechanical large gg g deformations and material nonlinearities.
Element Midside Nodes:

Program Controlled (default), Dropped or Kept (see below).
Number of Retries: if poor quality elements are detected the mesher will retry using a finer mesh. Mesh Morphing: when enabled allows updated geometry to use a morphed mesh rather than remeshing (saves time). Topology must remain the same and large geometry changes cannot be morphed.
Element A
Element B
Kept
Dropped
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B. Local Meshing Controls
Local Mesh Controls can be applied to either a Geometry Selection or a Named Selection. These are available only when the mesh branch is highlighted. Available controls include :
Method Control Sizing Control Contact Sizing Control Refinement Control Mapped Face Meshing Match Control Inflation Control Pinch Control Gap Tool (EMAG only, not covered)
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Local Meshing Controls : Method (continued) Method Control : Provides the user with options as to how solid bodies are meshed: Automatic (default):
B d will be swept if possible. Otherwise, the Body ill b t ibl Oth i th Patch Conforming mesher under Tetrahedrons is used.
Continued . . .
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Local Meshing Controls : Method (continued) Tetrahedrons:

An all Tetrahedron mesh is generated. Patch Conforming:
All face boundaries are respected when mesh is created.
Patch Independent Meshing:

Faces and their boundaries may or may not be respected during meshing operations. The exception is when a boundary condition is applied to a surface, its boundaries are respected.
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Local Meshing Controls : Method (continued)

Hex Dominant : Creates a free hex dominant mesh. Useful for meshing bodies that cannot be swept. Recommended for meshing bodies with large interior g g volumes. Not recommended for thin or highly complex shapes. Free Face Mesh Type: determines the mesh shape to be used to fill the body (Quad/Tri or All Quad).
Solid Model with Hex dominant mesh : Tetrahedrons 443 (9%) Hexahedron 2801(62%) Wedge 124 (2%) Pyramid 1107 (24%)
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Local Meshing Controls : Method (continued)

Sweep :

Sweep-mesh (hex and possible wedge) elements. Type : Number of Divisions or Element Size in the sweep direction. Sweep Bias Type : Bias spacing in sweep direction direction. Src/Trg Selection : Manually select the start/end faces for sweeping or allow the mesher to choose. Automatic/Manual Thin Model One hex or wedge through the thickness. Can choose between Solid Shell (SOLSH190) element and a Solid element (Solid185) (Solid185). A solid shell element is useful for thin structures with a single element through the thickness (e.g. sheet metal).
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Local Meshing Controls : Method (continued) MultiZone Method:
A patch independent mesher that automatically decomposes solid geometry to accomplish sweep meshing (like a user might slice a model for f meshing). hi )
Mapped Mesh Type: controls the shapes used for fill regions. Free Mesh Type: if set, allows tet meshes in the fill regions. Can set to not allowed if all hex is desired.
Standard Free Mesh
MultiZone Mesh
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Local Meshing Controls

Sizing:
Element Size specifies average element edge length or number of divisions (choices depend on geometry selection). ( h i d d t l ti ) Soft control may be overridden by other mesh controls. Hard may not. Mesh biasing is available. available
Sphere of Influence sizing, see next page.
Entity Bodies Faces Edges Vertices
Element Size x x x
# of Elem. Division
Sphere of Influence x x x x
Face Sizing Applied to a part.
Size controls available based on geometry entity

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Local Mesh Controls

Sphere of Influence:
Center is located using local coordinate system. All scoped entities within the sphere are affected by size settings.
Scoped to single vertex
Sphere of Influence (shown in red) has been defined. defined Elements lying in that sphere for that scoped entity will have a given average element size.
Scoped to 2 surfaces p
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Local Mesh Controls

Contact Sizing: generates similar-sized elements on contact faces for face/face or face/edge contact region.
Element Size or Relevance can be specified. Ch Choose C t t Si i f Contact Sizing from th M h C t l menu and the Mesh Control d specify the contact region. Or drag and drop a Contact Region object onto the Mesh object.
In this example, the contact region between the two parts has C t t Sizing Type h a Contact Si i T Relevance is specified. Note that the mesh is now consistent at the contact region.
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Local Mesh Controls

Element refinement divides existing mesh
An initial mesh is created with global and local size controls first, then element refinement is performed at the specified location(s). Refinement range is 1 to 3 (minimum to maximum). Refinement splits the edges of the elements in the initial mesh in half. Refinement level controls the number of iterations this is performed.
For example shown, the left side has refinement level of 2 whereas the right side is left untouched with default mesh settings.
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Local Mesh Controls

Mapped Face Meshing: generates structured meshes on surfaces:
In example below, mapped face meshing on the outer face provides a more uniform mesh pattern pattern.
Mapped quad or tri mesh also available for surface bodies. See next slide for advanced options . . . .
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Local Mesh Controls
For some geometry mapping will fail if an obvious pattern is not recognized. By specifying side, corner or end vertices a mapped face can be achieved.
Original mapping failed as indicated next to the mesh control.

By setting side and end vertices the mapped mesh succeeds resulting in a uniform sweep.
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Local Mesh Controls
Inflation Control: useful for adding layers of elements along specific boundaries.
Note: Inflation is more often used in CFD and EMAG applications but may pp y be useful for capturing stress concentrations etc. in structural applications.
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Local Mesh Controls

Pinch: allows the removal of small features by pinching out small edges and vertices (only).
Master: geometry that retains the original geometry profile. Sl Slave: geometry that changes to move toward the master. t th t h t t d th t Can be automatic (Mesh level) or local (add Pinch branch).
Note: a global pinch control can be set in g the mesh branch details Defeaturing section.
L4-24
C. Meshing Troubleshooting
Mesh Metrics: can be requested in the statistics section.

Select individual bars in the graph to view the elements graphically.
Note: each mesh metric is described in detail in the Meshing Users Guide of the ANSYS documentation documentation.
L4-25
. . . Meshing Troubleshooting
If the mesher is not able to generate satisfactory elements, an error message will be returned:
The problematic geometry will be highlighted on the screen, and a named selection group Problematic Geometry will be created, so the user may review the model.
L4-26
Meshing Troubleshooting
Meshing failures can be caused by a number of things:
Inconsistent sizing controls specified on surfaces, which would result in the creation of poorly-shaped elements Difficult CAD geometry, such as small slivers or twisted surfaces Stricter shape checking (Aggressive setting in Mesh branch)
Some ways to avoid meshing failures:

