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TENSE

r-----I-Past
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE: USAGE:

Ten'ses

Present

Future

Present indefinite tense is used to: i) express a habitual action e.g.:- Sita gets up late daily.

ii) Express a universal truth/scientific fact/in proverbs. e.g.:- The sun rises in the east e.g.:- Birds of a feather flock together. iii) Express subordinate clause. ifth~.principle .. .~., e.g.:- If she gets up early, she will not be late.
.

clause is in future indefinite.

(SUBORDINATE INDICATORS:

CLAUSE)

(PRINCIPAL CLAUSE)

always, daily, usually, generally, seldom, never, sometimes. My friend tells lies. My friend never tells a lie. Does my friend tell a lie?
TENSES:

Affirmative: Negative: Interrogative:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS USAGE:

Present continuous tense is used to : i) Express an action going on at the time of speaking. e.g.:- Mohan is reading a book, at this time.

ii)

Express a temporary action which may not be happening at the time of speaking. .'.' ;i'(, {" e.g.:- All the trains are arriving I~te~:,' .: . ,; Still, now, nowadays, these days, at this time, at the moment.

INDICATORS:

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Affirmative: It is raining outside now. Negative It is not raining outside now. Interrogative: Is it raining outside now?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSES: USAGE:
.' I"

i) express an action that has just been completed e.g.:- My teacher has just arrived. ii) Describe an action which began in the past and continues upto the present moment. e.g.:- I have not eaten anything since morning.

iii) Describe a past action which is important for its effect in the present. e.g.:- We have lost our way.
INDICATORS:

Yet, so far, already, ever, since, just, just now, several times.

Affirmative: The train has arrived. Negative: The train has not arrived. Interrogative: Has the train arrived?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS USAGE: TENSE:; .

Present perfect continuous tense is used to : i) Express an action which began in the past and is still continuing. e.g.:- Deepanshu has been reading since morning 'since' is used for point of time at which an action started. 'For' is used for period of time for which an action has been going on. Affirmative: You have been waiting for a long time. Negative: You have'nt been waiting for a long time. Interrogative: Have you been waiting for a long time?
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE: USAGE:

Simple Past Tense is used to express. i) An action which took place" irittHe past and is completed by the time of speaking. ' e.g.:- Last year, I bought a car.

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ii) Some past habit. e.g.:- My grandfather liked a cup of hot tea in the morning. iii) A single act in the past. e.g.:- Sachin scored a century.
INDICATORS:

Last, ago, yesterday

: . .' j' .

I,

Affirmative: It rained heavily yesterday Negative: It did not rain heavily yesterday Interrogative: Did it not rain heavily yesterday?
PAST CONTINUOUS USAGE: TENSES;

Past continuous tense is used to: i) Describe an action in progress at some time in the past. e.g.:- He was reading a book when it rained, Past continuous tense is also used when the two actions were going simultaneously in the past. e.g.:- while she was singing, I was dancing. Affirmative: The moon was shining in the sky. Negative: The moon was not shining in the sky. Interrogative: Was the moon shining Irl~h'~sky?
PAST PERFECT TENSE: USAGE:

Past perfect tense is used to describe an action that has taken place before another action in the past E.g.:- The train had left before we arrived at the station [HAD LEFT _1ST action I nd WE ARRIVED - 2 actions]

Affirmative: The thief had run away before the police arrived. Negative: The thief had not run away before the police arrived. Interrogative: Had the thief ran away before the police arrived?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS USAGE:
. i .\ '.;, .

TENSE:

.L," ".:

p,

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Past perfect continuous tense denostes an action that was finished at some definite time in the past but which had been going on before it was finished.

Affirmative:

He had been sleeping for two hours when the thief broke into his house. Negative: He had not been sleeping for two hours when the thief broke into his house Interrogative: Had he been sleeping for two hours when the thief broke into his house.
SIMPLE fUTURE USAGE: TENSE:

Simple future tense is used to describe an action that will take place in future. e.g.:- I shall help you next week.
INDICATORS:

Tomorrow, next.

We often use 'will' to express something which is certain to happen, something which we cannot alter. Affirmative: The school will remain closed tomorrow Negative: The school will not remain closed tomorrow Interrogative: will the school remain closed tomorrow?
fUTURE USAGE: CONTINOUS TENSE: (will be +

f,' (Sf

1ufr

01

+~\

Future continuous tense is used to: i) Express an action which will be in progress at a given moment in the future. e.g.:- Tomorrow at 6 p.m., Mr. Gowar will be flying to Paris. Express an action that is fairly certain to happen in the future. e.g.:- Next week we will be shifting to our new home .

ii)

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FUTURE PERFECT TENSE USAGE:

(Will have

+'1D

Future perfect tense is used to:

i)

express an action completed at a given moment in the future e.g.:- When you reach home your father will already have left for office.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUSE USAGE::

TENSE

('..viIIhave +

l'JQ.tn

- , +' V 11- '()9

Express an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future will continue upto that moment and will be in progress even at that moment. e.g.:- when you visit the school next month, I will have been teaching there for three years.

i)

WORD FAMILIES SI.No. Noun Defense Danger Enjoyment Imagination Compulsion Obedience Freedom Ability Description Possession Verb Defend Endanger Enjoy Imagine. Compel Obey Free Enable Describe Posses Adjective Defensive Dangerous Enjoyable lrnaqinative CbnlPulsory Obedient Free Able Descriptive Possesive Adverb Defensively Dangerously Enjoyably Imaginatively Compulsorily Obediently Freely Ably Descriptively Possesively

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9

10

Re-arrange the following to form meaningful sentences: a. a/virtue/is/selflesness/god-gifted -

SE'l)tE>l)re

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