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Plumbing
Plumbing the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carriedwastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life and property pipes and fixtures after installation Plumbing includes all the piping and fixtures that provide water for drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry; as well as a means of disposing of wastewater.

History
Since the dawn of civilization plumbing and sanitation has been part of human lives. All human beings, regardless of culture and race had been practicing the act of disposing waste since time immemorial. Historians, in their attempt to trace the history of plumbing, events which had brought about changes that led towards the plumbing system that we know today, had painstakingly devised records of chronological events. During the Roman Empire (500BC - 455AD), enormous concerns on the field of sanitation and plumbing had been observed those times. Aqueducts were built to convey water from sources to houses. Extensive underground sewer systems were constructed. Notable among these developments is the construction of underground public water supply system made of cast lead sections. Public baths had proliferated; one particular example is the Bath of Diocletian, a bath that could accommodate 3,200 bathers at one time. These baths were lines with ceramic tiles. In addition. Roman bathhouses also include large public latrines, sometimes with marble seats. The quality of plumbing declined after the fall of the Roman Empire in AD.. 476. During the middle ages, people disposed of waste materials by throwing them into the streets. !n 1500's, a type of water closet was developed. Septic tanks were introduced in the mid-1800's, and a modern sewerage system began operating in London in the 1860's.

The Plumber
The plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They are: 1. Apprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as helper to a journeyman. 2. Journeyman plumber- has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform the tasks of installing and repairing plumbing. 3. Master plumber- a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with Republic Act 1378, having passed the examinations conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), has received a certificate of registration from the board of master plumbing and possesses the current license to practice. (Section 214.5 NPC 200)

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Plumbing Career

Pipelayers - dig and level trenches to lay pipes for drainage, sewer, water, or gas systems underground. Typically pipelayers receive training on the job. Due to the nature of the work, cement, clay, iron, or plastic pipes are used to prevent decay.

Pipefitters - install, maintain and fix low and high pressure pipes for commercial hydroelectric power plants, factories, or central air conditioning and heating. Some states require pipefitters to be licensed. Steamfitters

Steamfilters - A type of pipefitters, steamfitters install pipes used to transport materials like gases that are very high pressured. Stimulus plans backing the building of new infrastructures create a current and future demand for steamfitters.

Sprinklerfitters - Another type of pipefitters is a sprinklerfitter. They specialize in putting automated sprinkler system in buildings for fire alarm systems. Proposed construction code changes set for 2011 requiring the installation of fire sprinkler systems in residential building, creates a demand for qualified sprinklerfitters.

Some Common Codes

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. UPC (Uniform Plumbing Code) BOCA (Basic Builders Code) IBOC (International Conference of Building Officials) NPC (National Plumbing Code) SPCCI (Standard Plumbing Code

Definitions and Basic Plumbing Principles Plumbing System

The plumbing system of a building includes the water supply distributing pipes; the fixture and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes; the building drain and building sewer; the storm water drainage, with their devices, appurtenances and connections within the building and outside the building within the property line.

Plumbing System Components

Water Supply and Distribution System Cold Water Supply System Hot Water Supply System Sanitary Piping System Soil Piping System Waste Piping System Direct Waste Piping System Indirect Waste Piping System Ventilation System

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House Drain House Sewer

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Drainage Cleanout Plumbing Traps Plumbing Valves Storm Drainage Systems Sewage Disposal Systems Plumbing Fixtures

Water Supply System

A system in plumbing which provides and distributes water to the different parts of the building or structure, for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc.; it includes the water distributing pipes, control devices, equipment, and other appurtenances. Drainage System - All the piping within a public or private premises which conveys sewage, rainwater or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer systems or a private or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant. Sanitary Drainage and Vent Piping System - The sanitary drainage and vent piping system are installed by the plumber to remove wastewater and water-borne wastes from the plumbing fixtures and appliances, and to provide circulation of air within the drainage piping. Sanitary Drainage Pipes - Pipes installed to remove the wastewater and water-borne wastes from plumbing fixtures and convey these to the sanitary sewer and other point of disposal. Ventilation System - A system of pipes, fittings and other devices installed for the purpose of providing circulation of air and creating balanced atmospheric condition within the system thereby preventing siphonage and backpressure. Soil Pipe - A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or similar fixtures containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge of other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer. Waste Pipe - A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter.