Specify more reasonable sizing controls on geometry Specify smaller sizing controls to allow the mesher to create bettershaped elements In the CAD system, use hidden line removal plots to see sliver or unwanted geometry and remove them Use virtual cells to combine sliver or very small surfaces
Thi option will be discussed next This ti ill b di d t
L4-27
D. Virtual Topology
Virtual Topology: combines surfaces and edges for meshing control:
Vi t l T Virtual Topology b l branch i added to the Model h is dd d t th M d l branch. A Virtual Cell is a group of adjacent surfaces that acts as a single surface. Interior lines of original surfaces will no longer be honored by meshing process. For other operations such as applying Loads and Supports, a virtual cell can be referenced as a single entity. Virtual cells can be generated automatically via RMB:
The Behavior controls the aggressiveness of the Merge Face Edges? setting for auto generation Edges? generation.
Example . . .
L4-28
Virtual Topology Example

Consider the example below:
Virtual Cell
L4-29
Virtual Topology Example

Keep in mind that the topology can change!
Example: a chamfer is added to the top surface in this virtual cell. The interior lines are not recognized anymore.
Original mesh
Elements edge is shown as a solid line and the original chamfer and top surface is shown as a dotted blue line. The chamfer representation is no longer present.
Mesh using virtual topology

L4-30
. . . Virtual Topology
In addition to creating virtual faces, edges can be split to form virtual edges to aid in various meshing operations.
Virtual Split Edge at +: splits at the selection point along the edge. Virtual Split Edge: requires a fractional entry indicating the position along the edge where the split will be located (e.g. 0.5 (e g 0 5 results in the line split in half).
L4-31
E. Workshop 4.1 Mesh Control

Workshop 4.1 Mesh Control Goal:
Use the various mesh controls to enhance the mesh for the solenoid model.
L4-32
Lecture 5 L t Static Structural Analysis y

L5-1
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing linear static structural analyses in Mechanical will be covered:
A. B. C. D. E. F. Geometry Assemblies and Contact Types Analysis Settings Environment, including Loads and Supports Solving Models Results and Postprocessing
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.
L5-2
Basics of Linear Static Analysis
For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x} are solved for in the matrix equation below:
Assumptions:
[K] is constant
[K ]{x} = {F }
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small deflection theory is used Some nonlinear boundary conditions may be included
{F} is statically applied

No time-varying forces are considered No inertial effects (mass, damping) are included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to linear static analysis. N li l i Nonlinear static and d t ti d dynamic analyses are covered in later i l di l t chapters.
L5-3
A. Geometry
In structural analyses, all types of bodies supported by Mechanical may be used. For surface bodies, thickness must be supplied in the Details view of the Geometry branch.
The cross-section and orientation of line bodies are defined within DesignModeler and are imported into Mechanical automatically. automatically
L5-4
Point Mass
A Point Mass can be added to a model (Geometry branch) to simulate parts of the structure not explicitly modeled:
A point mass is associated with surface(s) only. ( ) y The location can be defined by either:
(x, y, z) coordinates in any user-defined Coordinate System. Selecting vertices/edges/surfaces to define location.
Point mass is affected by Acceleration Standard Earth Gravity and Acceleration, Standard Gravity, Rotational Velocity. No other loads affect a point mass. The mass is connected to selected surfaces assuming no stiffness between them. No rotational inertial terms are present.
L5-5
Material Properties
Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required for linear static structural analyses:
Material input is handled in the Engineering Data application. Mass density is required if any inertial loads are present. Thermal expansion coefficient is required if a uniform temperature load is applied. Thermal conductivity is NOT required for uniform temperature conditions. Stress Limits are needed if a Stress Tool result is present. F ti Fatigue Properties are needed if Fatigue Tool result is present. P ti d d F ti T l lt i t
Requires Fatigue Module add-on license.
L5-6
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions are automatically created between the solid bodies.
Contact allows non-matching meshes at boundaries between solid parts T l Tolerance controls under Contact branch allows the user to specify distance of t l d C t t b h ll th t if di t f auto contact detection via slider bar
L5-7
Assemblies Solid Body Contact
In Mechanical, the concept of contact and target surfaces are used for each contact region:
One side of a contact region is referred to as a contact surface, the other side is referred to as a target surface surface. The contact surfaces are restricted from penetrating through the target surface.
When one side is designated the contact and the other side the target, this is called asymmetric contact. If b th sides are made t b contact & t both id d to be t t target thi is called symmetric contact. t this i ll d ti t t C T By default, Mechanical uses symmetric contact for solid assemblies. For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, above the user may change to asymmetric contact, as desired.
Sy Symmetric et c Contact
Asymmetric Contact
L5-8

Five contact types are available:
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Frictionless Rough Frictional Iterations 1 1 Multiple Multiple Multiple Normal Behavior (Separation) Tangential Behavior (Sliding) No Gaps No Sliding No Gaps Sliding Allowed Gaps Allowed Sliding Allowed Gaps Allowed No Sliding Gaps Allowed Sliding Allowed
Bonded and No Separation contact are linear and require only 1 iteration. Frictionless, Rough and Frictional contact are nonlinear and require multiple iterations.
Nonlinear contact types allow an interface treatment option:

Add Offset: input zero or non zero value for initial non-zero adjustment Adjusted to Touch: ANSYS closes any gap to a just touching position (ANSYS Professional and above)
L5-9

Interface treatment options:
C T C T
Add offset: contact surface is numerically offset a given amount in i positive or negative direction iti ti di ti (offset can be ramped on).
Adjusted to touch: offsets contact surface to provide initial contact with target regardless of actual ith t t dl f t l gap/penetration.
L5-10

Advanced options (see chapter 3 for additional details on the pinball region):
Pin Ball Region:
Inside pinball = near-field contact Outside pinball = far-field contact Allows the solver to more efficiently process contact calculations calculations.
For ANSYS Professional licenses and above, mixed assemblies of shells and solids are supported as well as more contact options.
In this case, the gap between the two parts is bigger than the pinball region, so no automatic gap closure will be performed.
L5-11
Assemblies Spot Weld
Spot welds provide a means of connecting shell assemblies at discrete points:

Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software. Currently, only DesignModeler and Unigraphics define supported spot weld definitions. definitions
L5-12
C. Analysis Settings
The Analysis Settings details provide general control over the solution process: Step Controls:
Manual and auto time stepping controls. Specify the number of steps in an analysis and an end time for each step. Time is a tracking mechanism in static analyses g y (discussed later).
Solver Controls:
Two solvers available (default program chosen):
Direct solver (Sparse solver in ANSYS). Iterative solver (PCG solver in ANSYS).
W k springs: Weak i
Mechanical tries to anticipate underconstrained models.
L5-13
. . . Analysis Settings Analysis Data Management

Analysis Data Management:
Solver Files Directory is the location where analysis files will be stored if a project has not yet been saved. Future Analysis: indicates whether a down stream analysis (e.g. pre-stressed modal) will use the solution. This is set automatically when coupled analyses are configured in the project schematic schematic. Scratch Solver Files Directory: temporary directory used during solution. Save MAPDL db. D l t U Delete Unneeded Files: may choose to save all d d Fil h t ll files for future use in Mechanical APDL. Solver Units: Active System or manual. Solver Unit System: if the above setting is manual, you may choose 1 of 8 possible l h f ibl solver unit systems to insure consistency when data is shared with Mechanical APDL (does not affect results/load displays in the GUI). GUI)
L5-14
. . . Analysis Settings Step Controls

