Causes:

1) Scientific Revolution - The progress and discovery at the end of the Renaissance era established a scientific philosophy and an empirical mindset of looking at the world, setting the stage for later scientific and technological innovations. One of the most notable minds of that era was Rene Descartes, who contributed to the scientific method, a method of quantitative observation and evaluation that is still used today. - up until the late 19th century, America had a massive, relatively untouched supply of natural resources. These resources, such as iron, coal, timber, and oil, were essential energy and material sources for the industries and manufacturing processes that America was beginning to enter. - over 30 million europeans immigrated to the U.S. from the mid 1800s to the early 1900s. This greatly augmented workforce gave business owners a large, impoverished labor pool to exploit. - at this time, the U.S. was emerging as one of the largest markets in the world, in desperate need of industrial goods. Rapid expansion west, an exploding population, and the rise of railroads all contributed to this. - along with wealthy Americans, affluent Europeans invested in American business, which was seen a young and vibrant, with great potential. - this time period was ripe with innovations, from Thomas Edisons light bulb to Henry Fords Model T car. Over 400,000 patents were awarded from 1860 to 1890. Rapidly improving technology led to greater industrial efficiency and manufacturing capacity. - government policies favored the expansion of industry, by protecting private property, subsidizing railroads, implementing protective tariffs, and low taxation on corporations. - the ambition and business drive of individuals was key; take Andrew Carnegie, who rose from the status of a poor Scottish immigrant to become a steel mogul.

2) Abundant Resources

3) Immigrant Labor

5) U.S. as a market

6) Capital Investment

7) Technological Innovation

8) Government assistance 9) Entrepreneurs

10) Steam Engine

- although many factories relied on water and horse-drawn power, the emergence of steam power gave factories a more effective energy source. The first successful steam power plant was developed by Thomas Newcomen before 1712, which led to the dominance of steam power during the early 1800s. - developed the first water-powered cotton Mill in the U.S. As a child, he worked in the textile industry in England, where he gained skills and knowledge that allowed him to pioneer cotton manufacturing in the U.S. - the advent of industrialization in Western Europe and Britain particularly, helped to develop the processes and production techniques that American industry adopted, such as textile mills. - new chemical methods allowed chemicals needed for industrial manufacturing to be produced at a high volume, increasing manufacturing capacity. For example, Nicolas Leblanc pioneered the Leblanc process, which made the large scale production of soda ash (used as an alkali) possible. - the ideals of innovation, hard work, and the emphasis on education by Protestant sects such as the Unitarians greatly contributed to the rapid growth and innovation in this era. Also, the American (Western) attitude towards progress and expansion facilitated this growth. - the shift from artisan style, custom manufacturing to a system of interchangeable parts made large scale manufacturing of certain products possible, such as firearms.

11) Samuel Slater

12) British Industrial Revolution 13) Chemical Innovation

14) Protestant/American work ethic 15) Interchangeable parts

Characteristics:
1. James Watt He was born in January 19, 1736 in England and died in August 25, 1819. Even though he invented the steam engine in England, the steam engine greatly affected the United States in its pursuit towards an industrialized country. James Watt created the first reliable steam engine in 1775. He did not invent it, he just perfected it. Eli Whitney was born in December 18, 1765 in Westborough Massachusetts and died in January 8, 1825. He created the cotton gin 1793 which increased the production of textiles in America. He also invented the interchangeable parts for muskets in 1798 which made the repair of muskets much easier. His inventions were popular throughout the whole industrialized world. The steam engine was created by Thomas Savery but improved by James Watt. James Watt design was most dominant design for modern day steam engines and Watts design was the prominent design during the industrial revolution. The steam engine powered the entire industrial revolution, every invention needed some sort of power and the most popular power source was the steam engine. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney. The cotton gin is a mechanical device that removes seeds from the cotton. This was especially helpful in the southern states, it boosted their economy. This is also known to have made the African slavery system become more sustainable during those hard years where their economy was not as good. Interchangeable parts were popularized by Whitney and he used it more. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. Such a part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting. This interchangeability allows easy assembly of new devices, and easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or repair.

