BIOLOGY

The primary producers in nature (a) Plants (b) Animals (c) Man (d) Water Ans : Plants Flora is the plants of a particular region. Fauna is the animals of a particular region. Flora and Fauna together constitutes plants and animals of a region. The part of the earth and its atmosphere that is capable of supporting living things is the biosphere. entm-kv^n-b-, sslt{Um-kv^n-b-, Avtamkv ^ n- b Fo Xe- - f n- e mbn biosphere hym]npInSp-p. Nitrogen fixation means conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds like nitrates with the help of bacteria and fungi. The biological nitrogen fixation is done by nitrogen fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, Nostoc and Azetobactor. Plants absorb the element nitrogen in the form of nitrates The red colouration of Red Sea ( sN-S) is due to a blue - green algae.

Cyanobacteria is a blue - green algae. The profuse amount of pollen grains (]cm-K-tcWp-) liberated by pine forests at the time of pollination during the months of March - April is referred as 'Sulphur shower' (k^ jh). Araucaria embricate, a gymnosperm plant is commonly known as 'Monkey's Puzzle.' Opium (I-dp-v) obtained from immature fruits (capsule) of popi plant (t]mn sNSn). Litmus is obtained from a lichen (sse-). Hcp ^wKkpw Hcp BKbpw kl-Po-hn-X-ntesv Dm-Ip kky-hK-amWv sse-\pI. From which part of the plant is turmeric obtained (a) root (b) fruit (c) seed (d) stem Ans : (d) stem Cloves ({Km-q) are dried flower buds of plant 'Syzygium aromaticum' ? Clove is obtained from (a) flower (b) root (c) stem (d) leaves Ans: (a) flower Potato is a tuber crop. Dcp-f-n-g-ns P-tZiw Ata-cn

i m v b \ m k {Xo aMan ........................................................... Homo sapiens Coconut ..................................... Cocos Nucifera Tapioca ................................. Manihot esculenta Pepal ........................................................ Ficus Bengalins Rice ............................................................... Oryza Sativa Lotus ............................. Nilumbium Specieosum Golden shoe flower ....................... Cassia Fistula China Rose ...................... Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Thuba .......................................... Lukas Aspara Indian Elephant ............ Elephas maximus indicus Frog ................................................... Rana Hexa Ductile Cat ......................................................... Felis Domestics Hornbill ....................................... Buceros bicornis Peacock ....................................... Pavo Cristatus Tiger ............................................................ Panthra Tigris

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Vanilla, a flavouring material is extracted from the fruit of an orchid 'Vanilla plantfolia.' Rubber is obtained from the latex of 'Hevea brasiliensis.' The milky juice that oozes from some trees like rubber is known as latex. ]cp-n, NWw, knv, Infn Fnh {]IrXn-Z \mcp-Ifpw ss\tem Ir{Xna \mcpw BWv. Sugarcane is a type of grass. Which of the following is a fruit sugar (a) fructose (b) lactose (c) glucose (d) maltose Ans: (a) fructose Tissue culture is the method of producing plants from minute plant fragments. The wall of plant cell is made of cellulose. a\pjy Zl-t\-{nb hyql-n\v Zln-n-m Ignbm Hcp Imt_msslt{U-mWv skp-tem-kv. The largest flower in the world is Rafflessia and the smallest one is Wolffia (duckweed). The largest sperms among plants are found in gymnosperms. Numerous minute pores in the epidermis of a leaf are called stomata, through which gaseous exchange occurs. Spores are the reproductive unit of plants, protozoans and bacteria. The roots which do not grow from a main root (radicle), but directly from the stem are called adventitious roots. Nepenthes DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two kinds of nucleic acids. In a plant cell, DNA is found in chloroplasts, mitochondria and nucleus. Which one of the following is an example of insectivorous plant: (a) Saraca (b) Orchid (c) Opuntia (d) Nepenthes Ans: (d) Nepenthes

Sundew and pitcher plant are also insectivorous plants. Insectivorous plants obtain the element nitrogen from animal bodies. Organisms which obtain their food from nonliving material in their environment are called (a) Saprophytes (b) Parasites (c) Epiphytes (d) Sporophytes Ans: (a) Saprophytes (ar-tXm-]-Po-hn-I)

Kinds of Movements in plants

kv]i\w, {]Im-iw,- `qKpcp-Xzw, Pew XpS-nb _mly Do-]-\--tfm-Sp {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn kky-fn Ne\w {]I-S-am-Im-dp-v. Chemical stimulus induced growth is called chemotropism. Bending of stem towards light is due to (a) photonasty (b) phototropism (c) heliotropism (d) hydrotropism Ans: (b) phototropism Phototropism means movements ofPplantsS towards light. The movement of plant organs in response to the force of gravity is called as (a) Haptotropism (b) Hydrotropism (c) Phototropism (d) geotropism Ans: (d) geotropism The movement of an organ induced by contact with a foreign body is called haptotropism. Water stimulus induced growth movements are called hydrotropism. The curvature movements of plant parts in response to the stimulus of contact are termed as thigmotropism.

Curious Plants (I u Xp k k y- ) I
Smallest seeds ............................... Orchid seeds Largest leaf ................................... Victoria regia Smallest flower ...................................... Wolffia India's national flower ............................... Lotus Largest flower ..................................... Rafflesia Oldest living plant of the world ................. Pinus

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National Research Institutes in India

Central Drug Research Institute ....... Lucknow (U.P) Cattle Breeding Research Institute.... Hissar (Haryana) National Dairy Research Institute .. Karnal (Haryana) Forest Research Institute ......... Dehradun (U.P) Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology ....... Hyderabad Indian Cancer Research Centre .......... Mumbai Central Marine Research Institute ...... Chennai Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute .............................................. Nagpur National Institute of Communicable Diseases . Delhi

Plants which grow luxuriantly in rainy season and shed all leaves in summer are called tropophytes. Oxylophytes - plants growing on acidic soil. Lithophytes - plants growing on rocks. Plants growing in marsh are called. (a) Helophytes (c) Halophytes Ans: (a) Helophytes The vegetation of Thar desert consists of (a) Hydrophytes (b) Lithophytes (c) Xerophytes (d) Mesophytes Ans: (c) Xerophytes Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants without using soil but by using nutrient solution. (b) Heliophytes (d) Sciophytes

Growth movements in response to the stimulus of heat or cold is called thermotropism. Alternation of day and night causes movements of plants called nyctinastic movements. Seismonastic movements are in response to a touch or shock stimulus.
sXmm-hmSn sNSn-bpsS Ne\w kokvtam-\m-nIv Ne-\-n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Growth Regulators of Plants

Living Medium of Plants

Habitat (B-hmkm\w) - The normal locality inhabited by a plant or animal, particularly in relation to the effect of its environmental factors. World Habitat Day - Ist Monday of October. The vegetation of deserts is called Xerophytes eg: Opuntia (I-n-s-Sn) A hydrophyte is an aquatic plant. Mesophytes (an-X-io-tXmjvW kky) are plants adapted to habitats that are neither very wet nor dry. Plants that grow in saline water are called (a) Halophytes (c) Mesophytes (b) Hydrophytes (d) Thallophytes Ans: (a) Halophytes

Certain chemical substances regulate the growth and differentiation of plants. These substances are called plant growth regulators or phyto hormones. The auxins induce cell elongation and root initiation. Stem elongation and dormancy breaking are induced by gibberillins. Dormancy is the period in which seeds remains inactive Cytokinins help to induce cell division and cell elongation. The plant hormone that controls fruit ripening is ethylene. Unripe fruits can be made to ripe before proper time if they are kept in ethylene atmosphere. Abscisic acid cures ageing and abscission of leaves. It inhibits germination of seeds. Seed dormancy is due to abscisic acid.

Plastids (ssPh - - - ) I W

Plants growing well in full sunlight are called heliophytes.

Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts are 3 types of plastids (ssP-h-I-W-) in a plant cell. Chloroplasts are green plastids.

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Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the presence of (a) Pyrenoid (b) Chloroplast (c) Ribosome (d) Mesosome Ans: (b) Chloroplast Leucoplast (tiz-X-I-Ww) is a colourless plastid. White colour in plants is due to the presence of leucoplasts. Chlorophyll (l- cn-X-Iw)is the green pigment contained in the leaves of plants. A solution of chlorophyll pigments looks red in reflected light due to the presence of fluorescence. Chloroplast contains the green pigment chlorophyll, which helps photosynthesis.

The colour of chromoplast is (a) red (b) yellow (c) orange (d) all the above Ans: (d) all the above Which of the following organism does not contain chlorophyll? (a) Ferns (b) Mosses (c) Fungi (d) Algae Ans: (c) Fungi The site of Photosynthesis is (a) Vacuoles (b) Mitochondrion (c) Chloroplast (d) None of these Ans: (c) Chloroplast

Plant Processes

Chloroplast is called kitchen of the cell. For the formation of chlorophyll, iron and magnesium are needed. Chlorophyll enables plants to produce food with the help of sunlight. The core metal of chlorophyll is (a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Nickel (d) Magnesium Ans: (d) Magnesium Anthocyanins are the pigments producing purple and blue colours in higher plants. Xanthophyll gives yellow colour to leaves, flowers and fruits. Chromoplasts (h-IWw) give red, yellow or orange colour to the flowers and leaves. Chlorophyll is present in (a) all higher plants (b) in all plants (c) in all lower plants (d) in fungi Ans: (a) all higher plants

PHOTOSYNTHESIS ({]Imi kwt-j-Ww) is the process by which green plants manufacture food in the form of carbohydrates in the presence of water, CO2 and sunlight. During photosynthesis plants use carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. Oxygen balance in the atomosphere is maintained through the process of photosynthesis. The percentage of light energy fixed in photosynthesis is generally around (a) 35% (b) 10% (c) 50% (d) 1% Ans: (d) 1% Photosynthesis takes place faster in (a) yellow light (b) white light (c) red light (d) darkness Ans: (c) red light Plant pigments do not absorb all the wavelengths of visible light. Out of the seven colours of light, only blue, red and some violet light are absorbed. If all plants vanish from the earth's surface which of the following gases will also disappear? (a) oxygen (b) carbondioxide (c) hydrogen (d) nitrogen Ans: (a) oxygen During day time plants (a) take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. (b) take in carbondioxide and give out oxygen. (c) take in nitrogen and give out oxygen. (d) take in carbon dioxide and give out nitrogen. Ans: (b) take in carbondioxide and give out oxygen.