Step Controls:
Multiple steps allow a series of static analyses to be set up and solved sequentially. For a static analysis the end time can be used as analysis, a counter/tracker to identify the load steps and substeps. Results can be viewed step by step. Load values for each step can be entered in the Tabular Data section provided.
The time and load value are displayed in the graphics window
L5-15
. . . Multiple Steps
A summary of all the different steps can be viewed by highlighting Analysis Type and then selecting the Worksheet tab.
L5-16
. . . Multiple Steps
Results for each individual step can be viewed after the solution by selecting the desired step and RMB >Retrieve This Result.
Select desired step and RMB to retrieve result
L5-17
D. Loads and Supports

Loads and supports are thought of in terms of the degrees of freedom (DOF) available for the elements used. In solids the DOF are x, y and z translations (for shells we add rotational DOF rotx, roty and rotz). Supports, regardless of actual names, are always defined in terms of DOF.
UY UX UZ
For example a Frictionless Support applied to the Z surface of the block shown would indicate that the Z degree of freedom is no longer free (all other DOF g g ( are free).
Frictionless surface
L5-18
. . . Loads and Supports

Load types:
Inertial loads:
These loads act on the entire system. Density is required for mass calculations. These are only loads which act on defined Point Masses.
Structural Loads:
F Forces or moments acting on parts of the system. t ti t f th t
Structural Supports:
Constraints that prevent movement on certain regions.
Thermal Loads:
The thermal loads which result in a temperature field causing thermal expansion/contraction in the model.
L5-19
Directional Loads
Loads and supports having a direction component can be defined in global or local coordinate systems:
In the Details view change Define By to view, Components. Then, select the appropriate CS from the pull-down menu.
Load Supports Coordinate Systems Acceleration No Standard Earth Gravity Yes Rotational Velocity Yes Force Yes Remote Force Location of Origin Only Bearing Load B i L d Yes Y Moment Yes Given Displacement Yes
L5-20
Acceleration & Gravity

Acceleration:
Acts on entire model in length/time2 units. Acceleration can be defined by Components or Vector. y p
Body will move in the opposite direction of the applied acceleration.
Standard Earth Gravity:

V l applied coincides with selected unit system. Value li d i id ith l t d it t Standard Earth Gravity direction is defined along one of three global or local coordinate system axes. B d will move in the same direction of the applied gravity. Body ill i h di i f h li d i Rotational velocity: Entire model rotates about an axis at a given rate. Define by vector or component method. Input can be in radians per second (default) or RPM.
L5-21
Forces and Pressures

Pressure loading:
Applied to surfaces, acts normal to the surface. Positive value into surface, negative value acts out of surface. Units of pressure are in force per area.
Force loading:
Forces can be applied on vertices, edges, or surfaces. pp , g , The force will be evenly distributed on all entities. Units are mass*length/time2. Force can be defined via vector or component methods.
L5-22
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Applies a linearly varying load to a surface (solid or shell) to mimic fluid force acting on the structure. Fluid may be contained or external. external
User specifies:
Magnitude and direction of acceleration. Fluid Density. Coordinate system representing the free surface of the fluid. C di t t ti th f f f th fl id For Shells, a Top/Bottom face option is provided.
Internal
External
L5-23
Bearing Load
Bearing Load (force): Force component distributed on compressive side using projected area. Axial components are not allowed allowed. Use only one bearing load per cylindrical surface. If the cylindrical surface is split be sure to select both halves of cylindrical surface l t b th h l f li d i l f when applying this load. Bearing load can be defined via vector or component method.
Bearing Load
Force Load
L5-24
Moment Load
Moment Loading :

For solid bodies moments can be applied on a surface only. If multiple surfaces are selected, the moment load is evenly distributed. Vector V t or component method can be employed using the right hand rule. t th d b l d i th i ht h d l For surface bodies a moment can be applied to a vertex, edge or surface. Units of moment are in Force*length.
L5-25
Remote Load
Remote Force Loading :

Applies an offset force on a surface or edge of a body. The user supplies the origin of the force (geometry or coordinates). Can be defined using vector or component method. Applies an equivalent force and moment on the surface.
Example: 10 inch beam with a 1 lbf remote force scoped to the end of the beam. Remote force is located 20 inches from the fixed support.
F=1 lbf
20
Moment Reaction
L5-26
. . . Bolt Pretension
Bolt Pretension:
Applies a pretension load to a solid cylindrical section or beam using:

Pretension load (force) OR Adjustment (length)
For body loading a local coordinate system is required (preload in z direction). For sequenced loading additional options are available (see next page).
L5-27
. . . Bolt Pretension Sequenced Simulation

The Define By field in the details view provides the following options for sequence loading:
Load or Adjustment: as defined on previous page. Lock : Fixes all displacements (load applied and held). Open : Leaves the pretension load open (no pretension).
2 4 3 1
Bolt Load Tips: 3D simulations only. Cylindrical surfaces or bodies only. A refined mesh is recommended (at least 2 elements in axial direction).
L5-28
. . . Line Pressure
Line Pressure loading :
Applies a distributed force on one edge only for 3-D simulations, using force density loading. Units are in force/length. Can be defined by :
Magnitude and Vector Magnitude and component direction (global or local coordinate systems) Magnitude and tangential
L5-29
Supports
Fixed Support :
Constraints all degrees of freedom on vertex, edge, or surface
Solid bodies: constrains x, y, and z Surface and line bodies: constrains x, y, z, rotx, roty and rotz
Given Displacement :
Applies known displacement on vertex, edge, or surface pp p g Allows for imposed translational displacement in x, y, and z (in user-defined Coordinate System) Entering 0 means that the direction is constrained, g leaving the direction blank means the direction is free.
Elastic Support :
Allows faces/edges to deform according to a spring behavior. behavior Foundation stiffness is the pressure required to produce unit normal deflection of the foundation
L5-30
Supports
Frictionless Support:
Applies constraints (fixes) in normal direction on surfaces. For solid bodies, this support can be used to apply a symmetry boundary condition. Examples . . . Fixed in radial direction
Free translation in plane of support
Fixed translation out of plane of support
Free in tangential and axial directions

L5-31
Supports
Cylindrical Support:
Provides individual control for axial, radial, or tangential constraints. Applied on cylindrical surfaces.
Radial
Tangential Example . . . Axial
L5-32
Supports (Solid Bodies)