2 Types of Plumbing Systems

Water Supply System Drainage, Waste, and Venting (DWV) Carries away wastewater and solid waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and laundries. This subsystem is not under pressure, and must be properly vented to prevent wastewater form entering the drinking water supply. Water Supply System laundry. This is a 2 pipe system. One pipe carries cold water, and the other hot water. Distributes water under pressure throughout the structure for drinking, bathing, cooking, and

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Different Types of Pipes

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Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Plastic Supply Piping Buff colored thermoplastic Light, easy to handle, resists cracks Good for freezing conditions Suitable for piping hot water Rating of 180 degrees Fahrenheit and 100 psi

Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Supply Piping Flexible, allowing for easy installation Connections made with compression fittings

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Plastic Piping Resists chemical attack Inexpensive Joined with a one-step solvent

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Piping Has lower thermal expansion that makes long runs easier to control Joined with a two-step primer/solvent and suitable fittings

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM To anyone, the word plumbing connotes fixtures and piping installations that will supply water and dispose waste in various forms. Waste is classified into two types: 1. 2. Solid Waste - that is being discharged by water closet Liquid Waste that are coming from various fixtures

These types of wastes are also conveyed and disposed of by two types of drainage piping. a. b. The Soil Pipe The Waste Pipe D For drainage of solid waste. W For waste coming from various fixtures other than water closet V Refers to the ventilation of the piping system

The Drainage Installation is Sometimes Referred to as DWV which means:

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Symbols:

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Symbols:

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Abbreviations:
API

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- American Petroleum Institute

LDOLPMHT-

Lint, Dust, and Oil Liquid Propane (a fuel for water heaters) Male Hose Threads

ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials

(threads on outside of connection) BC BN CP Brushed Chrome finish MIPCBrushed Nickel finish NPSPolished Chrome P & T Relief Valve- Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve PEPolyethylene plastic material National Pipe Straight threads standard Male Iron Pipe Connection

CSST - Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing CWContinuous Weld

(small diameter pipe production method) DWV- Drainage, waste, and vent systems to remove wastewater ECO EFEnergy Cut Off Energy Factor

(can also mean plain-end pipe) PHCCA- Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Association PSIGPounds per Square Inch Gauge

SAESociety of Automotive Engineers standard (thread size used for nuts and bolts) SJSlip Joint

(A measure of water heater efficiency) ERWElectric Resistance Weld pipe SMLS- Seamless pipe (Most common pipe production method) SNFHTFIPFemale Hose Thread TBEFemale Iron Pipe connection T & CFMPX- Female pipe swivel connection TDSGPF GPH HTGallons per Flush TOGallons per Hour TPIHose Threads T & SHVAC- Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning ULFIPSISOJTUkPa Iron Pipe Size (outside diameter) (used to describe <1.6 GPF toilets) International Standards Organization WHJackson Turbidity Unit Kilopascal (a metric unit for pressure) White finish Ultra Low Flush Tub and Shower Threads per Inch Threads Only Total Dissolved Solids Threaded and Coupled pipe Threaded Both Ends Satin Nickel finish

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Terminologies
Air Gap An air gap in a water supply system, is the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixtures. Back Flow is the flow of water, or other liquid mixture or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source. Back Siphonage refers to the back flow of used contaminated or polluted water form a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such a pipe. Battery of Fixture refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharges into a common horizontal waste pipe or soil branch.

Bib- is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. the word faucet is preferred. Blind Fange a flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of water. Branch is any part of piping system other than the main riser or stack Branch Interval is the length of a soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a storey height, but in no case less than 2.40 meters within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey of a building are connected to the stack Branch Vent is a vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent Calking is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials, that are pounded into the place or opening Circuit Vent is a branch vent that serves two or more traps, and extends from the front of the last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack Continuous Vent is a vertical vent that is continuation of the drain to which the vent connects. Combination Fixtures is a fixture combining one sink and tray or a two or three compartment sink or tray in one vent Combination Waste and Vent System is a specially designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain Common Vent is a drain from two or three fixture connected to a single trap. It is also called dual vent

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Cross Connection is any physical connection between two otherwise separate piping system, one contains potable water, and the other from unknown or questionable safety, whereby, water may flow from one system to the other direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems Dead End is the extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end permitting the stagnation of water or air therein Developed Length the length along the center of the pipe and fitting Diameter diameter of a pipe or tube refers to the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such pipe, except brass and copper tube where the term refers ti the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe Drainage drainage system includes, all piping within the public or private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste, to a legal point of disposal Dry Vent a vent that does not carry water or water borne wastes Effective Opening is the minimum cross sectional area at the point of water supply discharge, measured or expressed in terms of diameter of a circle Existing Work shall apply to that portion of a plumbing system that has been installed and approved prior to the contemplated addition, alteration or correction Fixture Branch is a pipe connecting several fixtures Fixture Drain is the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any drain pipe Fixture Supply is a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch Fixture Units is a quantity in terms of which the load producing effects on the plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale Fixture Unit Flow Rate is the total discharge flow in gallons per minute of a simple fixture divided by 7.5 gallons that provides the flow rate of that particular plumbing fixture as a unit of flow Flood Level is a device located inside the tank for the purpose of maintaining water level for effective flushing of the water closet Ferrule a metallic sleeve called or otherwise joined to an opening in pipe into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.