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BIOSYNTHESIS (ssP-h-kw-t-j-Ww) is the process by which sunlight gets converted into chemical energy . GUTTATION: In some plants, water oozes through certain pores in the form of liquid, that pores remain permanently open and this phenomenon is called guttation. OSMOSIS (hr-Xn-hym-]-\w):The process by which water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration of solution to a region of lower concentration of solution. The required ingredient for photosynthesis in plant is (a) chlorophyll (b) water vapour (c) carbon dioxide (d) Sunlight (e) All the above Ans: (e) All the above For the process of respiration in plants oxygen is necessary Which of the following is formed during respiration? (a) O2 (b) CO2 (c) NO2 (d) SO2 Ans: (b) CO2 Which of the following is the source of respiration (a) RNA (b) DNA (c) ATP (d) Stored food Ans: (d) Stored food Xylem is responsible for the conduction of water in plants Plants get water through the roots because of (a) elasticity (b) capillarity (c) viscosity (d) photosynthesis Ans: (b) capillarity (tIin-I-Xzw)

The chief pollinators of our agrihorticulture crops are bees. Wind borne pollen grains cause pollen allergy. Imn-e qsS hnp-h n- XcWw \S-p kky- fmWv Fcp-v, apcn- XpS-n-b-h. Pew hgn ]cm-KWw (pol- Chiropterophily lination) \Sp kkyamWv hmen-kvt\-dn-b. sXv, HXfw Fnh Pew-hgn hnp-hn-X-cWw (seed dispersal) \S-p-p.

Micro Organisms

Viruses are passive outside the host and can grow and multiply only in the host. A virus is an infectious agent that reproduces only in living cells. Virus is too small to be seen through ordinary microscopes but are visible through an electron microscope. Viruses are believed to be on the borderline between the animate and the inanimate L.S.D. (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is obtained from a fungi, called Ergot. Smallest cell - Mycoplasma (earlier known as Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism [PPLO]) Smallest living thing - Virus Bacteria were discovered by Anton Van Leeuwenhock in 1676 In dairy industry curdling of milk by lactic acid bacteria, fermentation of milk and the production of butter and cheese etc are the results of bacterial activities. Natural gas (bio-gas) production by Methano bacillus occuring in dung brings about the decay of organic matter under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of methane. Methane is commonly known as biogas, used as a source of energy. Pasteurisation is the process of heating milk to 0 about 150 F for 30 minutes followed by cooling to kill pathogenic bacteria.

Seed Dispersal and Pollination

(h n p n - - h p ] - m - h p ) - - cW w c - W w h X K

Pollination means transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same plant or a different plant. Pollination by insects is called entomophily. Pollination by birds is called Ornithophily. Pollination by animals is called Zoophily. The pollen grains in the plants are produced in anther.

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Superlatives in the Animal World

Largest ape ............................................. Gorilla Tallest animal .......................................... Giraffe Largest reptile .................................... Crocodile Lowest recorded temperature for a human being who survived ......................................... 20.30 C Fastest Animal ....... Cheetah (speed 60-63 km/hr) Smallest bird ................................ Humming bird Largest bird ...................... North African Ostrich Longest poisonous snake ................ King Cobra Largest mammal (animal) .................. Blue Whale (wt. 209 tones) Largest land animal .. African Elephant (wt. 7 tones) Largest teeth ..... Elephant tusks (upper incisors)

Cell and Cell Organelles

The smallest unit of life that is capable of independent existence is a cell.

Human cells have 23 pairs (46number) of chromosomes. Genes are hereditary units located in chromosomes. By weight the most abundant element found in animal cells is oxygen. Chromosome is made up of DNA & Proteins. Chromosomes, other than the sex chromosomes, are called autosomes. RNA is the Ribo Nucleic Acid. It is the hereditary material of an organism. Which cell in our body have the least regenerative power? (a) Brain cells (b) muscle cells (c) bone cells (d) liver cells Ans : (c) bone cells Apart from the nucleus, a typical cell contains other important cell structures or cell organelles like the mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum etc. Mitochondrion is called the 'power house of the cell'. The ribosomes are chiefly concerned with the synthesis of protein. Lysosomes act as suicidal bags.

The Kingdom of Animals

Cell in our body that engulf foreign particles like bacteria are known as phagocytes. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) provides energy for all kinds of activities of a cell. ATP is called the universal biological energy currency'. ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondrion. Energy is stored in the mitochondria as ATP molecules. The physical basis of life is 'protoplasm'. The largest cell is the egg of an Ostrich. The largest human cell is the ovum. Nerve cell(neuron) is the longest cell.

The animal with the longest life span on the land is elephant, while the animal having the longest life span, in general, is turtles (I-S-em-a) and tortoises -(Ba). Blue Whale is the biggest and the heaviest mammal. The smallest ape is Gibbon. Chimpanzee is the most intelligent ape. Elephant tusks are enlarged incisors (D-fn--pI). Fishes respire through gills. The vertebrate which has a two chambered heart is fish. Coprophytes are the animals which derives their food from faecal matters. The organism which has the maximum number of ribs is the snake. The largest snake is the anaconda found in the Amazon region in South

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America. Kangaroo is a nocturnal herbivore. Zebras are jockingly called ''the ponies in pygamas.'' ap-tm-Sn ASn-bn-cnp apJy -c m-k-]Zmw Imknbw Im_-tWv BWv. Hibernation is the period of long sleep for animals in cold weather when there is no food available. During this period animals go underground and their metabolic activity becomes very low and hence they do not need to eat or drink during this period. Fn Huj-[-Kp-W-an F h\whIp-ns ]c-ky-n ImWp Pp-: Icn-p-cv The Kangaroo rat never drinks water in its entire life. Ostrich, Rhea, Kiwi and Penguin-all are flightless birds. Dodo (a flightless piKangaroo rat geon) which appeared in Mauritius is now extinct. The smallest flightless bird is kiwi, while the smallest flying bird is the Bee humming bird of Cuba. Growth of tadpole (hmam-{In) into a frog is called metamorphosis (cq]m-c-Ww) Cobra venom affects the nervous system and viper venom the blood circulatory system. A baby cockroach is called nymph. Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bn H-bm-\mcv? (F) Imm-arKw (_n) Pndm^v (kn) Igp-X-pen (Un) am Dcw : (kn) Igp-X-pen ap-h kky-`p-p-I-fm-Wv. Which organism is called the slipper animal cule? (a) amoeba (c) euglena (b) paramecium (d) sponge Ans : (b) paramecium Rp-I-fn enwK-]-cn-h\w \S-p Pohn: kmp-en\ The population of which of the following is maxi-

mum on the earth? (a) Fish (c) reptiles (b) bettles (d) birds Ans: (c) reptiles Saurology is the study of (a) lizards (b) birds (c) ants (d) fishes Ans: (a) lizards Ants go in a line by the secretion of (a) enzymes (b) sweat (c) hormone (d) trial pheromone Ans: (d) trial pheromone

Human Brain
Cerebrum Corpus Callosum

Thalamus

Hypo Thalamus brain stem Cerebellum Spinal cord Movement

touch

Speech

sight hearing Balance and Muscle co-ordination hearing and blood pressure

behaviour and Feeling

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The tallest living bird is (a) Emu (c) Ostrich (b) Penguine (d) Siberean Crane Ans : (c)Ostrich

(c) brain

(d) kidney

Which of the following is an amphibian (D`bPohn-)? (a) whale (b) turtle (c) frog (d) cow Ans: (c) frog Which of the following is not a mammal? (a) fish (b) cow (c) goat (d) whale Ans: (a) fish Insects belong to (a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda (c) Crustacean (d) Coelenterata Ans: (b) Arthropoda Silver fish is a (a) wingless insect (b) ornamental fish (c) Insect with wing (d) sea fish Ans: (a) wingless insect

Human Body
Brain (Xe - m v t -) d
Which part of the human body coordinates functions of various organs? (a) heart (b) lungs

Ans: (c) brain Cranium is the part of the skull that encloses the brain. Brain receives and sends signals in the form of chemical impulses. The weight of the brain of an adult is 1.4 kg which is about 3% of the body weight of a normal person. Surrounding the brain are the meninges, a protective membraneous envelope around the delicate brain. The largest part of the human brain is cerebrum. The seat of memory in the human brain is located in the (a) medulla oblongata (b) cerebrum (c) cerebellum (d) hypothalamus Ans : (b) cerebrum Cerebrum controls voluntary actions and it is the seat of intelligence, memory, imagination and will. The cerebellum regulates muscular movements of locomotion. skdn-s_w BWv "enn s{_bn' F-dn-bs-Sp akvXn-jvI-`m-Kw. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions (A-ss\-nI {]h-\-). The central control of respiratory activity in humanbody is exercised by (a)cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c)medulla oblongata (d) hypothalamus Ans: (c) medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata has the centres for regulating the working of the heart, contraction of blood

Numbers in Human Body

Number of bones ........................................... 206 Number of muscles ........................................ 639 Number of ribs ................................................ 24 Number of bones in skull ................................ 22 Number of bones in neck .................................. 7 Number of bones in face ................................. 14 Number of cranial nerves ........................ 12 pairs Number of spinal nerves ......................... 31 pairs Number of heart beat .............. 70-72 times/minute Respiratory rate ........................ 16-20 times/minute Rate of blood pressure .................... 120/80 mm. Hg. Number of RBC's .......... in male - 5,000,000/Cu. m.m. in female - 45,000,000/Cu. m.m. Life span of RBC ...................................... 120 days Life span of WBC ................................... 2-15 days Amount of blood ...................................... 5-6 litres Average amount of haemoglobin ............................ 14-15 mg/100 ml blood Weight of brain ............................................ 1.4 kg.

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vessels and respiratory and digestive movements. It also has reflex centres of vomiting, coughing and sneezing. So an injury to medulla oblongata may cause sudden death. The thermoregulatory centre of the human body is hypothalamus. The spinal cord (kp-jp-av\) controls reflex actions in human beings. \s-nqSn IS-p-t]mIp Xe-tm-dns `mK-amWv kpjp-av\.
kpjp-av\bvv GI-tZiw 45 sk.-ao. \of-ap-v.