Compression Only Support :
Applies a constraint in the normal compressive direction only. Can be used on a cylindrical surface to model a pin, bolt, etc..
Requires an iterative (nonlinear) solution.
Force
Compression Only Force
L5-33
Supports (Line/Surface Bodies)

Simply Supported :
Can be applied on edge or vertex of surface or line bodies Prevents all translations but all rotations are free
Fixed Rotation :
Can be applied on surface, edge, or vertex of surface or line bodies Constrains rotations but translations are free
Translation fixed Translations free
Rotations free
Rotations fixed
Simply Supported Edge

Fixed Rotation Edge

L5-34
Thermal Loading
Thermal condition :
Applies a uniform temperature in a structural analysis. Appears under Loads in structural analysis. A reference temperature must be provided (see next slide).
L5-35
Thermal Loading
A temperature differential can cause thermal expansion or contraction in a structure:

Thermal strains (th) are calculated as follows:
x y z th = th = th = (T Tref )
= thermal expansion coefficient (CTE material property). Tref = reference temperature (thermal strains are zero). T = applied temperature (see previous slide). Reference temperature is defined in the environment branch (global) or as a property of individual bodies. bodies
L5-36
Solving the Model

Two processors used if present (default). To set the number use, Tools > Solve Process Settings.
To solve the model click on the Solve button on the Standard Toolbar.
L5-37
E. Workshop 5.1 Linear Structural Analysis

Workshop 5.1 Linear Structural Analysis Goal:
A 5 part assembly representing an impeller type pump is analyzed with a 100N preload on the belt.
L5-38
F. Results and Postprocessing

Numerous structural results are available:

Directional and total deformation. Components, principal, or invariants of stresses and strains. Contact output. Reaction forces.
In Mechanical, results may be requested before or after solving.

If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on the Solve , and the results will be retrieved. button A new solution is not required.
L5-39
Plotting Results
Contour and vector plots are usually shown on the deformed geometry. Use the Context Toolbar to change settings.
L5-40
Deformation
The deformation of the model can be plotted:
Total deformation is a scalar quantity:
2 U total = U x2 + U y + U z2
The x, y, and z components of deformation can be requested under Directional in global or local coordinates. Directional, coordinates Vector plots of deformation are available (see below).
L5-41
Stresses and Strains

Stresses and strains:
Stresses and (elastic) strains have six components (x, y, z, xy, yz, xz) while thermal strains have three components (x, y, z) For stresses and strains, components can be requested under Normal (x, y, z) , p q ( , ) and Shear (xy, yz, xz). For thermal strains, (x, y, z) components are under Thermal. Principal stresses are always arranged such that s1 > s2 > s3 Intensity is defined as the largest of the absolute values y g
s1 - s2, s2 - s3 or s3 - s1
L5-42
Stress Tools
Safety Factors (choose from 4 failure theories):
Ductile Theories:
Maximum Equivalent Stress Maximum Shear Stress
Brittle Theories:
M h C l b Stress Mohr-Coulomb St Maximum Tensile Stress
Within each stress tool safety factor, safety margin and stress ratio can be plotted plotted.
L5-43
Contact Results
Contact results are requested via a Contact Tool under the Solution branch.
L5-44
Contact Results
Select the contact region(s) for the Contact Tool (2 methods):

1. Worksheet view (details): select contact regions from the list.
Contact, target or both sides can be selected.
2. Geometry: select contact regions on the graphics screen.
L5-45
User Defined Results
In addition to the standard result items one can insert user defined results. These results can include mathematical expressions and can be combinations of multiple result items. Define in 2 ways:
Select User Defined Result from the solution context menu
OR - From the Solution Worksheet highlight result > RMB > Create User Defined Result.
L5-46
. . . User Defined Results

Details allow an expression using various basic math operations as well as square root, absolute value, exponent, etc.. User defined results can be labeled with a user Identifier. Result legend contains identifier and expression.
L5-47
G. Workshop 5.2 2D Structural Analysis

Workshop 5.2 2D Structural Analysis 2D structural analyses. Shown here is the 2D axisymmetric model.
Pressure Cap
Retaining Ring
L5-48
Lecture 6 L t Vibration Analysis y

L6-1
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing free vibration as well as pre-stressed vibration analyses in Mechanical will be covered. In Mechanical, performing a free vibration analysis is similar to a linear static analysis. analysis
It is assumed that the user has already covered Chapter 4 Linear Static Structural Analysis prior to this section.
The following will be covered: g

Free Vibration Analysis Procedure Free Vibration with Pre-Stress Analysis Procedure
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
L6-2
Basics of Free Vibration Analysis
For a free vibration analysis, the natural circular frequencies i and mode shapes i are calculated from:
([K ] [M ]){ } = 0
2 i i
A Assumptions: i
[K] and [M] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small d fl ti S ll deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included th i d d li iti i l d d [C] is not present, so damping is not included {F} is not present, so no excitation of the structure is assumed The structure can be constrained or unconstrained
Mode shapes {} are relative values, not absolute
L6-3
A. Free Vibration Analysis Procedure
The free vibration analysis procedure is very similar to performing a linear static analysis, so not all steps will be covered in detail. The steps in blue italics are specific to free vibration analyses.
Attach Geometry Assign Material Properties Define Contact Regions (if applicable) Define Mesh Controls (optional) Define Analysis Type Include Supports (if applicable) Request Modal Results Set Modal Options Solve the Model Review Results
L6-4
Geometry and Point Mass

Modal analysis supports any type of geometry:
Solid bodies, surface bodies and line bodies
The Point Mass feature can be used:

The Point Mass adds mass only (no stiffness) in a free vibration analysis. Point Masses will decrease the natural frequency in free vibration analyses.
Material properties: Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, and Density a e equ ed are required.
L6-5
Contact Regions
Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses. However, contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types:
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Static Analysis Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Initially Touching Bonded No Separation Bonded No Separation Modal A l i M d l Analysis Inside Pinball Region Bonded No Separation Free Free Outside Pinball Region Free Free Free Free
Contact free vibration analyses:

R Rough and f i ti l h d frictionless:
will internally behave as bonded or no separation If a gap is present, the nonlinear contact behaviors will be free (i.e., as if no contact is present).
Bonded and no separation contact status will depend on the pinball region size.
L6-6
Analysis Type
Select Modal from the Workbench toolbox to specify a modal analysis system. Within Mechanical Analysis Settings:
Specify the number of modes to find: 1 to 200 (default is 6). Specify the frequency search range (defaults from 0Hz to 1e+08Hz).
L6-7
Loads and Supports
Structural and thermal loads are not available in free vibration. Supports:
If no or partial supports are present, rigid-body modes can be detected and evaluated (modes will be at or near 0 Hz). The boundary conditions affect the mode shapes and frequencies of the part. Carefully consider how the model is constrained. The compression only support is a nonlinear support and should not be used in the analysis. analysis
L6-8
Requesting Results
Solve the model (no results need to be requested). When complete, the solution branch will display a bar chart and table listing frequencies and mode numbers.
Request specific mode shapes to be displayed by RMB (can select all q ) frequencies if desired). This will insert the Total Deformation results for the requested mode shapes.
L6-9
Reviewing Results
Mode shapes:
Because there is no excitation applied to the structure, the mode shapes are relative values associated with free vibration. Th frequency is listed in the Details view of the result being viewed. The f i li t d i th D t il i f th lt b i i d The animation toolbar from the timeline tab below the graphics window can be used to help visualize the mode shapes.
L6-10
B. Workshop 6.1 Free Vibration

