TASK 2 HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTORS AFFECT REACTION RATE a.

Temperature- When you raise the temperature of a system, the molecules bounce around a lot more (because they have more energy). When they bounce around more, they are more likely to collide. That fact means they are also more likely to combine. When you lower the temperature, the molecules are slower and collide less. That temperature drop lowers the rate of the reaction. b. Concentration -If there is more of a substance in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction. If there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will probably happen at a slower speed. c. Catalyst- this speed up the rate of chemical reaction. Only minute quantities of catalysts are required to produce a dramatic change in the rate of the reaction. This is really because the reaction proceeds by a different pathway when the catalyst is present. d. Surface area-If one of the reactants is a solid, the surface area of the solid will affect how fast the reaction goes. This is because the two types of molecule can only bump into each other at the liquid solid interface, i.e. on the surface of the solid. So the larger the surface area of the solid, the faster the reaction will be.

TASK 2 HOW TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE WOULD AFFECT YHE YIELD OF AMMONIA IN THE HABER PROCESS The production of ammonia is a reversible reaction, so while nitrogen and hydrogen continually combine to form ammonia, the ammonia is continually breaking up to form nitrogen and hydrogen. The percentage yield of ammonia depends on the balance between the forward and backward reactions. There are four molecules of gas on the left hand side of the equation but only two on the right. If the pressure is increased, the balance shifts towards the right making fewer molecules (as if trying to reduce the pressure). So a higher pressure gives a high percentage yield of ammonia. The reaction is exothermic from left to right and endothermic from right to left. If the temperature is increased, the balance shifts towards the left (as if it's trying to cool itself down) and the percentage yield of ammonia is decreased. On the other hand, increasing the temperature gives a higher rate of reaction so a compromise has to be made. The optimum temperature is around 450C.

OR

Increasing the pressure causes the equilibrium position to move to the right resulting in a higher yield of ammonia since there are more gas molecules on the left hand side of the equation (4 in total) than there are on the right hand side of the equation (2). Increasing the pressure means the system adjusts to reduce the effect of the change, that is, to reduce the pressure by having fewer gas molecules. Decreasing the temperature causes the equilibrium position to move to the right resulting in a higher yield of ammonia since the reaction is exothermic (releases heat). Reducing the temperature means the system will adjust to minimise the

effect of the change, that is, it will produce more heat since energy is a product of the reaction, and will therefore produce more ammonia gas as well However, the rate of the reaction at lower temperatures is extremely slow, so a higher temperature must be used to speed up the reaction which results in a lower yield of ammonia.