NOBLE PRIZE 2006

PHYSICS

We lose consciousness if blood flow to the brain is cut-off for more than five seconds. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves in man. E.E.G. (Electro Encephalo Gram) is used to record changes in the electric potential in various areas of brain. Biological Death of a patient means the death of tissues of the brain. Encephalitis (a-kvXnjv timYw) is caused by virus. Disorder of brain affecting recognition of letters and words - Dyslexia.

John Mather

George Smoot

MEDCINE

Andrewfare

Craig Mello

CHEMISTRY

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

(A x-k m n n f p t l m am pI - p ) { h {K - w t - - f w I W

Hormones are biochemical substances produced by ductless or endocrine glands. Thyroid gland is a bilobed gland in the neck, just below the larynx. Thyroid gland is popularly known as Adams Apple. The organ in the body, which accumulates iodine, is thyroid gland. Thyroid gland controls growth and metamorphosis. Insufficient iodine in the diet resulting in thyroxine deficiency disease called (A) simple goitre (B) exophthalmic goitre (C) cretinism (D) mixoedema Ans: (A) simple goitre Overproduction of thyroxine causes exophthalmic goitre.

Roger D. Federer

Under activity or degeneration of the thyroid causes myxoedema in adults and cretinism in children. Deficiency of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by parathyroid gland causes tetany in which calcium level in blood decreases. Adrenal glands are situated over the kidneys. Adrenal gland has two parts, Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla. Blood pressure controlled by (a) Adrenal gland (b) Thyroid gland (c) Thymus (d) Corps luteum Ans: (a) Adrenal gland

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Adrenal cortex produces cortico steroids (mainly hydro cortison and aldosterone). Adrenal medulla produces two hormonesadrenalin and nor- adrenalin. Adrenal gland prepares the animal to fight or flight. Adrenaline hormone raises the rate of heart beat and blood pressure. Hcm `b- s - S p - t m D ev]m- Z n- n- p tlmtam A{Un-\m-en. Adrenalin is known as emergency hormone. The gland that secretes both an enzyme and a hormone is pancreas (B-t-b-{K-n). If pancreas stops functioning in the body then the level of insulin and glucagon will decrease. The beta cells of islets of langerhans (cells in the pancreas) secrete insulin and alpha cells secrete glucagon. Deficiency of insulin leads to excess sugar in the blood and this sugar is excreted in the urine. This disease is known as diabetes mellitus (hyper glycaemia) The main function of insulin is to control the level of sugar in the body. Pituitary gland is an endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is called 'the master gland' in the body because it controls all other endocrine glands present in the human body. Water balance in the body is mainly controlled by the secretion of ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) by hypothalamus The normal value of blood sugar is 80 to 120 mg/ 100 ml of blood.When this exceeds 150mg, sugar will be excreted through urine. Insulin is secreted in human body from (a) gall bladder (b) liver (c) beta cells of islets of langerhans (d) alpha cells and islets of langerhans Ans: (c) beta cells of islets of langerhans All of the following glands in the human body are ductless glands, except (a) adrenal (b) pituitary

(c) lachrimal

(d) thyroid Ans: (c) lachrimal Lachrimal glands secrete tears. a\p-jy-i -c o-c -n\v ]pd-p-hv \nn-p Ckp-en BWv lypap-en (humulin or human insulin). Thymosin, secreted by thymus gland is commonly known as juvenile hormone (bp-hXz tlmtam) Thymus gland becomes fully developed by about 7 years and degenerates and disappears after 14 years of age because of the activities of the sex glands. Pineal gland is commonly known as 'biological clock' (ssP-h-L-Sn-Im-cw). Pineal gland secretes melatonin and serotonin. tlmtam Ckp-en-\p-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-Xp-t]mse "{Sn]vkn' Fp-ambn _-s-ncn-p-p? (F) Pqkv (_n) Ic (kn) cmkmn (Un) Zl\w Ans: (kn) cmkmn Ckp-en FXv tlmtam-WmWv. {Sn]vkn cmkm-n-bpw.

Eyes and Eye Diseases

The eye (photoreceptor), is a globular ball like organ situated in a bony cavity, the orbit of the skull. The iris (Ir-jvW-a-Wn) regulates the size of the pupil in human eye. Retina, in the eye, acts like the film in a camera. The image formed on the retina of the human eye is real and inverted. Rods -(I-dppw shfppw Xncn--dn-bm klm-bnp-p) and cones -(\nd- Xncn--dn-bm klmbn-p-p) are the special cells associated with the sense of sight. Rhodopsin is the light sensitive pigment of rod cells. The average human eye can distinguish about 40 shades of colours. Colour blindness is a hereditary disease. A person suffering from colour blindness is unable to distinguish red and green colour.

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ness). tcmKm-Wp--fp-sS kmn-[y-an-msX In-\p-mIp Akp-J-amWv shs-gpv (presbiopia). Glaucoma is an eye disease due to the increased pressure in the eye ball. Twenty-twenty means perfect vision. If acid gets into eye, pour 2% bicarbonate soda lotion liberally into the eyes. If an alkali gets into the eyes, wash with diluted vinegar. Ophthalmology - study of eye diseases.

Heart

Myopia (short sight) is a vision defect . When a person suffers from myopia he cannot see distant objects since the image is formed in front of the retina. Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses. In long - sightedness (hypermetropia) a person cannot see nearby objects since the image is formed behind the retina. Long - sightedness can be corrected with convex lenses. Cylindrical lenses help to correct astigmatism (hn-j-a-Zr-jvSn) . Cataract (Xn-an-cw) affects the eyes due to ageing. Squint eye (tIm--v) is another eye defect which can be corrected by an operation. IrjvW-aWn Cu-c-ln-Xhpw (dry) AXm-cy-hpambn (opaque) ocp tcm K - a m Wv kntdm ^v X m anb (Xerophthalmia). tImWn-b, ZrjvSn- ]-S-ew (sclera), hn{Sn-bkv lyqa Fo t\{X-` m-K --fmWv Ip-am-n-h-bv ikv{X{In-b-bn Ds-Sp--Xv. Dr. Jose Chacko anb shfn--n ImgvNPeriapuram i- n-b n- m-s X- bm-b n- oFirst Heart Transcp tcmK-amWv ame--v plant peroformed (\nim-X or Night blind- in Kerala

The circulation of blood (c-]-cy-b-\w) in the body is regulated by the heart (lr-Z-bw). The human heart is on the left side beneath the left nipple. The pericardium protects heart from harm. The average weight of the heart is about 340 gm in men and 225 gm in women. The human heart has four chambers, a pair of auricles and a pair of ventricles. The human heart consists of four chambers and in fish the heart consists of two chambers. In those of amphibians there are 3 chambers. Heart of reptiles is incompletely divided into 4 chambers (Crocodile has 4 chambered heart). Mammals and birds also have four chambered hearts. The deoxygenated blood (impure blood) from the body received by the heart is in the right auricle. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is received by the heart in left auricle.

Dr. Christian Bernard Dr. Venu Gopal First Heart Transplant First Heart Transplant peroformed in World peroformed in India

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Aorta (alm-[-a-\n) is the largest artery ([a-\n) which carries oxygenated blood (ip-c-w). The largest blood vessel in the body is Aorta. As blood passes through lungs, gases are exchanged through blood vessels called capillaries of alveoli. The normal heart beat is 70-72 per minute in males and 78-82 per minute in females. Normal pulse rate of healthy adult human is 72 per minutes. The heart beat of a child is more than that of an adult. The science dealing with the study of the heart and its diseases is known as cardiology. ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) is used for checking heart ailments (EEG was invented by William Einthoven). Arteries ([a-\n-I) carry pure blood from the heart to the tissues. Pulmonary artery is the only artery carrying impure blood. Veins (knc-I) collect impure blood from the tissues and carry it to the heart. Pulmonary vein is the only vein carrying pure blood. The largest vein in human body is called inferior venacava (A-t[m-a-lm-kn-c). \psS c-p-g-ep-Iv GI-tZiw Hcp-ew Intem-ao- \ofw hcpw. World's first heart transplant was performed on 3rd December 1967 by Christian Bernard. Dr. Venugopal of All India Institute of Medical Science performed India's first heart transplant on 3rd August, 1994. The first heart transplantation in the history of Kerala was conducted at Cochin Medical Trust Hospital under the guidance of Dr. Jose Chacko Periyapuram. Jarvik Heart is the artifical pump to replace the human heart developed by Robert K. Jarvik. John H. Gibbon (USA) built the first successful heart-lung machine. A pacemaker is used to stimulate the heart muscles.

Pacemaker of man is also known as S.A. (Sinu Auricular) node, which works as an artificial heart. -H-bm-\mcv? (F) sNhn (_n) izmk-tImiw (kn) hr (Un) lrZbw Dcw : (Un) lrZbw lrZ-b-sam-gnsI ap-h tPmUn-bm-bmWv ImWs-Sp--Xv.

Blood

The blood serves to transport and distribute materials within the body. Distribution of enzymes is not a function of blood. Blood circulation was discovered by William Harvey. The pH value of human Karl landsteiner Invented Blood blood is nearly 7.5. group The blood cholesterol level in 100ml of blood in a normal person varies between 150-250 mg The liquid part of the blood viz. the plasma constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. Albumin, globulin and fibrinogen are the plasma proteins. Fibrinogen is concerned with Coagulation of blood. The blood cells are of three types - red blood cells (erythrocytes - AcpW cm-Wp- ). White blood cells (leucocytes - tizXcm-Wp) and the platelets (thrombocytes). Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC or Nph cm-Wp) contain haemoglobin which gives blood its red colour. kkvX-\n-I-fn H-I-n-sem-gnsI ap--h-bn \yqn-bkv Cm tImi--fmWv Nph cm-Wp-. RBCs are produced in the bone marrow. Spleen destroys the dead RBCs in human body. Spleen is known as graveyard of RBC. Spleen serves as a Blood Bank (Reservoir of blood) in the body. The life span of RBC is about 100-120 days. Haemoglobin consists of iron containing pigment haeme and a protein globin.