Workshop 6.1 Free Vibration Analysis Goal:
Investigate the vibration characteristics of motor cover design shown here manufactured from 18 gauge steel.
L6-11
C. Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
In some cases, one may want to consider prestress effects when performing a free vibration analysis.
The stress state of a structure under constant (static) loads may affect its natural frequencies such as a guitar string being tuned.
[K ]{xo } = {F }
A linear static analysis is performed
[ o ] [S ]
A stress stiffness matrix is calculated from the structural analysis
([K + S ]
[M ]){i } = 0
The original free vibration equation is g q modified to include the [S] term
L6-12
Procedure w/ Pre-Stress Effects
Setup a pre-stressed modal analysis by linking a static structural system to a modal system (at the solution level) in the project schematic.
Notice in the modal branch, the structural y analysis result becomes an initial condition.
L6-13
Example w/ Pre-Stress Effects
Consider a simple comparison of a thin plate fixed at one end

Two analyses will be run free vibration and free vibration with prestress effects to compare the differences between the two.
Free Vibration
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress
L6-14
Example w/ Pre-Stress Effects
In this example, with the applied force, a tensile stress state is produced which increases the natural frequencies.
Free Vibration 1st mode frequency: 83.587 Hz
Free Vibration with Pre-Stress 1st mode frequency: 99.679 Hz
L6-15
D. Workshop 6.2 Prestressed Modal
Workshop 6.2 Prestressed Modal Analysis Goal: simulate the modal response of the tension link (shown below) in both a stressed and unstressed state.
L6-16
Lecture 7 L t Thermal Analysis y

L7-1
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in Mechanical will be covered:

A. Geometry B. B Assemblies Solid Body Contact C. Heat Loads D. Solution Options E. Results and Postprocessing F. Workshop 7.1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace licenses and above, except for an ANSYS Structural license.
Note: advanced topics including thermal transient analyses are covered in the ANSYS Thermal Analysis training course.
L7-2
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Mechanical, the temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
[K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )}
Assumptions:
No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis [K] can be constant or a function of temperature {Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
L7-3
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:

Heat flow within a solid (Fouriers Law) is the basis of [K] Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary conditions on y the system {Q} Convection is treated as a boundary condition although temperaturedependent film coefficients are possible
It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing thermal analyses in Mechanical.
L7-4
A. Geometry
In thermal analyses all body types are supported:
Solid, surface, and line bodies.
Line bodies cross-section and orientation is defined within DesignModeler. The Point Mass feature is not available in thermal analyses.
Shell and line body assumptions:

Shells: no through-thickness temperature gradients. Line bodies: no through thickness variation. Assumes a constant temperature across the cross-section.
Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body
L7-5
Material Properties
The only required material property for steady state is thermal conductivity.
Thermal Conductivity is input in the Engineering Data application pp
Temperature-dependent thermal conductivity is th l d ti it i input as a table
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will result in a nonlinear solution. lt i li l ti
L7-6
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to enable heat transfer between parts of assemblies.
L7-7
Assemblies Contact Region
If parts are initially in contact heat transfer can occur between them. If parts are initially out of contact no heat transfer takes place (see pinball explanation below). p ) Summary:
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region? Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Frictional
The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is automatically defined and set to a relatively small value to accommodate small gaps in the model
L7-8
Assemblies Contact Region

If the contact is bonded or no separation, then heat transfer will occur (solid green lines) when the surfaces are within the pinball radius.
Pinball Radius
In this figure on the right, the gap between the two parts is bigger than the pinball region, so no heat transfer will occur between the parts
L7-9
Assemblies Thermal Conductance
By default, perfect thermal contact conductance between parts is assumed, meaning no temperature drop occurs at the interface. Numerous conditions can contribute to less than perfect contact conductance:
surface flatness surface finish oxides entrapped fluids contact pressure surface temperature use of conductive grease ....
T
T x
Continued . . .
L7-10
The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the contact heat flux q:
q = TCC (Ttarget Tcontact )
where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact node and Ttarget is the temperature of the corresponding target node node. By default, TCC is set to a relatively high value based on the largest material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the diagonal of the o e a geometry bounding bo overall geo et y bou d g box ASMDIAG. S G
TCC = KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG

This essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.
L7-11
In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may define a finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) for Pure Penalty or Augmented Lagrange Formulations.
TCC is input for each contact region in the Details view. If thermal contact resistance is known, invert this value and divide by the contacting area to obtain TCC value.
Thermal contact conductance can be input which is the same as including thermal contact resistance at a contact interface. interface
L7-12
Assemblies Spot Weld

Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:
Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently only DesignModeler and Unigraphics).
T2
T1
L7-13
C. Heat Loads
Heat Flow:
A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The load is distributed for multiple selections. Heat flow has units of energy/time.
Perfectly insulated (heat flow = 0):

Available to remove surfaces from previously applied boundary conditions.
Heat Flux:
Heat flux can be applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D). Heat flux has units of energy/time/area.
I t Internal Heat Generation: lH tG ti

An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only. Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume.
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
L7-14
Thermal Boundary Conditions

Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to prevent the thermal equivalent of rigid body motion. motion Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on surfaces that already have another heat load or thermal boundary condition applied to it. Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions.
Given Temperature:
I Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies t t ti d f b di Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for
L7-15

Convection:
Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses). Convection q is defined by a film coefficient h, the surface area A, and the y , , difference in the surface temperature Tsurface & ambient temperature Tambient
q = hA(Tsurface Tambientt ) f bi
h and Tambient are user input values. The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature dependent
L7-16

Temperature-Dependent Convection:
Select Tabular (Temperature) for the coefficient type. Enter coefficient vs temperature tabular data. In the details, specify how temperature is to be handled for h(T).
L7-17
Several common convection correlations can be imported from a sample library. New correlations can be stored in libraries.
L7-18
. . . Thermal Boundary Conditions

Radiation:
Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
4 4 QR = FA Tsurface Tambient
Where:

