Practical 1 Purpose : to determine the heat of neutralisation of : i) ii) iii) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid

and sodium hydroxide Nitric acid adn potassium hydroxide

Materials : EC1 is 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid EC2 is 1.0 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid EC3 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide EC4 is 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid EC5 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous potassium hydroxide Apparatus : 25cm3 pipette, thermometer 0 110c, 100cm3 measuring cylinder, plastic cup and wash bottle filled with distilled water Procedure : 1. Placed 25.0 cm3 of EC1 into a plastic cup using pipette. The temperature of EC1 as the initial temperature of mixture R was recorded in the table. 2. Add 60cm3 of solution EC3 into the plastic cup containing EC1 using a measuring cylinder. 3. Carefully stir mixture R with thermometer and the highest temperature was recorded in the table. 4. Pour away the mixture R from the plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water. 5. The above procedure was repeated using : 25.0.cm3 of EC2 to replace EC1 to obtain mixture , and 25.0cm3 of EC4 and 60.0cm3 of EC5 to replace EC1 and EC3 respectively to obtain mixture T

Result : Mixture R (EC1 + Highest temperature Initial temperature Increase in temperature EC2) 32 29 3 Mixture S (EC2 + EC3) 37 29 8 Mixture T (EC4 + EC 5) 33 30 3

Questions : 1.Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixture R,S, and T R: NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O H+ + OH- H2O S: H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O H+ + OH- H2O T: HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O H+ + OH- H2O

2. compare the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtain in i) mixture R and S R: heat of neutralisation = mcT no of moles of reactant

heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (4) = 1428 J No of moles of NaOH = Mv / 1000 = (1 x 60) / 1000 = 0.06 mole No of moles of HCl = Mv / 1000 = (1 x 25) / 1000 = 0.025 mole The limited reactant is HCl = 0.025 mole Hence, H = mcT / mole = 1428 J / 0.025 mole = 57.12kJmole-1 = R

S: Heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (9) = 3213 J

1 mole of H2SO4 react with 2 mole OF NaOH 0.025 mole of H2SO4 : (0.025 X 2) / 1 mole of NaOH 0.025 mole of H2SO4 : 0.05 mole of NaOH N H2SO4 < n NaOH so heat of neutralisation :

Heat of neutralisation = mcT / mole = 3213 J / 0.025 mole = 12.92 kJmole-1 = S

ii) mixture R and T R:

Heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (4) = 1428 J Mole = Mv / 1000 = (1 x 25) / 1000 = 0.025 mole Heat of neitralisation : mcT / mole = 1428 J / 0.025 mole = 57.12kJmole-1 = R

T: Heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (3) = 1071 J Mole = Mv / 1000 = (1 x 25) / 1000 = 0.025 mole Heat of neutralisation = mcT / mole = 1071 J / 0.025 mole = 42.84kJmole-1 = T

iii)mixture S and T S: Heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (9) = 3213 J

1 mole of H2SO4 react with 2 mole OF NaOH 0.025 mole of H2SO4 : (0.025 X 2) / 1 mole of NaOH 0.025 mole of H2SO4 : 0.05 mole of NaOH N H2SO4 < n NaOH so heat of neutralisation :

Heat of neutralisation = mcT / mole = 3213 J / 0.025 mole = 12.92 kJmole-1 = S

T: Heat of reactant = mcT = (25 + 60) (4.2) (3) = 1071 J Mole = Mv / 1000 = (1 x 25) / 1000 = 0.025 mole Heat of neutralisation = H / mole = 1071 J / 0.025 mole = 42.84kJmole-1 = T

Explain why there is a difference between the two values that you compare * The value of heat neutralization for R less than S because in reaaction R use more base acid while in reaction S use dwibase acid.

3.the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and strong base is -57.3kJmol-1. Suggest two ways to improve the given procedure so that an approximate value of 57.3kJmol-1 could be obtained? -Use a calorimeter to avoid heat from lost to surroundingd. -Take the maximum reading of thermometer by observe carefully -Took the exact amount of acid and base

4.Will the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a weak acid greater or less than -57.3kJmol-1? The heat of neutralisation weak acid is more negative than -57.3kJ mol-1. This is because the dissociation of weak acid is exothermic due to the high hydration energy of the small negative ion.

Example : HF + NaOH NaF + H2O HF H+ + F= -68.6kJmol-1