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Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment gives red colour to RBC. Haemoglobin helps in transportation of oxygen. Normal adult human male has 14 grams of haemoglobin in 100 millilitre of blood. The condition when haemoglobin content of the blood falls below normal is termed anaemia. The disease resistant constituent of blood is W.B.C. which produces antibodies. Antigens are capable of stimulating the formation of antibodies. WBC-White Blood Corpuscles defend our body from disease causing bacteria. Leukaemia, also called blood cancer, is caused by the over production of WBCs. c-n shfp cm-Wp-- Ipd-bp--XpsIm-p-m-Ip tcmK-amWv ept-m]o-\n-b (Leucopaenia). The proportion of R.B.C. and W.B.C. in human body is 5000:1. The life span of WBC is about 2 to 15 days. Platelets or thrombocytes are other blood cells. They perform an important role in blood clotting. They live only for a few hours. Clotting of blood in blood vessels is called thrombosis. The coagulation of blood in vessels is prevented during normal condition by heparin. The vaccine for the small pox is produced from the blood of the cow, while that for the cold, influenza or flu from the eggs of hens. Haemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disease due to inadequate clotting of the blood. Haemophilia sometimes referred to as bleeders disease or 'christmas Sphygmomadisease.'

Diaphragm ({]m-No-cw) separates the abdomen (DZ-cw) and thorax (D-cv). A healthy person has 5-6 litres of blood in his body. Hcp XhW cw Zm\w-sN-p-tm GI-tZiw 300 ann-en- cw am{Xta FSp-p-p-p. The normal blood pressure of a healthy adult is 120/80 mm Hg. 120 mm Hg is known as systolic pressure and 80 mm Hg is known as diastolic pressure. High blood pressure (Hypertension) is known as the silent killer.

Blood Groups
A person having blood type B could safely donate blood to persons with blood type (a) Aand O (c)A and AB

(b) B and O (d) B and AB Ans: (d) B and AB

Blood groups A, B, AB and O were discovered by Karl Land Steiner. O blood group can be given to persons of any other group. Therefore O group is called universal donor. A person with group AB can receive any other group. So AB is called universal recepient. A blood group is most common among the Europeans, while B and O are common among the Asians and the American Indians, respectively. The instrument used to measure the blood pressure in Human body. (a) Manometer (b) Barometer (c) Sphygmomanometer (d) Lactometer Ans : (c) Sphygmomanometer

The only one vein (kn-c) in human body which carries pure blood is (a) renal vein (c) pulmonary vein (b) femoral vein (d) cephalic vein Ans : (c) pulmonary vein

nometer

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Antigen is a substance which (a) distroys harmful bacteria (b) is used to treat poisoning (c) lower body temperature (d) stimulates formation of antibody Ans: (d) stimulates formation of antibody

Bile is stored in the gall bladder (]n-mibw). Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments. The disease which affects the liver is jaundice (a-n-w). Bleeding in liver is known as liver cirrhosis. Hepatatis is the viral disease of liver which influence functioning of liver. Excessive alcoholic consumption causes (a) jaundice (b) pyorhea (c) cirrhosis (d) heart attacks Ans: (c) cirrhosis aZy- ] m- \ - n- \ p AXn- b mb Bk- nsb Un]vtkm-am-\nb Fp ]d-bp-p. bqdnb \nmWw \S-p-Xv Ic-fn-em-Wv. ]pI-bne \mUn-bp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p- -Xpt]mse Btlm Fp-ambn _-s-n-cnpp? (F) Ic (_n) aZyw (kn) elcn (Un) Xe Dcw : (F) Ic ]pI-bnebpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw \mUnsb _m[np- -Xp-t]mse B-tlm-fns Aan-tXm-]tbmKw Ic-fns\ _m[n-p-p.

When the right ventricle in the human heart contracts, the blood moves to; (a) aorta (c) lungs (b) brain (d) pulmonary artery Ans : (d) pulmonary artery

Liver : The largest gland

The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is the largest metabolic organ in human body. The liver (Ic) is on the right side of the stomach (DZ- cw). Liver is dark brown in colour. Sleeping on left side is useful because it gives maximum relaxation to the muscles of the right side and keeps the liver warm and relaxed and improves bile (]n--c-kw) secretion. Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen. The main function of the liver is to produce bile which is an important agent in digestion of fat. There is no known digestive enzymes in the bile.

Kidneys and Dialysis

The kidneys (hr--I) are the chief excretory organs of vertebrates. Urea is removed from the blood by kidneys. The volume of urine produced in an adult human being for every 24 hours is 6.5 litres. The functional unit of kidneys is called nephron. Presence of urea in the blood is called uremia. Kidneys are responsible for the removal of excess water, salts and waste products from the blood in the form of urine. Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin regulates the amount of water excreted in urine. Deficiency of ADH results in the disease diabetes insipidus characterised by a large amount of water being removed through urine.

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Dialysis is used in the case of a patient suffering from (a) liver trouble (b) kidney trouble (c) cataract (d) jaundice Ans : (b) kidney trouble A dialysis unit is an artificial kidney which performs the functions of a normal kidney outside the body.

bXv Hcp Ipv BtWm s]tm Fv \n-bnp-Xv ]pcp-js ssewKnI t{Ima-tkm- ap- I-fmWv.

Bones (A n ) I

Reproduction

Reproduction ({]-Xyp-ev]m-Z-\w) is a process by which an organism produces new individuals or offsprings of its own species. Sexual reproduction requires one individual of each sex. ]pcp-j-_o-Pw Dev]m-Zn-n-p Ah-b-h--fmWv hrj-W- (Testis). The average period of human pregnancy is 3638 weeks (G-I-tZiw 280 Znh-kw). Mothers milk contain 7% of lactose.
{]k-hn- p-tm BZyw ]pd-p- h-cp ico- c- `mKw Xe (head)

Identical twins are formed, when the ovum after fertilization splits into two parts. In human beings sex chromosomes XX is present in females and sex chromosomes XY is present in males. When X of female joins X of male chromosomes the product will be a female baby (XX) and when X of female joins Y chromosome of a male, the product will be male baby (XY). AXm-

Human bones are made up of Calcium phosphate and Calcium carbonate. The total number of bones in human skull (X-etbm-n) is 22. The total number of bones in an adult human body is 206. A new born baby has 300 bones, but 94 bones fuse together as it grows. There are 24 ribs (hmcn-sb-v) in human body. The total number of ear bones are six. In an adult human being, the number of vertebrae is 26. a\p-jys Igp-n Ggv An-I-fpv. The face of a man is made up of 14 bones. Phosphate of lime forms 51% of bone. The bones contain calcium phosphates upto 85% The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes(stirrup ) found in the middle ear. Largest and longest bone is femur (thigh bone or -XpS-sbv). The bones of aged persons are more fragile than the bones of young persons. The breaking of a bone is known as fracture (A-n-`w-Kw) Bone marrow (-A-n-a-) contains the parent cells that give rise to blood cells. 'Funny Bone' is a nerve at the back of the elbow.

Diseases and affected organs

Polio ...................................................... limbs Malaria ................................................. spleen Meningitis .................... brain and spinal cord Typhoid ........................................... Intestine Diphtheria ........................................... throat Bright's disease .................................. kidney Eczema ................................................... Skin Hepatitis ................................................. liver Jaundice ................................................. liver Tuberculosis ........................................ lungs Pneumonia ............................................ lungs Gengivitis, Pyorrhoea ............................ gums Giotre ................................................ thyroid Trachoma .............................................. eyes Arthritis............................................... bones Osteomyelitis ....................... vertebral column

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Teeth (Z )

There are 20 milk teeth in human body. A full set of permanent teeth consists of 32 teeth. The hardest material found in human body is enamel. Milk teeth appear by the age of 7 months, adult teeth appear from 6th year onwards and wisdom teeth appear between the ages of 17-30 years. Second pairs of incisors (Dfn--p-I) in the upper jaw of elephant modified into tusks. Flourides are the compounds that prevent tooth decay. One of the ingredients of tooth paste is calcium fluoride.

Vitamins & Deficiency diseases

Vitamin A (Retinol) ................. Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia Vitamin B1 (Thyamin) ........................... Beriberi Vitamin B2 .................... Cheilosis, Inflammation of lips (Riboflavin) Vitamin B5 (Niacin or Nicotinic acid) ..... Pellagra Vitamin B12 ................................................ Pernicious anaemia (Cyanocobalamine) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) ..................... Scurvy Vitamin D (Calciferol) ........................... Rickets

Skin (Xz v )

Vitamin E (Tocopherol) ....................... Infertility Vitamin K (Philloquinone) ............. Haemorrhage

Skin is the largest organ in human body. Colour of the skin is due to the presence of melanin. The main function of human skin is excretion. imco-cn-tIm-jvamhv \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p ico-cns km[m-cW am-amWv hnbv (Perspirations). Sweat glands help to eliminate excess heat from body. Dermatology is the branch of science deals with the study of skin and its diseases.

Lungs (i z k - I m w m t i )

Pluera protects lungs from harm. The CO content in the air that we exhale is about 2 8%. The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place in lungs at alveoli. Pneumonia, pleurosis, bronchitis, silicosis and emphysema are diseases affecting respiratory tract. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) a lung disease, is caused by Corona Virus.

Lungs is the respiratory organ. The main function of the lungs is the oxygenation of blood and to supply oxygen to it. Alveoli are small air sacs of the lungs through the walls of which gaseous exchange takes place between blood and air.

Food and Nutrition

Pluera

A balanced diet is one that contains all the important constituents of food for the proper growth of the body such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins in the proper proportions. Egg, fish, meat, milk products, nuts, potatoes, pulses and whole cereals are good sources of proteins. Cereals, fruits, potatoes and sugar are good sources of carbohydrates. Animal fat, milk products, nuts and oil are good sources of fats. Eggs, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, milk products, nuts, whole cereals and yeast are good sources of vitamins.

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Cereals, egg, fish, fruit, meat, milk-products, nuts, salt, vegetables and yeast are good sources of minerals. Soyabean is considered to be a wholesome food. Milk is an example of balanced diet. Fats and carbohydrates are the energy products of the body. Rice, wheat, fruit, milk etc have carbohydrates while oils, ghee, butter etc have fats. Proteins are needed for growth and development of the human body. Soyabean seeds possess highest percentage of proteins (30-35%). Rich sources of proteins are milk,pulses, fish, meat, eggs, nuts etc. Carbohydrates are a source of energy for the human body. Maximum starch found in rice is 70-80%. The basic unit of starch (A--Pw) is glucose.