= Stefan-Boltzman constant y = Emissivity A = Area of radiating surface F = Form factor
Correlations: To ambient (form factor assumed to be 1) OR Surface to surface (view factors calculated). Stefan Boltzman constant is set automatically based on the active working unit system
L7-19
D. Solution Options
Inserting the Steady-State Thermal from the Workbench toolbox will set up a SS Thermal system in the project schematic. Analysis Settings In Mechanical the Analysis Settings can be used to set solution options for the thermal analysis. Note, the same Analysis Data Management options discussed in chapter 4 regarding static analyses are available here. here
L7-20
Solving the Model
To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to the thermal model at the Solution level. An imported load branch is inserted in the Static Structural branch along with any applied structural loads and supports. supports
Solve the Structural branch.
L7-21
E. Results and Postprocessing

Various results are available for postprocessing:
Temperature Heat Flux Reaction Heat Flow Rate User defined results
In Mechanical, results are usually requested before solving, but they y g y can be requested afterwards, too.
A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved model.
L7-22
Temperature
Temperature:
Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no direction associated with it.
L7-23
Heat Flux
Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
Heat flux q is defined as
q = KXX T
Total Heat Flux and Directional Heat Flux can be requested
The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating vector mode
L7-24
Reaction Heat Flow Rate
Reaction heat flow rates are available for Given Temperature, convection or radiation boundary conditions:
Reaction heat flow rate is requested by inserting a probe - OR Alternately users can drag and drop a boundary condition onto the Solution branch to retrieve the reaction.
Select from Probe menu OR Drag and drop boundary condition
L7-25
F. Workshop 7 Steady State Thermal Analysis

Workshop 7.1 Steady State Thermal Analysis Goal:
Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer characteristics.
L7-26
Lecture 8 L t Results and Postprocessing

L8-1
Chapter Overview
A. Viewing Results B. Scoping Results C. Exporting Results D. Coordinate Systems & Directional Results E. Solution Combinations F. Stress Singularities G. Error Estimation H. Convergence
In this chapter, aspects of reviewing results will be covered:
The capabilities described in this section are applicable to all ANSYS licenses, except when noted otherwise
L8-2
A. Viewing Results
When selecting a results branch, the Context toolbar displays ways of viewing results: Min/Max Probe
Displacement Scaling
Display Method
Contour Settings
Outline Display
Vector Display Controls
In addition, the Timeline also has an animation toolbar which lets the user set animation controls
Distribute Export
Play
Pause
Markers
Frame Rate Control
L8-3
Displacement Scaling
For structural analyses (static, modal, buckling), the deformed shape can be changed:
By default, a scale factor multiplies actual displacements. The user can change to true scale or undeformed displays.
Automatic Displacement Scaling
True Scale
L8-4
Legend Controls
Right Clicking on the legend in the graphics area allows the user to modify the legend controls.
Edit Value Export/Import/Switch to a saved legend setting Increase/Decrease Contour Bands Horizontal/Vertical legend Display Date/Time Switch to Logarithmic Scale g Display Max/Min label on the legend Switch to Scientific Notation
Number of Significant Digits
Continued . . .
L8-5
Legend Controls
The legend bounds can be manipulated to show result distributions more clearly for contour plots.
Max/Min values are unchanged
Click and drag contour dividers (or type in) to specify contour ranges. A non-uniform distribution of contours can be used as well.
L8-6
Manipulating the Legend
Independent Bands allow neutral colors to represent regions of the model above or below the specified legend limits.
Legend Contour Range
L8-7
Display Method
The Geometry button controls the contour display method. Four choices are available:
Exterior IsoSurfaces
Exterior is the default display option and is most commonly used. IsoSurfaces is useful to display regions with p y g the same contour value. Capped IsoSurfaces Slice Planes Capped IsoSurfaces will remove regions of the model where the contour values are above (or below) a ( ) specified value. Slice Planes allow a user to cut through the model visually. A capped slice plane is also available, as shown on the left.
L8-8
Display Method
Capped IsoSurfaces are manipulated by an independent controller:

Icons allow isosurface cap to be top or bottom. The striped areas of the legend show what values will not be displayed. p g p y The cap threshold can be controlled via the slider or by typing the value directly
Top Capped Isosurface

Bottom Capped Isosurface

L8-9
Contour Settings
The Contours button controls the way in which contours are shown on the model
Smooth Contours Contour Bands
Isolines
Solid Fill
L8-10
Outline Display
The Edges button allows the user show the undeformed geometry or mesh
No Wireframe
Show Undeformed Wireframe
Show Undeformed Model
Show Elements
L8-11
Section Planes
Section Planes can be added and edited in both the preprocessor as well as the post processor.
To add a section plane select the Draw Section Plane icon, then click-drag with the left mouse. Selection planes can be turned on/off using the check box in the details view. Delete section planes using the delete icon. Edit section planes by highlighting desired plane name and using the handle in the Graphics window. g p
Move a slice plane by dragging handle Sliced view of geometry in Preprocessor
Sliced view of model in Post Processor with results
Click on one side of bar to cap view
L8-12
Probe Tool
The Probe Tool allows you to scope a result object to a location and make that result parametric. The Probe Tool can be scoped to geometry, a local coordinate system or using a remote point. The orientation of the result item can be with respect to global or local coordinate systems.
L8-13
. . . Probe Tool
Probe Tool example:
Local coordinate system defined as shown Probe located at local CS Stress results (all) requested
Probe Location Local CS
L8-14
Charts and Tables
Combine results data from multiple steps (static or transient) into charts and/or tables:
Select New Chart and Table icon. From the details Apply the desired result(s).
Use the CTRL key to select multiple results.
Select desired display items in details.
L8-15
Animation Controls
The animation toolbar allows user to play, pause, and stop animations Note: animations are accessed via the Timeline at the bottom of the graphics screen
Control resolution and speed Start/Stop/Pause
Distributed animation interpolates results while results sets animates only solution points.
Export video (avi) file
Note: pause feature available during playback

L8-16
Alerts
Alerts are simple ways of check to see if a scalar result quantity satisfies a criterion:
Highlight the particular result branch, RMB and insert an Alert. In the Details view, specify the criterion.
In the Outline tree, a green checkmark indicates that the criterion is satisfied. A red exclamation mark indicates that the criterion was not satisfied.
L8-17
Vector Plots
Vector plots involve any result quantity with direction, such as deformation, principal stresses/strains, and heat flux
Activate vectors for appropriate quantities using the vector graphics icon
Once the vectors are visible their appearance can be modified using the vector display controls (see next slide for examples)
Vector Length Control
Vector Density Control
Proportional Vectors
Equal Length Vectors
Element Aligned
Grid Aligned
Line Form
Solid Form
L8-18
Vector Plots
Examples
Solid Form, Grid Aligned
Proportional Length p g
Equal Length
Solid Form, Equal Length
L8-19
Multiple Viewports
Multiple viewports can be used to display various images at the same time (model or postprocessing data).
Useful to compare multiple results, such as results from different environments or multiple mode shapes
L8-20
B. Scoping Results
Limiting results displays can be useful when postprocessing:

