CHAPTER 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction Man's first awareness of electromagnetic phenomena probably started with

the very dawn of civilization. About 600 BC Thales of Miletus, a Greek philosopher, noted that a piece of amber could be made to attract small particles by rubbing it with cloth. Aristotle, in 400 BC, maintained that a force could not be communicated between bodies other than by some tangible means as pressure or impact. Lucretius of Magnesia (98-55 BC) noted the power of lodestone to attract iron. The first recorded statement on the subject of electro-magnetism was made by Michael Faraday in 1846, suggesting the propagation of magnetic disturbances by means of transverse vibrations. Faraday's greatest discovery was that of electromagnetic induction. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) translated Faraday's experiments in electromagnetism into mathematical notations. Maxwell expressed all the fundamental laws of light, electricity and magnetism in "Maxwell Field Equations." These equations, along with Newton's Laws, the Quantum Theory and the Theory of Relativity, are considered the mathematical foundation of the physical universe. Through a series of brilliant experiments, Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) established beyond doubt the electromagnetic nature of light and thereby confirmed Maxwell's Theory. Credit for the first waveguide experiments probably belongs to George C. Southworth. In 1920, he measured the wavelength of a high frequency signal on a lecher wire frame in air, and

then in a trough of water. After observing evidence of other wavelength components superimposed on those expected in water, Dr. Southworth decided that they were related to the dimensions of the trough. While working for AT&T in 1933, he was able to transmit and receive telegraph signals using 20 feet of 4 and 5 inch diameter pipes. The beginnings of radar were influenced by Albert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young in 1922 when they noticed an unexpected swell in what had been a steady tone of communication, which then faded coinciding with an object crossing the line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. This phenomenon was related to the need for detection of enemy ships. Little development of radar occurred until 1934, when the United States Naval Research Laboratory, the Germans, and the British began work on it. The klystron was invented at Stanford University in 1937 by Russell Varian along with Sigurd Varian and W. W. Hansen, with funding by Sperry Gyroscope Company looking for solutions to an instrument landing problem. During World War II, Radar became the major application of microwave technology. By 1940, the British had installed a chain of radar installations along the coastline to warn against air attack. Just prior to World War II, Harry Boot and John Randall invented the 10 cm pulsedcavity magnetron in England using Hertz's original experiments with loops and gaps as a basis for arranging a number of cylindrical resonators in a circle. In mid-1940, British personnel led by Sir Henry Tizard brought the device to the U.S. and Canada, initiating the success of Microwave Radar during World War II.

Work was then begun on development of U.S. radar systems, primarily by MIT Radiation Laboratory, but also at other defence industry companies. Many of the subcontracting decisions made then led to the companies' areas of specialization in today's microwave industry. After World War II, funding for further development in the microwave field was reduced drastically, and research and development efforts over the next 40 years were tied to fluctuations in the U.S. defence budget, with the search for commercial applications occurring generally during low periods in the government demand. Applications developed included communications, commercial radar, industrial heating, and industrial measurements. So, it was after Hertz verified Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory using a spark-gap microwave source, started the development of microwave. Activity in the microwave range was negligible until about 1930, and quite limited until 1939. In that year, an explosion of activity commenced, motivated by military needs for radar and the invention of the high-power pulsed magnetron. Microwave passive component development during World War II (1939- 1945) is discussed briefly, and then, because of space limitations, this paper concentrates on the important sub-field of directional couplers. In the World War II, communication is vital part to win the war against their enemy. In connection, today communication is also a vital part to win the war against technology and economy. So this study was made, because the researchers have noticed that there are problems concerning the transmission of data, file, and information. That delays the communication from place to another, in which communication plays a vital part in the progress our economy together with technology.

Statement of the Problem The Microwave Design in Provinces Area is a research study that aims to: Recognize the causes of bad reception in cell phones, smart phones, telephones, and many more communication devices. Developed a new microwave design for signal reception in cell phones, smart phones, telephones, and many more communication devices. Improved the signal reception in cell phones, smart phones, telephones, and many more communication devices. Significance of the Study This study has a goal to improve the signal transmission in provinces area. Due, there are a number of things that causes a bad cell phone reception in said area. Doing these, we are able to improve the communication in the place. That will significantly help the community of the area, economy and government of the province. Limitation of the Study The study limits its beneficiaries in term of place. Because, the study focused only on the problems concerning about microwave transmission in provinces area. And this study also limits the readers, that this research is only for the people who are willing to improve the microwave system in province area. Definition of Terms The following terminologies are clued, so that the readers would easily understand this.

Microwave. are devices used to radiate electromagnetic

energy into space.

Microwave Design. Cell Phone Smart Phone Telephone Reception Signal electromagnetic wave theory radar systems, MIT Maxwell Field Equations Wavelength Telegraph Morse Code