Saliva contains a starch digesting enzyme, ptyalin. Deficiency of carbohydrates causes weight loss and weakness. A healthy person needs 400-500 gms of carbohydrates per day. Proteins are the body building material. Aminoacids are the building blocks of proteins. Protein digestion starts in the stomach while digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. Kwashiorkar is caused by prolonged severe under nourishment in children. Severe deficiency of both protein and calories in infants result in another malnutritional disease called marasmus. a\p-jy-s \ne-\nn\v A-co--n-ep-m-bncn-t HmIvkn-Ps Ipd Afhv 6.9% BWv. anXm-[zm-\nbpw {]mb-]qn-bp-amb Hcp Cy-mc\v ssZ\w-Zn\w Bh-iyamb Du-ns Afhv 2400 Intem Item-dn-bm-Wv.

Branches of Biology & Medical Science

Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to their environment. Ethology is the study of animal behaviour Entomology is the study of insects. Ethnology is the study of the human race. Exobiology deals with the study of life in outer space. Haematology studies blood and its disorders. Hepatology studies the liver and its disorders. Nephrology studies kidney diseases. Cryosurgery is a surgical technique of destroying tissues by extreme cold conditions. Cardiology is the study of the heart. Neurology is the study of the nervous system, its functions and disorders. Cryobiology is the science that deals with the study of organisms, especially warm blooded animals, at low temperatures. Pomology is the study of fruits. The study of fossil plants is called palaeobotany. Science of old age is called gerontology. Agrostology is the study of grasses. Mycology is the study of fungi. Phycology is the study of algae, while the study of fossils is called Palaeontology. Use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial process is known as biotechnology. Eugenics deals with heredity improvements of the human race by controlled selective breeding. Zoology is the study of life of animals. Neuropathology is the study of diseases of the nervous system. Osteology is the study of bones. Phrenology is the study of skull and the brain. Oncology is the study of cancer. Cryotherapy is the use of cold, but not freezing cold, as a form of treatment. Ichthyology - study of fishes. Myrmecology - study of ants. Ornithology - study of birds. Arboriculture is the study of cultivation of trees Myology is the study of muscles. Morphology - study of form and structure of plants and animals. Histology is the study of tissues.

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anXm-[zm-\n-bmb apXn Hcp Cy-m-c\v Znhtk\ 55 {Kmw t{]mo (amw-kyw) Bh-iy-ap-v. Each gram of carbohydrate yields 4 calories of energy. Protein can yield the same amount of energy as carbohydrate. One gram of fat yields 9.3 calories of energy. Pulses are a good source of (a) carbohydrates (b) fats (c) proteins (d) vitamins Ans : (c) proteins A balanced diet (a) meat (b) egg (c) rice (d) None of these Ans : (d) None of these An enzyme extracted from the intestine of calf important in preparation of cheese is Renin.

Vitamin K helps in the process of blood clotting. Excessive intake of polished rice causes deficiency of (a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin B (c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin D Ans: (b) Vitamin B Cow milk is a rich source of (a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B (c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D Ans : (a) vitamin A The vitamin which cannot be had from any vegetables: (a)Vitamin B (c)Vitamin D Ans: (c) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin E

PohIw D kqcy-{]-Im-i-ns kmn-y-n Xzn \nn--s-Sp-p.

Vitamins and deficiency diseases

Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble where as vitamin B and C are water soluble. Rich sources of Vitamin A are vegetables, animal fat, carrots, eggs, spinach (Noc), milk etc. Rich sources of Vitamin B are cereals, eggs, fruit, liver, pulses etc. Vitamin C is found in oranges, lemons, milk and fresh vegetables. Milk, cereals, beef , liver, soyabeans, mutton etc are rich sources of Vitamin E. tlmtam-Wmbn IW-m--s-Sp Poh-I-amWv PohIw E. The source of Vitamin K is green leafy vegetables, fish, peas etc. If milk is exposed to sunlight for a long time Vitamin B2 will be lost. Androphobia ................................... fear of men Anthophobia .............................. fear of flowers Entomophobia ............................. fear of insects Cynophobia ................................... fear of dogs Bibliophobia.................................. fear of books Algophobia ..................................... fear of pain Hydrophobia .................................. fear of water Monophobia ....................... fear of feeling alone Mysophobia ........ fear of dirt and contamination

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine) is a cobalt containing vitamin. Deficiency diseases are diseases which are caused due to the deficiency of certain vitamins in the body. Scurvy is a disease of (a) hair (b) Skin (c) Liver (d) Eyes Ans: (b) Skin

Genetics

A gene is the fundamental biological unit which is transmitted from one generation to the next. It is the unit of heredity. It remains at a definite

Various Phobias
Xenophobia ............................ fear of strangers Nyctophobia .............................. fear of the dark Cryophobia ........................................ fear of ice Bacteriophobia .............................. fear of germs Phonophobia ................................. fear of noise Potamophobia ............................... fear of rivers Pyrophobia ....................................... fear of fire Kinesophobia ............................. fear of doctors Patrophobia ................................ fear of motion

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Communicable diseases
Bacterial diseases : Tuberculosis, leprosy, diphtheria, plague, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, tetanus, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, wooping cough etc. Viral diseases : Chickenpox, measles, rabies, influenza, polio, AIDS, SARS etc. Protozoan diseases : Malaria, sleeping sickness, amoebiasis position on a chromosome. In man about 1,00,000 genes are known to be found in 23 pairs of chromosomes.

RNA has sub-species m-RNA and t-RNA, which carries the stored information of the DNA for translation into various proteins. In protein synthesis, the genetic code is carried from the DNA of the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm by m-RNA. DNA fingerprinting has helped to solve many mysteries and crimes. The number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46. Presence of an extrachromosome in the foetus mongolism.

Environmental Science

Genetics deals with heredity and the laws that govern it. Rev. Gregor Mendel is the 'Father of Modern Genetics.' Mutation is the process of sudden heritable change undergone in a gene due to change in its composition. Mutation is (a) a factor responsible for plant growth (b) a change which affects the offsprings of F2 generation only. (c) a change that is inherited. (d) a change which affects the parents only but never inherited. Ans : (c) a change that is inherited Genetic engineering is the branch of Science dealing with the formation of new combinations of hereditable material and manipulation of genes. DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) is the principal genetic material of all living beings. The structure of DNA molecule was discovered by Watson and Crick in 1953. Recombinant DNA involves transplanting a piece of DNA of one organism to the DNA of another, which finds application in the production of Interferon and Insulin. DNA has a double helical structure of nucleotide chains consisting of deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen bases-Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. It stores and transfers hereditary information and creates its own replica. The nitrogen base thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA.

June 5: World Environment Day. Ecomark is given to environmentally friendly products of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). Ecologically friendly tourism is termed ecotourism. Prof. R. Mishra is called as 'Father of Ecology in India'. The mode of transfer of energy of food synthesised in plants Vandhana Shiva through a series of organisms of an ecosystem with repeated eating and being eaten is known as food chain. In a habitat several food chains are operative. The rich source of energy which never causes atmospheric pollution is solar energy. A simple sequence in which the grass grows, a cow eats the grass, a human eats the cow or drinks its milk, is an example of (a) food chain (b) food web (c) food cycle (d) pyramid Ans : (a) ) food chain B.O.D means Biological Oxygen Demand. It is a measure of bacterial oxygen requirement in water. The estimation of B.O.D gives an idea of the amount of pollution in water. B.O.D is measured as the weight (in mg) of oxygen that is consumed in 1 litre of water stored for 5 days in darkness at a constant temperature of 200C. Water pollution is caused by sewage, sullage and

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industrial effluents. t`mm-ense bqWn-b Imss_Uv ^mIv S -d nbn aossX sFtkm kb-t\v (MIC) hmXIw tNmXmWv 1984- Unkw_-dn-ep-mb t`mm hmX-I-Zp-c--n\v ImcMedha Patkar W-am-b-Xv. Narmada Bachao Environmental planning Andolan organisation is NEERI. NEERI is National Environment Engineering Research Institute. It is in Nagpore. First Earth Summit (1992) at Rio de Janerio (brazil) was related to conservation of genetic resources of plants and animals. Second Earth Summit (2002) at Johannesburg (South Africa) brought into focus five priority areas - water and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity and ecosystem management (popularly called WEHAB). Petroleum, coal, fossil fuel etc are non-renewable sources. Domestic wastes contain biodegradable pollutants. Most hazardous metal pollutant of the automobile exhaust is lead. Unleaded petrol is free of lead. Biomass is a renewable source of energy. Ultra Violet rays are nonionising radiations damaging Sunderlal Bahuguna to DNA. Chipko Movement Nuclear radiations may cause cataract, an eye disease. Strontium-90 (Sr 90) causes leukaemia (blood cancer). Radiation causes leukaemia (c-m_p-Zw).

The pig has the heaviest liver, but lightest heart. There are 639 muscles in human body. Muscles in the human body constitute nearly 40-50% of a persons body weight. Vertebrate skeletal muscles contain a red iron containing pigment called myoglobin. Lungs, liver and kidneys are the excretory organs. Neurons are the active units of the nervous system. Normal human body temperature is 98.4o F or 36.9oC. The fatal point in body temperature is 107o F or 41.7oC. The strongest muscle in the human body is found in the buttocks.. Oxygen is the most abundant element in human body. a\p-jy-i-co-c-n Ghpw IqSp-X AS-n-bn-cnp temlw Imyw. The measure of water content in human body is (a) 50% (b) 65% (c) 75% (d) 80% Ans: (b) 65% Water is a universal solvent. The digestion of food mainly takes place in small intestine. The body stores food in the form of fat in adipose tissue. Length of small intestine in man is about 20 feet. Internal ear maintains the body in equilibrium. Human beings have two ears because two ears help (a) to judge the direction of sound (b) to hear even a feeble sound (c) to enjoy music better (d) to distinguish between two kinds of sounds arriving at the ears in the opposite directions. Ans: (d)to distinguish between two kinds of sounds arriving at the ears in the opposite directions.

Miscellaneous

Man is omnivorous. Herbivores kky-`p-p-I Carnivores amwk`p-p-I Omnivores an{i-`ppI (kkym-lm-c hpw amwkhpw Ign-p--h.)

Dactyology - Communication by signs made with fingers used by deafs.

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Medical Science
Pharmacy

Small pox was the disease that led to the discovery of first antiviral vaccine. Small pox is the only disease totally eradicated in 1980 throughout the world by vaccination. Tetracyclines (antibiotics) helps to cure trachoma, an eye disease. Antibiotics are the drugs which are produced by bacteria and which act against other strains of bacteria. e.g.penicillin,streptomycin, chloromycetin. Antihistamines are the substances that relieve the symptoms of asthma, hay fever and other allergies. Antipyretics are the drugs used medically to lower body temperature. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. The vaccine, triple antigen is given to children to immunise them against Diphtheria, Pertussis (whooping cough) and Tetanus. Quinine is an alkaloid that cures malaria. Quinine is extracted from the tree Cinchona officinalis. Azidothymidine (AZT) is a drug used to combat AIDS. To prevent polio, two vaccines Sabin (oral) and Salk (injectable) Vaccine are offered. A drug that prevents infection and decay is called an antiseptic. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogenic drug.