Scoping automatically scales the legend to results for selected regions.
To scope contour results: p

Pre-select geometry then request the result of interest. The non-selected geometry will be displayed as translucent.
L8-21
Scoping Surface/Part Results

Some examples of scoping results on surfaces/parts:
Stress results on selected surfaces Scoping results on a single part
Vector Principal Stresses on single part

L8-22
Scoping Edge & Vertex Results

Results can be scoped to a single edge (or vertex): Select edge(s) for results scoping.
L8-23
. . . Construction Geometry
Construction geometry consists of either a path or surface. Paths are defined using coordinate systems, model edges or existing points. Surfaces are located and oriented using coordinate systems.
L8-24
. . . Scoping to a Path or Surface
Results may be mapped onto construction geometry in the details:
Path Plot Example
Surface Plot Example
L8-25
. . . Scoping to a Path
Path results may also be displayed in graphical form. The X axis may be displayed as path location (S) or time (transient analyses).
L8-26
. . . Linearized Stress
Using the path plot feature a linearized stress calculation can be plotted (commonly used various structural codes such as ASME).
L8-27
C. Exporting Results
To export Worksheet tab information:
Select the branch and click on the Worksheet tab. Right-click the same branch and select Export. g p
To export Contour Results:

Right-click on the result branch of interest and select Export.
Tabular data from Mechanical can be exported to Excel: p

Select the cells to be exported. Right click > Copy cell to copy all the data from the cells. Paste into Excel.
Export Worksheet p
Export Results Export Tables
L8-28
Exporting Results
To include node locations and vector directions in results exports, change the Include Node Location option to Yes under Tools menu > Options > Mechanical: Export
L8-29
D. Coordinate Systems
Results containing directional components can be mapped to a local coordinate system:

Select from defined coordinate systems in the drop down list shown in y p the detail window. Direction Deformation, Normal/Shear Stress/Strain, and Directional Heat Flux can use coordinate systems.
L8-30
Coordinate Systems
For the model shown below, displaying results in the local cylindrical system transforms stresses into that system.
Stresses in Global Y-Direction
Stresses in Local Cylindrical Y-Direction
L8-31
E. Solution Combinations
In the project schematic, duplicating an analysis cell below the Model branch (Setup, Solution or Result), allows the creation of Solution Combinations to quickly evaluate results combinations.
Solution combinations are only valid for linear static structural analyses. The supports must be the same between Environments (only the loading can change). ANSYS Professional license and above.
L8-32
. . . Solution Combinations
With the Model branch highlighted a Solution Combination can be chosen from the context C bi ti b h f th t t menu. A new branch is inserted where combined results can b requested and retrieved. be t d d ti d With the Solution Combination branch highlighted, the worksheet view allows multiple environments to be combined. Note: a multiplication factor may combined be included in combinations (see below).
Solution Combination = Coef 1 * Environment 1 + Coef 2 * Environment 2 + . . .

L8-33
Solution Combinations
Example: a brake caliper is simulated in both standing and rolling configurations. After the 2 environments have solved a resulting combination shows the effect of both.
Solution Combination
L8-34
F. Stress Singularities
In most finite-element analyses as the mesh is refined one expects to get mathematically more precise results.
Quantities directly solved for (degrees of freedom) such as displacements and temperatures typically converge with little difficulty. Derived quantities, such as stresses, strains, and heat flux, should also converge as the mesh is refined but typically not as smoothly as DOF. I some cases these derived quantities will not converge as the mesh is In th d i d titi ill t th hi refined and may even diverge. These cases are sometimes the result of some form of stress singularity.
Force o ce = As Area Area
Zero
L8-35
Stress Singularities
In a linear static structural analysis there are several situations which may cause artificially high stresses:
Idealized Geometry
Point Constraints
Point Loads
In the above situations, refining the mesh at the artificially high stress area will keep increasing the stresses.

L8-36
Stress Singularities
The Remedy:
If the singularity is not in an area of interest one can usually scope results to regions of interest. If the singularity is in the area of interest there are several ways to obtain more accurate stress results:
Model geometry with fillets or other details which do not cause geometric discontinuities. discontinuities Apply loads and/or constraints spread over areas rather than point locations (see below).
Example
Point Loading
Distributed Loading
L8-37
G. Error Estimation
You can insert an Error result based on stresses (structural), or heat flux (thermal) to help identify regions of high error (see example next page). These regions show where the model could benefit from a more refined mesh in order to get a more accurate answer. Regions of high error also indicate where refinement will take place if convergence is used.
L8-38
. . . Error Estimation
Error plot shows region of high element energy where mesh refinement may improve the quality of the result. In the thin plate example the initial solution shows higher energy levels between the 2 holes. The refined mesh (bottom plot) shows a reduction in local error. Please note, error is a relative measure comparing individual elements to one another. another The actual value of the energy is generally not significant.
L8-39
H. Convergence
As the mesh is refined, typically the mathematical model becomes more accurate. However, there is computational cost associated with a finer mesh mesh. Obtaining an optimal mesh requires the following:
Having criteria to determine if a mesh is adequate. I Investing more elements only where needed. ti l t l h d d
Performing these tasks manually is cumbersome and inexact:

The user would have to manually refine the mesh, resolve, and compare results with previous solutions. lt ith i l ti
Mechanical has convergence controls to automate adaptive mesh refinement to a user-specified level of accuracy. Convergence controls cannot be used on all result items.
L8-40
Convergence
To use this feature select a result item RMB and insert Convergence:
Select max/min value for convergence and allowable change. In the Solution branch details input the max number of refinement loops.
L8-41
Convergence
After the solution is complete one can view the results and the last mesh (symbols in the tree indicate success or failure to converge):
The mesh is refined only where needed (see below) below). The Convergence branch shows the trend for each refinement loop.
Convergence
Divergence
L8-42
Convergence & Scoping
A useful technique to avoid stress singularities when using convergence is to scope results away from them. If the singularity region is not of interest, one can scope results on selected part(s) or surface(s) and add convergence controls to those results only:
Provides control on where to perform mesh refinement. Ignores areas of artificially high stresses which are not of interest. Example:
Possible stress singularity
Region of interest
L8-43
Convergence & Scoping Example

Convergence controls added to the entire model. Geometric discontinuity causes a stress singularity causing divergence. Solution becomes very costly by including the stress singularity.
Convergence controls on scoped results allows adaptive refinement only in user-specified locations. Provides more control over the mesh and the adaptive solution. Accurate stresses realized in the region of interest.
L8-44
I. Workshop 8.1 Advanced Results Processing