2. Eli Whitney

3. Steam Engine

4. Cotton Gin

5. Interchangeable parts

6. Robert Fulton

Robert Fulton was born in November 14, 1765 in Little Britain, Pennsylvania and died in February 24, 1815. He is given much of the credit for creating the first commercially successful steamboat. He utilized Mr. Watts steam engine to create his steamboat. Mr. Fulton is also credited for creating the first practical submarine for the French and the earliest kinds of naval torpedoes. Morse was born in April 27, 1791 in Charleston, Massachusetts and died in April 2, 1872. He was a major contributor to the creation of the single wire telegraph and also co-inventor of the Morse code. His contribution to the telegraph made it easier for politician and army leaders to communicate faster. This was passed in 1802 and it implied that hours of work were limited to 12 per day, with no night work allowed. Employers were to provide education, decent clothing and accommodation. Inspectors were to enforce the Act and appoint visitors. And for all textile factories employing over 20 persons, proper ventilation was to be provided and mills were to be whitewashed twice a year. This was passed in 1833 and it stated that no children under 9 were to work in factories (silk mills exempted). Children under 13 years were to work no more than 9 hours per day and 48 hours per week. Children under 18 were not to work nights. 4 paid Inspectors were appointed. And two 8-hour shifts per day of children were to be allowed. Cyrus Field was born in November 30, 1819 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and died in July 12, 1892. He was an American businessman who created the Atlantic Telegraph Company. He also laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic ocean in 1858. His contributions made it easier for the American and European continents to communicate. Alexander Bell was born in March 3, 1847 in England and died in August 2, 1922. His invention of the first practical telephone was beneficial to the whole world. His invention shaped the future of the United States and the whole world since today; everything we do involves the use of telephones. The Assembly line was first mechanized by Eli Whitney in the 1800s. The Assembly line is a manufacturing process in which

7. Samuel F. B. Morse

8. Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802

9. Factory Act of 1833

10. Cyrus Field

11. Alexander Graham Bell

12. Assembly line

parts, almost always interchangeable parts, are added to a product in chronological order to create a finished product much faster than with one person starting and finishing the job. It was first used by Whitney to create muskets. Then by Henry Ford to mass produce the Ford Model T. 13. Steamboat They are also known as steamers and they are used as traveling aids in rivers and lakes. This boat utilizes the steam engine and paddles to propel itself on the water. It was invented 1807 by Robert Fulton and was greatly used to transport people and products through the rivers of the United States. Generally characterized by a highly imaginative and subjective approach, emotional intensity, and a dreamlike or visionary quality. Romanticism was a popular artistic movement from 1750 to 1850. It all came about from the imagination that an industrialized society would bring greater wealth to anybody and create good live. These ideas were implemented into the romantic novels. The major authors were Edmund Burque, William Blake, and Lord Byron. Passes in 1844 and it stated that women and young persons (13-18) were to work no more than 12 hours per day. Children under 13 were to work no more than 6 1/2 hours per day. No child under 8 was to be employed. These acts are just additions to the last Factory Act. This act applied excusably to cotton mills and restricted the working hours for worker under the age of 18 to 12 hours per day. Night working was forbidden for those under the age of 21. Once again there was no enforcement system for this law, so there was no way to punish or apply this law. This applied to orphan apprentices in the textile industry throughout the United States. No children under the age of 9 were allowed to become apprentices and their working day was limited to 12 hours with no night shifts. There was no system for enforcement, so I you did break this law; there was no way to enforce a punishment on the criminal. The transatlantic telegraph cable is an undersea cable laid in the Atlantic ocean for telegraphic communications. The first communication occurred in August 16, 1858. This the united

14. Romanticism

15. Factory Act of 1844

16. Cotton Mill Act of 1831

17. The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1802.

18. Transatlantic Cable

States communicate with Europe. The time t took the telegraph to deliver the message was a few minutes while sending it by ship took 10 days. Tis greatly increase the efficiency of communication between Europe and the United States. 19. Workshops Regulation Acts of 1867 Workplaces with less than 50 persons were not allowed to employ children under 8 years old. Children aged 8 to 13 were restricted to half the time as older people. Young persons and women were restricted to a 12 hours day with 1 and a half hours allowed for lunch breaks. Children, young people and women were not to be working after 2 p.m. on Saturdays in establishments with more than five employees working and child employees were required to attend school 10 hours a week. Passed in 1878 and it extended the Factory Acts to all industries. No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to be employed. 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days. Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week (Factory Legislation 1802-1878).

20. Factory Act of 1878

Significances:

It was a major turning point in human history. It changed how tasks were done and made products to be produced faster. It helped boost economy in the US. Women were affected socially and economicallymore women found careers through inventions such as typewriters and telephone switchboards. They were also portrayed differentlyas independent and athletic (the Gibson Girl). Although they were paid less than men, they faced nearly the same conditions as men and children did. Europes population nearly doubled in 90 yearsfrom 1760 to 1850. The class difference increased greatlythe rich became richer as the poor became poorer. Living standards improved, and prices of goods droppedbecause more goods could be mass produced, the price of the goods fell. When prices of certain goods decreased, more people could buy them, thus improving the standards of living of many citizens. Time zones were introduced along with the advancement of railroads before time zones, people measured time using the sun. As this was not accuratethe sun would be in a different position in California and New York at the same time trains would crash into each other due to inaccuracy of time. The Factory Act of 1833Child labor had been utilized, but after the passage of the Act, the age of 9 became the minimum age for working. Way of life changedwith the invention of new technology, such as the light bulb, people were now able to work longer and more efficiently. Caused more unemploymentas machines took over the simple tasks of the factory, many people found themselves without a job. Fewer men went into politics, and more went into business and economics.