Eldepyl is a new wonder drug to treat Parkinsons disease (a neurodegenerative disease). Aspirin (i.e., Acetyl Salicylic Acid) is commonly used as a pain reliever. The chief ingredient of the mosquito repellant cream is derived from neem plant. B.C.G. (Bacillus Calmette Guerine) Vaccine is administered to prevent tuberculosis. Tranquillizers are drugs to calm the nervous system and prevent tension and worry while sedatives are drugs used to induce sleep. Shanvac-B is Indias first indigenous genetically engineered Hepatitis - B vaccine Viagra is a tablet for stimulating sex potential. Morphine works as an analgesic drug and is classified as narcotics. An antibiotic is a substance produced by a living organism, especially a bacterium or a fungus. Penicillin is produced from fungus known as Penicillium notatum. CP-20-961 Hcp ate-dnb hmIvkn BWv.

Diseases and Treatments

amc-I-amb ]n--\ nv ImcWw Ghn- bm C^vfp-hk sshdkv BWv. Euthanasia means mercy killing. It was first introduced legally in Netherlands and in Belgium second time. Computer Axial Tomograph (CAT) scan is used for photographing a selected plane of the human body using X-rays for diagnosing the cause of a disease.

Few Abbreviations
ATP ........................... Aderiosine Tri Phosphate ADH .............................. Anti Diuretic Hormone BHC ............................... Benzene Hexa Chloride BMR ................................ Basal Metabolic Rate DDT ............ Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane ECG .................................... Electro Cardio Gram EEG ............................... Electro Encephalo Gram BOD ........................ Biological Oxygen Demand WHO ....................... World Health Organisation RBC ................................ Red Blood Corpuscles WBC ............................. White Blood Corpscles DNA ............................ Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid RNA ..................................... Ribo Nucleic Acid FAD ...................... Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide TMV ............................... Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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CAT Scan is also known as CT Scan. CAT scanner was invented by Godfrey Hounsfield. MRI-Scan means Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan. PET Scan is Positron Emission Tomography scan. It is used for studying brain. Otoscope is an instrument used for examining the outer ear and ear drum. Physiotherapy is the treatment of diseases or disabilities by massaging and exercise. A biopsy is done in order to detect the presence of cancer. Biopsy means examination of tissue cut from living body. Lithotripter is the machine used to break up kidney stones by ultra sound waves. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is useful in combating cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis. In medicine, radioactive isotopes are used as tracers for diagnostic purposes. Arsenic - 74 is used to detect tumours. Sodium - 24 is incorporated into salt (NaCl) and used to detect the presence of blood clots in the circulatory system. Cobalt-60 is used in treatment of cancer. AIyp - ] MvN (Acupuncture) F NnInmcoXnv t]cp-tI cmPy-amWv ssN\. Anaemia is the shortage of haemoglobin in blood. The number one killer diseases in the world are tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease respectively. Pneumonia, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, tetanus (or lockjaw), botulism, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, leprosy, plague, whooping cough etc are bacterial diseases. Bacterial diseases are found in (a) plants (b) animals (c) humans (d) all the above Ans: (d) all the above Chickenpox, rubella (German measles), measles, mumps, influenza, common cold, AIDS, hepatitis, polio and rabies are viral diseases. Protozoans cause amoebic dysentery, malaria, Af-

rican sleeping sickness, Kala-azar etc.. Fungi causes atheletes foot and ringworm. Haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia and Huntingtons disease (ico-c-`m- K- A\n-m-]qw shn-shn Nen-p ]mc--cy-tcm-K-am-WnXv) are congenial diseases (ie, present at birth). Diphtheria is a disease of throat. D.P.T. Vaccine (Triple Vaccine) is used to prevent diphtheria, pertusis or whooping cough and tetanus. Rubeola is the medical name of the disease measles (a-). Elephantiasis is caused by the nematoda Wuchereria bancrofti. The vector of the disease filariasis (elephantiasis) is culex mosquito. Contagious diseases are diseases which spread from one person to another by physical contact. Infectious diseases are diseases caused by a specific organism and spread through air, water, food, etc. Muscles (t]-in-I) Ab-hn-m-Xm-IpXpsIm-pm-Ip tcmK-amWv Parkinson's disease. Cwojv kP-\mb Pbnwkv ]mnk BWv tcmKw Ip-]n-Sn--Xv. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium vivax. Malaria is spread by female anopheles mosquitoes and it affects the spleen. Plague is spread by rat fleas. Dengue fever is spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Tuberculosis, Smallpox and influenza are diseases that spreads through air. Tuberculosis is known as 'White Plague.' Tetanus can cause lock jaw. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea are water borne diseases. Exophthalmic goitre is known as graves disease. Disease causing microorganisms are called pathogens. The virus which attack bacteria is called bacteriophage. Arthritis and rheumatism affect the joints. Hydrophobia is a disease caused by the bite of a

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mad dog. It is commonly known as rabies. It can be prevented by injections discovered by Louis Pasteur. Injections are known as ARV ( Anti-Rabies Venom). Rabies is caused by a virus, and it affects the nerve cells of the brain. Alzheimers disease in human beings is characterized by the degeneration of nerve cells. Kesari Dal (Lathyrus sativus) causes gradual loss of movement of lower limbs or paralysis. Trypanosomiasis is transmitted from animal to man by the tse-tse fly and causes the dreaded disease sleeping sickness. Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) is transmitted by sandflies. Hypothermia is the loss of body heat (below 31.70C). People living in hilly areas suffer from goitre because of the lack of iodine in diet and drinking water. Minamata disease resulting from mercury poisoning causes brain damage, birth defects and death. temI-t-hpw IqSp-X Bfp-I-sf _m[n-p tcmK-amb Pe-tZm-j-n\v ImcWw sshd-km-Wv. Odd man out (a) Tuberculosis (b) Cholera (c) Leprosy (d) Chicken pox Ans: (d) Chicken pox Others are bacterial diseases.

The spread of AIDS disease is promoted by 'homosexuality' (-kz-h-c-Xn), immoral way of life and use of infected needles in blood transfusion. "Pohnq Pohn-m A\p- h-Znq' F-XmWv 2002se AIDS Zn\ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. ('Live and let live.')

Miscellaneous

AIDS

AIDS means Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome It was first detected in USA in 1981. Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ( HIV) is the virus affects T-cells of blood which leads to AIDS. LUC Montagnier is the first isolated HIV. World AIDS day is observed every year on (a) December 4 (b) October 3 (c) December 1 (d) January 15 Ans: (c) December 1 World AIDS Day has been observed on December 1 since 1988. ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay) and Western Blot test help us to detect the presence of the AIDS virus.

Antigen is a substance which stimulates the formation of antibodies. A colour-blind person has difficulty in distinguishing between green and red colour. This disease mainly affects males. Hookworm enters the intestine by penetrating through the skin. Amnesia is related to the loss of memory. Helium is preferred over nitrogen to be mixed with oxygen in the cylinders carried by divers because nitrogen forms bubble in veins and causes pain. UV radiation also give us a sun tan. But an excess is harmful and can cause skin cancer and damage to retina. Ultraviolet radiation is frequently used to kill bacteria. Test tube baby refers to the phenomenon, when the fertilization is external and development is internal. World's first test tube baby Louise Brown was born on 25th July 1978. World health day is observed on April 7th. All of the following diseases are caused by virus except (a) jaundice (b) influenza (c) typhoid (d) mumps And : (c) typhoid In certain diseases antibiotics are administered to, (a) stimulate production of white blood cells for fighting the diseases. (b) stimulate the production of antibodies (c) inhibit the growth of bacteria (d) produce toxins against bacteria Ans : (c) inhibit the growth of bacteria The artificial kidney operates on the principle of (a) diffusion (b) osmosis (c) dialysis (d) active transport Ans : (c) dialysis

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According to WHO, the disease which causes the death of the largest number of people today is (a) Malaria (b) Ebola (c) AIDS (d) Tuberculosis Ans: (d) Tuberculosis The Science that deals with the internal structure of animals, plants or human body is called (a) anthropology (b) anatomy (c) biophysics (d) alchemy Ans: (b) anatomy Rheumatic heart patients are specially advised against taking (a) fats (b) salt (c) carbohydrates (d) proteins Ans : (b) salt A colour blind person commonly has difficulty in seeing (a) all colours (b) red only (c) red, green and pale tints (d) violet and blue Ans : (c) red, green and pale tints

Famous Biologists
Aristotle is the 'Father of Biology.' He was the first to classify animals on a scientific basis. Father of 'Modern Biology' (a) Aristotle (b) Darwin (c) Robert Hooke (d) Versalius Ans : (a) Aristotle J.C. Bose is associated with the measurement of growth in plants by the use of crescograph. Sigmund Freud (Austria) is known as the Father of Psychology. He wrote The Interpretation of Dreams. The theory of organic evolution was discovered by Charles Darwin. His well known books are The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. Charles Darwin gave the theory of the Survival of the fittest and the theory of the Natural Selection. He travelled in the ship called 'H.M.S. Beagle' to

collect proof for this theory. Laws of heredity were discovered by Gregor Mendel and he form the basis of modern genetics. So Mendel is considered as the 'Father of Genetics.' Binomial Nomenclature was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Melvin Kalvin was awarded Nobel Prize for his work on photosynthesis. Vaccine for small pox was developed by Edward Jenner. Circulation of blood was discovered by William Harvey in 1628. Gene was first synthesized in laboratory by Arthur Kornberg. A pure culture of bacteria was first obtained by Robert Koch. Bacteria was discovered by Anton van Leeuwenhock in 1683. Vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796. Rabies vaccine was discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1860. He also discovered a vaccine against anthrax in 1881. He introduced pasteurization in 1856 and in 1863 Pasteur discovered that the microorganisms are responsible for fermentation. Louis Pasteur prepared the first cholera vaccine in 1880. Louis Pasteur is called the father of Microbiology. Aspirin was discovered by Dreser in 1889. Insulin for diabetes was discovered by Banting & Best in 1921. Penicilin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. TB vaccine (BCG) was discovered by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1922. Polio vaccine (injectable) was discovered by Jonas E. Salk. Polio vaccine (Oral) was discovered by Albert Sabin. Scientist who discovered X-rays was Wilhelm. K. Rontgen in 1895. Henry Swan developed cryosurgery. The 'Father of Homeopathy' is Dr. Hahnemann (Germany)