Workshop 8.1 Results Processing Goal:
A l Analyze th mechanical arm shown below and then use some of the h i l h b l d th f the advanced postprocessing features to review the stress and estimate the error associated with a default mesh.
L8-45
Lecture 9 L t CAD & Parameters

L9-1
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, interoperability with CAD software as well as parameters will be discussed.
A. B. C. D. E. CAD Interoperability Defining Parameters in Workbench Using the Parameter Workspace Updating CAD Parameters Workshop 9-1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to p g y pp all ANSYS licenses. However, some CAD functionality are specific to certain CAD software, so these will be designated accordingly.
Not all CAD software have the same features, so there are some differences in CAD-related functionality which is supported in Mechanical.
L9-2
A. CAD Interoperability
Numerous Geometry Interfaces are available for commercial CAD systems:

For the latest information on CAD geometry interfaces and supported platforms see the ANSYS Workbench Mechanical documentation. Geometry Interface licenses can be run in reader mode for all licenses. Geometry Interfaces can be run in plug-in mode for the CAD software listed under Associative. d A i ti DesignModeler is the Workbench geometry application and supports all the functions and capabilities listed for commercial CAD systems. systems
Please note not all import capabilities described here are available with all note, CAD systems. Features depend on CAD capabilities and the support provided through the CAD vendors API.
L9-3
CAD Interoperability
There are various items that can be imported from supported CAD systems:
Geometry, Spot welds, Parameters, Material properties, etc.
To access these import preferences use the Geometry properties in the Project schematic. h ti
L9-4
Geometry Import
Import solid, surface, or line bodies:
Assemblies with mixed solids and surfaces are OK. Select desired geometry type to filter import import. Cannot import a part with mixed solids and surfaces.
Use Associativity:
Allows updating CAD geometry in Mechanical without redefining material properties, loads, supports, etc..
Smart CAD Update:

only modified components of a CAD assembly are updated.
Local Coordinate systems:

Allows local CS from CAD models to import with geometry. geometry See current documentation for CAD system support.
L9-5
Named Selections Import

If groups are defined in the CAD package they can be imported as Named Selections:
Groups containing the specified prefix in their name are imported in the Named Selection branch (default is NS) NS ). To import all groups leave the named selection key field blank.
L9-6
Material Property Import

Material Properties: allow material property import from supported CAD systems (see the current documentation for f properties supported by various C CAD vendors. Materials imported from CAD will appear p pp in the Engineering Data branch and will be assigned to individual parts. Note:
If the material type is changed in CAD, p this will be reflected in an update. if the property values of the material change in CAD, this will not update.
This prevents overwriting user-defined values in Mechanical. l i M h i l
L9-7
Parameter Import
Parametric CAD dimensions can be imported into Mechanical:
When checked, CAD parameter names containing the parameter key will be imported into Mechanical. To import all parameters leave the parameter key field blank. CAD parameters will appear in the Details view for the part.
Note: CAD parameters are read only at read only this point.
L9-8
B. Defining Parameters in Workbench

Input and output parameters are defined in Mechanical by toggling the parameter flag on/off. Click in the square and a blue P will appear, indicating th t thi i di ti that this quantity can now be manipulated tit b i l t d as a parameter. Material properties are parameterized in the engineering data application.
Example of input parameters
Example of output parameters
L9-9
C. Using the Parameter Workspace
Workbench Mechanical uses the Parameter Workspace to manage parametric data from analysis and geometry sources. Derived parameters and constants can be created and managed as p g well.
Double click or RMB > Edit the Parameter Set to access parameters.
L9-10
. . . Using the Parameter Workspace

Parameter information is presented in a series of tables.
Outline: lists all input, output or derived parameters. Property: lists information regarding the parameter highlighted in the outline.
Table of DP Outline Table of Design Points: allows multiple parameter configurations to be prepared before solving Properties
L9-11

Example using design points: A CAD dimension has been promoted to a WB input parameter. The stress in a particular region of the model is promoted as an output parameter. The mass of the geometry has also been promoted to a parametric output.
L9-12

Example . . . Opening the parameter workspace, the parameters can be seen in the outline.
In the table of design points 3 g p new values are added to the current CAD parameter value.
From the top menu Update All Design Points is selected.

L9-13

Example . . . The progress of the updates is reflected in the table. With updates complete various charts can be created to investigate the data.
Stress vs Fill t St Fillet Radius
L9-14
Using the Parameter Workspace
Additional processing in the parameter workspace: Parameter Parallel Chart shows configuration of all parameters per DP
DP3 Each E h XY intersection provides a snapshot of all i t ti id h t f ll parameters for a particular DP DP2 Horizontal, colored lines represent design points.
DP0
DP1 Vertical (Y) lines ep ese t pa a ete s represent parameters (P1, P2, etc.).
L9-15
Using the Parameter Workspace
By highlighting parameters, different chart configurations can be selected.

With P1 highlighted notice the chart options are with respect to this parameter parameter. After selecting (double click) the desired chart, the outline can be configured for p y display.
L9-16

As charts are created they are stored in the outline window and can be retrieved by highlighting them.
Using a RMB in various areas of the g chart users can Edit Properties . . . to control colors, styles, symbols, interpolation type, etc. Legend, line display, background, etc..
L9-17
D. Updating CAD Parameters (From CAD)

Update From CAD (Project Schematic):
After modifying the CAD geometry you will need to RMB and Update From CAD. This will update the Mechanical geometry to match the CAD system. Doing an Update, causes new geometry to be remeshed in Mechanical.
Note, you can simply Generate the mesh in Mechanical as well.
To allow bi-directional parametric p exchange the CAD parameters must be promoted.
L9-18
. . . Updating CAD Parameters (From Workbench)
With CAD parameters promoted, they can be managed in the Parameter Set section of Workbench. Values modified, description added, expression entered, etc..
L9-19
. . . Updating CAD Parameters (From Workbench)

If CAD Parameter Changes are made in WB: Refresh Project: causes CAD and Mechanical geometry to update but does not re-mesh the FE model. Update Project: CAD and Mechanical models update and the FE model is re-meshed.
Notes on geometry updates:

Th magnitude of loads remain constant: The it d f l d i t t Thus if pressure was applied on a surface and the surface area changes, the pressure value remains the same but the total force applied will change. The orientation of loads will not change: g If a load direction is specified using existing geometry, the direction of the load will not change if the geometry changes.
L9-20
E. Workshop 9.1 Parameter Management

Workshop 9.1 Parameter Management Goal:
Use the Workbench Parameter Workspace to setup multiple scenarios to explore structural responses in the bracket shown. Material thickness will be varied in the gusset with the bracket thickness held constant then the process will be reversed.
L9-21

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Lecture 2 L t Mechanical Basics

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

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A. The Mechanical Interface

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Capture Snapshot Solve Model Slice Planes

The Graphics toolbar is used for selection and graphics manipulation:

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Toggle between graphics and worksheet

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