145.

Functional disturbances of the thyroid gland; goitre Causes

A.) Functional disturbances of the thyroid gland reduced function (hypothyreosis)
when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough hormone for the organism.

Hypothyreosis
Thyroid gland aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophia Inflammation or tumour of the thyroid gland Iodine, vitamin or nucleic acid deficiency removal of the thyroid gland decreased hormone production due to the damage of the hypophysis secondary hypothyreosis

increased function (hyperthyreosis)

Occurs in
neonate, young and adult animals

A hypothyreosis in neonate and young animals

reduced growth of bones
dwarfing, nanosomia

hypogonadism degeneration of neurons

cretinism

loss of hair, oedema in the subcutaneous tissue

myxoedema

Enzootic myxoedema of piglets (Wasserferkel)

apparently healthy sows reduced litter myxoedemic piglets caused mostly by iodine deficiency (strumigen factors) factors)

Occurs also in lambs

Hypothyreosis in adult animals

Mostly in dogs Mild clinical symptoms:
skin: dry, thick, oedemic alopecia obese, somnolent animals

Hyperthyreosis
Increased thyroxin level in the serum Basedow- or Graves disease) symptoms:
enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) (struma Basedowiana) tachycardia exophthalmia hyperactivity, excentricity histological signs of hyperfunction in the follicles (columnal epithel) thyreotoxic crisis (Schreckbasedow): captured wild animals, panicking people

Supposed role in the background of acanthosis nigricans and eczemas Sheep

reduced growth of wool

Goitre (struma)
B., Goitre (struma) struma) Common name for problems of different origin
non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland in mammals and in birds may or may not be accompanied with problems of endocrin secretion the dysfunction can be reduced or increased function

by the time:
congenital (struma congenita) acquired (struma aquisita)

by location:
the whole organ (struma diffusa) partial (struma nodosa)

by etiology:
hyperplasia of the epithel (struma parenchymatosa) increased amount of product (struma colloides)

Struma diffusa parenchymatosa

most frequent mostly caused by iodine deficiency (hypofunction) frequent in neonate and young animals
enlarged firm thyroid gland greyish brown hmogenous cut surface

Histopathology
follicles are hardly recognizable columnal epithel small, slit-like lumen struma diffusa parenchymatosa microfollicularis

Struma diffusa colloides

Appearance
enlarged thyroid gland is not firm, cut surface opaque enlarged follicles are recognizable large amount of (eosinophilic) colloid in the follicles flattened epithelial cells colloid filled cysts (struma colloides cystica)

Goitre (struma)
Secondary changes
after necrosis and fusion of the follicles,
cysts, pseudocysts: struma cystica

after compression of the veins

congelation, dilation of capillaries: struma vasculosa s. teleangiectasia

after arrodation of blood vessels

haemorrhages (haematomas)

when connective tissue repleaces the degenerated glandular epithel

struma fibrosa

within this reparative connective tissue bone formation due to metaplasia

struma ossea

Struma nodosa hyperplastica

nodules in the parenchyma of the thyroid gland Hystology:
resembles to struma parenchymatosa microfollicularis

146. Pathological changes in the adrenal gland and the hypophysis and its consequences
A., Adrenal gland (ganglion suprarenalis) Medulla
Role in the general adaptation syndrome hormones: adrenalin, noradrenalin

mostly in old animals

horse, dog, cattle

vicarising hyperplasia

Cortex zona arcuata or zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxicorticosterone)

Harmful effects of goitre

hypothyreosis hyperthyreosis enlargement, pressure (trachea, oesophagus)

zona fasciculata
Glycocorticoids (hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone)

zona reticularis
androgen hormones a sexual steroids

Pathological changes
hypofunction hyperfunction circulatory problems regressive changes hypertrophy inflammation tumours

Reduced function and consequences acute hypofunction

septicaemias haemorrhages
calf: E. coli-septicaemia

chronic hypofunction
bilateral tuberculosis of the adrenal gland toxic effects

Cortical atrophy of the adrenal gland

Septic haemorrhages

Reduced function and consequences

Chronic hypofunction
brownish colour of skin and mucous membranes weakness hypotension reduced function of gonads loss of weight

Hyperfunction of the adrenal gland and its consequences

Primary hyperfunction hyperadrenocorticism
functional adrenal gland adenoma (paraneoplastic effect) diffuse hyperplasia

in humans: Addison-disease in dogs: similar (except hyperpigmentation) after long steroid treatment
reduced ACTH production atrophy of adrenal glands hypofunction of adrenal glands

Cushing-syndrome non hypophysis origin hyperadrenocortisolism

fat on face, trunk glycosuria atrophy of lymphatic organs, gonads osteoporosis muscle-atrophy alopecia