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Hippocrates (Greece) is the 'Father of Medicine.' An oath named after him is administered to the medical fraternity even today. In which field 'Charakan' famous for? (a) Medicine (b) Dance (c) Kathakali (d) Sanskrit Ans: (a) Medicine Charaka Samhita was written by Charakan. Susrutha is considered the 'Father of Plastic Surgery.' Susrutha performed the first cataract surgery. The 'Father of Ayurveda' is Artreya. Vagbhata wrote Ashtanga Hridaya a treatise on Indian medicine. Hua Tu ( China) was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia. Patanjali wrote Yoga Sutra a treatise on Indian yoga. Hugo de Vries is credited with the Mutation Theory. Dr. Hargobind Khurana, the Indian - born American scientist, received a Nobel Prize for creating an artificial gene in a test tube. Dr. Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite. Tubercle bacillus was discovered by Robert Koch. A. Jeffery (England) developed the technique of DNA fingerprinting. Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist discovered vitamins in 1912. Iron Lung is an artificial respiration device invented by Dr. P. Drinker. Joseph Lister for the first time emphasized the role of antiseptics. Father of Cloning (a) Gerhard Fischer (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut (c) Dr. Hargobind Khorana (d) Mendel Ans: (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut Dolly is the first cloned sheep. The first effective vaccine against polio was prepared by (a) John Gibbon (b) Jonas E. Salk (c) Louis Pasteur (d) Edward Jenner Ans: (b) Jonas E. Salk

m I w ) Agriculture (I inj nis nicotine. The chemical contained tobacco

Quinine, Tannin and Cinnamon are obtained from the bark of the tree. Tea leaves contain 18% tannin. T x D and D x T are high yielding hybrid varieties of coconut. Hybrid is an animal or plant that has been bred from two different types of animals or plants. HYV means High Yielding Varieties. Foot and Mouth disease occurs in cattle, sheep and pigs. Cocoon stage of silkworm produces silk. Silk worms are reared on mulberry. The most important stimulant in coffee leaves is caffine. Opium is extracted from the immature fruits of the plant poppy (Papaver somniferum). Paper is chemically cellulose. Sunflower oil has the maximum polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mint is propagated through rhizomes. For safe storage, the moisture contents of foodgrains should be less than 14%. anepw Agp-Inb kky-]-Zm--fpsS hnLS\w aqew cq]w-sIm-p ]Zm--fn-epw ASn-bn-cn-p Bkn-UmWv lyqanIv Bkn-Uv. A fertile soil, suitable for growing common crops, is likely to have a pH value of (a) three (b) four (c) six or seven (d) nine to ten Ans : (c) six or seven Seedless fruits are developed by the technique of (a) tissue culture (b) hybridisation (c) clonal selection (d) pure-line selection Ans : (c) clonal selection RR-21 is high yielding variety of (a) rice (b) wheat (c) gram (d) sugarcane Ans : (b) wheat RH - 10 is a new variety of rice. Rotation of crops is for (a) increasing fertility of soil

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(b) decreasing fertility of soil (c) increasing acidity of soil (d) all of these Ans : (a) increasing fertility of soil Maximum yield of milk is obtained from-----variety of cows: (a) Red Sindhi (b) Kamadhenu (c) Jersey (d) Kapila Ans : (a) Red Sindhi Which is a tropical food crop requiring a tem0 perature of 27 and a rainfall more tha 100 cm? (a) wheat (b) maize (c) rice (d) barley Ans: (c) rice Highest fat content is found in the milk of buffalo. The name associated with Green Revolution is (a) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Russi Modi (c) M.S. Swaminathan (d) V. Kurian Ans : (c) M.S. Swaminathan

Salinity of soil can be neutralized by using pyrite and gypsum. Iron is an essential micro-nutrient required for the development of plants. Blue-Green algae works as a bio-fertilizer.

Pesticides

Cultivations

Sericulture is rearing of silk worms. Horticulture is the cultivation of flowers, fruits and ornamental plants. Pisciculture is the art of rearing fishes. Silviculture is forest planting. Apiculture means honey making. Viticulture is grape cultivation. Vermiculture is breeding of worms useful to farmers. Floriculture is cultivation of flowering plants. Arboriculture means cultivation of tree and vegetables.

Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, rodenticides and herbicides. D.D.T and Parathion pesticides are banned in most of the developed countries. Major drawback of D.D.T as a pesticide is that it is not easily and rapidly degraded in nature. Biological control of insects means control of insect population in exploitation of natural preypredator relationship. D.D.T. (an insecticide) has a tendency to remain stable in environment for long periods. Bordeux mixture consist of (a) copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide (b) copper sulphate and calcium carbonate (c) copper sulphate and calcium hydroxide (d) all of these Ans : (c) copper sulphate and calcium hydroxide Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide (]q- \min-\n). BHC is Benzene Hexa Chloride. Loss of agricultural productivity due to pests and diseases is about 30%. Sporeine is a bio insecticide. Sporeine was the first bio insecticide to be developed on a commercial scale. Natural insecticide 'azadiractum' is obtained from Neem (th-v). The pesticide used in foundations of buildings for preventing, termite (NnX) attack is 'Aldrin.'

Forestry

Fertilizers

Azolla acts as biofertilizer in association with the blue-green algae. It is used in the cultivation of rice. N.P.K. mixtures are fertilizers with the mixtures of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen helps in greening of plants and their rapid growth. Phosphorous helps in flowering of plants. Potassium helps in the fruit forming stage in plants.

Social ForestryProgramme was started in the year 1976. An important role is played by forests in reducing atmospheric pollution by absorbing carbondioxide. Planting of trees for aesthetic purposes in urban areas is termed Urban forestry. Percentage of land covered by forests in India is about 20.55 %. Deforestation will decrease rainfall and increase soil erosion (a-sm-en-v).

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The species which are in the danger of exinction are known as endangered. The social forestry programmes should be made popular among the rural people with the aim of planting and protecting forest trees. Grazing (I-p-Imen tabv) should be controlled as part of the forest conservation action. The loss of fertile top soil is known as soil erosion. Crop rotation is an effective method to control soil erosion. Fertility of soil is maintained in the field by rotation of crops. Removal of the soil by the action of wind and water is known as erosion. The pH value of a fertile soil is usually around 6-7. Annual rings (hmjnI he-b-) in the cross section of a tree helps to determine its age. Which one is connected with conservation of forests? (a) Silent valley (b) Bharatpur (c) Kaziranga (d) None of these Ans : (a) Silent valley In a National Park, protection is given to (a) Flora only (b) Fauna only (c) Flora and Fauna (d) Entire ecosystem Ans: (d) Entire ecosystem Tropical rain forests occur in (a) Assam (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Orissa Ans: (a) Assam Turpentine oil is obtained from pinus tree. ]pI-bn-e-bn AS-n-bn-cn-p hnj BtembvUv \ntm-n ]d-n-am-hns P-tZiw {_ko Sweet potato is a modification of adventitious roots (A-]-m-\nI thcp-I). Plants and animals living in a given area form a community. Rain forests occur in Western Ghat and Eastern Himalayas. 1950- -emWv h\-a-tlm-hw Bcw-`n--Xv. A herbaceous plant which dies back each winter, but grows again from underground parts in spring is called Perennial (_-lp-hjn-I). Blanching (mjn-Mv) is a technique used in the preservation of fresh vegetables and fruits. Textile fibres such as flax, hemp and Jute are known as a soft fibre. Cotton is the greatest industrial crop of the world. Cotton is 90% of cellulose. Chipko movement is connected with plant conservation. kpem _lp-Kp-W-bmWv Nn]vtIm {]m-\-ns D]-m-Xm-hv. Microwave oven is a major source of harmful ra-

diations in the house rather than colour T.V, tubelight, heater etc. Botanical Survey of India (BSI) with its head office in Kolkotta came into existence in 1890. National Botanical Garden (or National Botanical Research Institute, NBRI) is situated in Lucknow. Most rapidly growing plants are bamboos. In European countries paper is mainly manufactured from soft wood conifers. Herbarium is a collection of 'preserved plants.' The 'Great Banyan Tree' is in Indian Botanical Garden Sibpur, Kolkatta. The father of Indian Botany - William Roxburgh. Father of Botany - Theophrastus Father of Biology - Aristotle Wild Life Protection Act was enacted in India in 1972. The threat of extinction of tigers forced the India government to initiate the 'Project Tiger' on April 1, 1973. In India, paper is mainly manufactured from Bamboos. Mango, Papaya, Banana, Guava, Pineapple, Mangosteens etc are included in tropical fruits.

Fisheries

Acquarium : places where fishes are kept. Blue Revolution : Development of fishing. Pisciculture : Rearing of fish. Aquaculture: Method of utilising any body of water for rearing aquatic animals and cultivating aquatic plants of commercial importance. Ichthyology is the study of fishes. Father of Ichthyology is Aristotle. Devonian period is the 'golden age' of fishes. Fishes are the first jawed vertebrates. The fish commonly called sea horse -(ISp-Xn-c) is Hippocampus. Fish male of Hippocampus (I-Sp-Xn-c) shows parental care. Cat fishes (]q--a-yw) having possess sensory barbls around the mouth. Fish uses gills (sN- In- f)to obtain oxygen from water. Pe-n ebnv tN HmIvkn-P-\mWv ay izkn-p--Xv. A-co--nse HmIvknPs\ t\cnv izkn-m ay-m-hn-. AtIz-dn-b-nse sh-n-tev hmbp IS-nhn-Sp-Xv AXn-ep HmIvkn-Ps\ Pe-n ebnn-m-\m-Wv. Xnanw- K ew izkn- p- Xv A- c o- - nse HmIvkn-P-s\-bm-Wv. Ghpw henb kkvX\n (mammal):\oe- n- anw- Kew ico-c-n tcmam-h-c-W-an-m kkvX\nbpw Xnanw-K-e-am-Wv.