Hyperplasia + control

Hyperfunction of the adrenal gland and its consequences

primary aldosteronism (dog) hypernatraemia hypokalaemia polydypsia humans: Conn-syndrome excess level of sexual steroids humans: adrenogenital syndrome changes in the secondary sexual character

Circulatory problems of the adrenal gland

hyperaemia haemorrhages
per diapedesin
swine fever, infectious anaemia of horses toxicoses, traumas, suffocation

per rrhexin
haematomas infarcts

teleangiectasia maculosa
blood filled follicles

Regressive changes in the adrenal gland and its consequences atrophy necrobiotic fatty infiltration amyloidosis cyst-formation calcification pigment deposition

Regeneration and hypertrophy of the adrenal gland

hyperplastic nodules in the cortical zone
in adaptation syndrome pea sized yellowish white well recognizable not demarcated

differential diagnosis
from the adenoma of the adrenal gland

Hyperplasia nodosa

Inflammation of the adrenal gland and its consequences (hypernephritis) (

Acute hypernephritis
inflammatory oedema
acute diseases

purulent inflammation (following pyaemia) necrotic foci

listeriosis, Aujeszkys disease, toxoplasmosis (dog)

chronic hypernephritis
cirrhosis of the adrenal gland (FMD, IEA)

tuberculosis
tuberculum-formation

Tumours of the adrenal gland and consequences primary tumours from the cortex
adenoma (horse, cattle, dog) malignant adenoma or carcinoma (cattle)

from the medulla:

sympathogonioma, sympathoblastoma, phaeochromoblastoma, phaeochromocytoma, ganglionneurinoma

metastases rare in animals

B., Hypophysis (pituitary gland or body) controlled by the hypothalamus anatomic parts
adenohypophysis pars intermedia neurohypophysis

Hormones of the hypophysis

adenohypophysis gonadotrop hormones (ie. FSH) thyreotrop hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotrop hormone (ACTH) somatotrop hormone (STH) melanophor hormone (intermedin) neurohypophysis adiuretin oxytocin

Pathological changes of the hypophysis and its consequences

hypofunction of the adenohypophysis hyperfunction of the adenohypophysis hypofunction of the neurohypophysis damage to the hypophysis-hypothalamus system regressive changes of the hypophysis inflammations of the hypophysis prolipherative changes of the hypophysis tumours of the hypophysis

Dysfunction of the adenohypophysis and its consequences hypopituitarism hyperpituitarism

Lack or reduced function of the acidophilacidophilor -cells of the adenohypophysis

Lack of STH in young animals:
nanosomia pituitaria

in adults:
cachexia and death (Simmonds-disease)

Causes:
atrophy of the adenohypophysis necrosis of the frontal lobe of the hypophysis inflammation in the adenohypophysis or cicatrisation after inflammation

1 year old German shepherd dog

Increased function of the acidophil- or acidophilcells of the adenohypophysis excess level of STH
ie. hyperplasia, adenoma

young animals
gigantismus
underdeveloped genitals not proper hair or fur

in adults
acromegalia
overgrown nose, chin, ears, fingers overgrown internal organs

Increased function of the basophil or cells of the adenohypophysis

Increased ACTH-production
mostly in case of basophil cell adenoma

Cushing-disease!
characteristics:
obesity of face, neck, upper torso hypertension, hyperglykaemia women: hypertrichosis men: gynecomastia

Cushing-syndrome
The primary hyperfunction of the adrenal gland causes secondary -cell hyperplasia in the hypophysis occurs in dogs and horses

Reduced function of the neurohypophysis and its consequences reduced production of antidiuretic hormone diabetes insipidus
consumption of an excess amount of water (polydypsia) and excretion of low density urine causes: simultaneous damage to the hypothalamus and the hypophysis in dogs and horses

Regressive changes of the hypophysis and its consequences cyst formation calcification hyalinic degeneration of the stroma pigment deposition
in the adenohypophysis ruminants

atrophy
horses, dogs

Inflammation of the hypophysis and its consequences purulent inflammation

consequence of haematogenous metastasis or direct contact (purulent meningitis)

Proliferative changes to the hypophysis and its consequences following castration of male animals
acidophil cell proliferation in the adenohypophysis cattle, dog, cat, pig, poultry

perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the neurohypophysisben

swine fever borna disease (sheep) infectious anaemia of horses

following castration of female animals

has been observed sporadically

in case of pyometra in dogs

focal hyperplasia of the basophil and the chromophob cells in the frontal lobe of the hypophysis

Dogs adenomas

Tumours of the hypophysis and its consequences

frequent in the adenohypophysis from the acidophil or basophil cells (or mixed)

carcinomas
rare

from remnants of the ducts of the hypophysis

craniopharyngeoma in dogs

local effect
pressure on the optic nerves causes so called conduction blindness

general effect:
acidophil cell tumour:
Cushing-disease in young animals: gigantismus in adults: acromegalia