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Ghpw henb IS ayw Xnanw-K-e-{kmhv a\p-jy-\p-ambn \-t]mse CW-p kkvX-\nbmWv tUm^n. Ghpw henb Pohn \oe Xnanw- Kew (Blue Whale) ap-bn-Sp--Xn\v kap-{Z-n tZim-cw \S-p ay-amWv Cu. FpsIm- m- W v Xnanw- K - e - { km- h ns\m ]Xn--Sv hen--ap \oe-Xn-anw-K-ew Ghpw henb ay-am-bn-. ImcWw hfsc efn-Xw. \oeXn-anw-Kew Hcp ay-a-. AXv Hcp kkvX\ Pohn-bm-Wv. Xmsg--d-bp--h-bn H-bm GXv? (a) Silver fish (b) Jelly fish (c) Star fish (d) Prawn (e) Herring Dcw : Herring (Nmf) CsXm-gnv ap-h Hpw ay--f-. Hmtm-fq. sNo (prawn) Hcp ay-a-. ay- Cm Pem-i-b-aptm? Dtm. Dead sea (Nm-hp-I-S). CXn\v ImcWw AXnse Pe-ns hn-X-amb Af-hm-Wv. Poh D-hn-Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv? (F) IS (_n) Ic (kn) BImiw (Un) `qan-bpsS Dn Dcw : (F) IS Fishes are good sources of B vitamins and iodine and the fatty fish livers are good sources of A and D vitamins. Codliver oil is rich in Vitamin D. The oldest living fish is coelacanth. Electric ray is also known as torpedo fish. Young one of a fish is called fry. Heart of fishes is two chambered. Only internal ear occurs in the body of fish. In fishes, the locomotion is due to paired fins. In fishes the jaws are adapted for defence, grasping, manipulating objects. Sharks and Rays are studied under the science called Torpedology. Gambusia (am\-p-I-n) is one of the fishes used as a natural enemy of mosquito for the control of malaria. In India the best aquarium is located at Tarapur, Mumbay. The scales of sharks is known as placoids. Star fish, Jelly fish and Cuttle fish are not fishes. Cray fish is a bony fish (A-n-a-yw). Herring (Nm-f-a-yw) is known as poor man's fish. Herring pond F-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv AvemnIv kap{Z-am-Wv.

Bio Technology

Biotechnology is the technique of managing biological systems for human benefit. Genetic Engineering is now considered as a kind of biotechnology. Genetic Engineering is the alteration of the genetic make up of cells by deliberate and artificial means. What was the potential of genetic engineering is now prospect of gene therapy. Gene therapy, in humans, is to replace ''a faulty gene'' by a normal healthy functional gene. Transgenics or transgenic organisms are also called Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs are created by incorporating into their genetic make up foreign gene (s) or extra copies of an endogenous gene or cloned and modified gene. First genetically modified crop to sworn in India is Bt. Cotton. Bt. Cotton seed was distributed in India by Montano company. The gene coding for the insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringensis has been transferred to the cotton plant. This transgenic cotton plant known as genetically modified cotton Bt. is resistant to boll worm. The technique of DNA fingerprinting was pioneered and perfected by British genetist Dr. Alec Jeffreys. DNA finger printing is now used to identify criminals in forensic laboratories. It is also used to determine paternity, that is who the true biological father or mother of a child. Cloning is the process of producing many identical organisms or clones (clone means exact carbon copy or copies of a single parent). It is the producion of one individual organism from a nucleus, cell or asexual offshot of another. Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Research Institute in Scottland, cloned the first sheep Dolly. tUmfn-bpsS Ipn t]mfn 1998--emWv ]nd--Xv. izmk-tIm-i-kw-_--amb Akp-J-s-p-Sv tUmfnsb Zbm-h-[-n\v hnt[-b-am-p-I-bp-m-bn. Ian Wilmut is considered as the father of cloning. Carbon Copy is the first cloned cat in 2001 at Texas A and M university.

Cloning

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Objective Questions
1. 2. Which one of the following is a female sexhormone? (a) Oestrogen (b) Androgen (c) Oxytocin (d) Insulin The chief nitrogenous product in the human urine is (a) Ammonia (b) Creatinine (c) Uric acid (d) Urea International voluntary blood donation day is observed on (a) November 6 (b) April 7 (c) March 24 (d) November 4 Leukaemia is (a) contagious (b) hereditary (c) ifectious (d) None of these Vitamin which helps in blood clotting? (a) Vitamin E (b) Vitamin A (c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin D Ageing in human beings is caused by disappearance of which of the following gland? (a) thyroid (b) thymus (c) pitutary (d) pineal Wisdom teeth normally appear in the age group? (a) 1-6 years (b) 8-12 years (c) 17-30 years (d) 35-60 years The only mammal that can fly is the (a) kite (b) lizard (c) bat (d) penguin 9. 10. The name given to a disease of the eye, caused by increased tension within the eyeball is (a) cataract (b) glaucoma (c) colour blindness (d) conjunctivitis A green leaf placed in a dark room is illuminated by red light. The leaf will appear (a) green (b) red (c) yellow (d) black Triple vaccine is administered to a new born child to immunise against (a) whooping cough, tetanus and measles (b) whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria (c) tetanus, measles and rubella (d) tetanus, diphtheria and small pox Operation flood referred to (a) milk production (b) heavy rainfall (c) building of dams (d) None of these Which organ in our body poduces the largest quantity of enzyme? (a) lung (b) liver (c) kidney (d) brain The application of the principles of genetics to the improvement of human race is known as (a) Eugenics (b) Genetic engineering (c) Biotechnology (d) Transgenesis Chemically an enzyme is a (a) protein (b) lipid (c) carbohydrate (d) vitamin

11.

3.

4.

12.

5.

13.

6.

14.

7.

15.

8.

1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

(a) The other important female sex hormone is progesterone. The male sex hormones include testosterone and androsterone, together called androgens. (d) The average composition of urine is; water 96%, urea 2%, uric acid and salts 2%. (a) World Haemophilia day - April 17 World Tuberculosis day - March 24 (d) Leukaemia (c m _p- Zw) is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells grow in an uncontrolled manner. (c) Vitamin -K is known as antihaemophilic vitamin. (b) Thymosin secreted by thymus gland prevents, ageing. Thymosin is called Juvenile hormone. (c) Normally human beings have 32 permanent teeth, 16 in each jaw.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15.

(c) ]d-m Ign-hp GI kkvX\ Pohn-bmWv hm. (b) t\{X sekv AXm-cy-am-Ip--Xp-aqew hmIy-I m- e - p- m- I p tcmK- a mWv cataract (Xn-an-cw). Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. (d) (b) DPT Vaccine - Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus. Whooping cough is also called pertussis. (a) White revolution - [h-f-hn-hw White revolution is related to milk production. Dr. Varghese Kurian is considered as the Father of Indian White Revolution. (b) Liver is the largest gland in human body. (a) (a) Enzyme (cmkm-n) is a protein with catalytic activity.

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16.

17.

18.

19.

20. 21.

22.

23.

Which of the following chemicals is directly responsible for the shedding of a leaf from a plant? (a) Acetic acid (b) Abscisic acid (c) Indole-3-acetic acid (d) Carbonic acid Angina is a disease of (a) heart (b) liver (c) lungs (d) intestine The only vein in human body which carries pure blood is (a) renal vein (b) pulmonary vein (c) aorta (d) cephalic vein AIDS virus destroy the body's (a) Immune system (b) Circulatory system (c) Nervous system (d) Respiratory system Pencillin is obtained from (a) fungus (b) alga (c) bacteria (d) virus Which of the following is not associated with Vitamin B complex group? (a) Riboflavin (b) Thiamine (c) Ascorbic acid (d) Folic acid In which of the following atmospheric layers is the maximum concentration of ozone found (a) Troposphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Mesosphere (d) Ionosphere The red colour of ripe tomatoes is due to the presence of (a) Chlorophill (b) Carotenoids (c) Vitamins (d) Hormones

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

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30.

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy takes place during the process of (a) Transpiration (b) Photosynthesis (c) Digestion (d) Respiration If the father and mother possessing Rh +ve and Rh -ve factors respectively, their children will have the blood group with (a) Rh -ve (b) Rh +ve (c) Rh neutral (d) None of these During sleep (a) Blood pressure is reduced (b) Blood pressure is increased (c) Pulse rate is increased (d) None of these Nicotine is present in (a) cinchona (b) poppy (c) tobacco (d) coffee Who discovered leprosy bacillus? (a) Jenner (b) Ronald Ross (c) Louis Pasteur (d) Hansen Where is the headquarters of Zoological Survey of India located ? (a) Dehra Dun (b) Bhuvaneshwar (c) Kolkatta (d) Kaziranga Which among the following is not a Green house gas? (a) Nitrogen (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Carbon monoxide (d) Chloro fluoro carbons

16. (a) Abscisic acid causes ageing and abscission of leaves. 17. (a) Angina or angina pectoris is a pain in the chest. 18. (b) Pulmonary veins (izmk-tIm-i-kn-c-I) collect oxygenated blood from lungs and brings it to the left auricle. 19. (a) ico-c-ns {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-s-bmWv HIV sshdkv _m[n-p--Xv. 20. (a) Pencillin is the first antibiotic extracted from pencilium notatum (a fungus) by Alexander Fleming in 1928. 21. (c) Ascorbic acid is the chemical name of Vitamin C. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. 22. (b) Ozone molecules absorbs ultra violet radiation and protect us from this harmful radiation. 23. (b) Carotenoids include orange carotenes and yellow xanthophylls. 24. (b) kky--fnse Ce-I-fn-ep lcn-XIw (chlorophyll) F cmk-hkvX p kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw

25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)

Im_ ssU HmIvsskUpw sh-hp-ambn {]Xn-{ ]-hnv Blmcw ]mIw sNp {]{In-bsb {]Imi kwt jWw (photosynthesis) Fp ]d-bp-p. When a mixing of the Rh +ve and Rh -ve blood takes place clumping or agglutination will occur only in the second baby. During sleep, human beings are in resting stage and hence the blood pressure remains normal Coffein is a weak central nervous stimulant found in coffee and tea. hmIvkn-t\-j FtUzUv sP ate-dnb AWp- sdmWmUv tdmkv dm_okv hmIvkn eqbn ]m Zoological Survey of India was established in 1916. Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere absorb the infrared radiation and behave as a blanket, with the net effect that atmospheric temperatures rises. This phenomenon is called Green House Effect.

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