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Flush Valve is a device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets and similar fixtures Flushometer Valve is a device which discharges a predetermined quantity of water to the fixture for flushing purposes activated by direct water pressure Grade is the slope or fall of pipe in reference to a fraction of an inch per foot length of pipe Group Vent a branch vent that performs its function for two or more traps Horizontal Pipe means any pipe or fitting which makes an angle 45 with the vertical Invert is the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical Liquid Waste is the discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in a connection with a plumbing system which does not receive fecal matter Local Vent Pipe is a pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from a room or fixture Looped Vent is the same as circuit vent except that it loops back and connects with a stack vent instead of a vent stack Lateral in plumbing, it is a secondary pipe. In sewage, a common sewer to which no other common sewer is tributary. Main the main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system to which branches may be connected Main Sewer is a sewer line or system directly controlled by public authority Main Vent is the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may be connected Plumbing Fixtures are installed receptacles, devices, or appliances which are supplied with water, or which receives or discharges liquid or liquid borne waste, with or without discharge into drainage system which maybe directly or indirectly connected Plumbing System the plumbing system includes the water supply distribution pipe; plumbing fixtures and traps; soil, waste and vent pipes; house drain and house sewers including their respective connections, devices and appurtenances within the property line of premises; and water treating or water using equipment. Relief Vent a relief vents primary function is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent systems Re-Vent Pipe a re-vent pipe is that part of the vent pipeline which connects directly with an individual waste or group of wastes, underneath or back of the fixture, and extend either to the main or branch vent pipe

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Riser is a water supply pipe which extend vertically one full storey or more to convey water to branches or fixtures Rough-In is the installation of all parts of the plumbing system which can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures Return Bend an open return bend usually with inside threads, but applied also to 180 bend in pipe Public Sewer is a common sewer directly controlled by public authorities where all abutters have equal rights of connection Sanitary Sewage the sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste Sanitary Sewer a sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water or drainage

Secondary Branch - any branch in a building drain other than the primary branch Sewerage of Sewage work is a comprehensive term including all construction or collection, transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage Siamese Connection is a Y connection used on fire line so that two lines of hose maybe connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle Standpipe a vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under pressure Side Vent is a vent connecting to the drain pipe through a fitting at an angle not greater than 45 or to the vertical Soil Pipe is any pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixture having similar functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures, to the building drains or building sewer Stack is the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipe Stack Group is a term applied to the location of fixtures in relation to the stack so that by means proper fittings, vents may be reduce to a minimum

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Types of Works
Plumbing work is generally defined under eight types: Water Supply, Gasfitting, Sanitary, Roofing (Stormwater), Drainage, Mechanical Services, Fire Protection or Irrigation (Non-agricultural).

Water supply is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of the following:

o o o o

any part of a hot or cold water service that is connected to a drinking water supply from the point of connection to the water supply to the points of discharge of the service; any part of a non-drinking hot or cold water service or rainwater service, from the point of connection to the water supply to the points of discharge of the service; any hot water service in or on a caravan or vessel; and any design work that is incidental to or associated with, any work described in this regulation.

Gasfitting is the construction, installation, replacemen t, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing, commissioning or modification of any pipe, appliance, flue, fitting, apparatus, control or other item that is involved with the supply or use of gas and that is fitted downstream of the outlet of a customer billing meter or a consumer's gas storage container and includes the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing, commissioning of:

o o o

any gas appliance in, or on, a caravan or a vessel; any roof sheeting and flashing that is necessary for the purpose of any work described above; and any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above. It does not include:

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o o o o

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any specialised gasfitting work; any cleaning, painting or preparation work in relation to gas pipes or gas pipe joints that does not involve the connection, disconnection or alteration of those pipes or joints; the connection or disconnection of a gas storage container for the purpose of filling or refilling the container; and any work in relation to an item that is involved with the supply or use of gas that relates to the propulsion system, or any system that is powered by the propulsion system, of any motor vehicle or vessel.

Sanitary is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any part of an above-ground sanitary plumbing system to connect sanitary fixtures and appliances to a disposal system or below-ground sanitary drainage system and includes the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of:

o o o

any fixture in, or on, a caravan or vessel that is connected to a disposal system or below-ground sanitary drainage system; any roof sheeting and flashing that is necessary for the purpose of that work; and any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above.

It does not include:

o o

Water Supply work: and Drainage work.

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Roofing (stormwater) is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any roof covering or roof flashing and any part of a roof drainage system involved in the collection or disposal of stormwater, which connects to ground level and includes the connection of any stormwater piping to;

o o o

a below-ground stormwater drain; an on-site retention or storage tank; and any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above.

Roofing (Stormwater) work does not include:

any cleaning, painting or preparation work in relation to any item, device or equipment involved in the collection or disposal of stormwater other than the connection, disconnection or alteration of that item, device or equipment; and

the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any roof covering consisting of non-metallic tiles, slate or flat membrane sheeting or any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, that work.

Drainage is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any part of a below-ground sanitary drainage system or a below-ground stormwater drainage system from the above-ground sewage, stormwater or waste pipes to the connection with the disposal system; and any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above.

It does not include the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of: (i) a subsoil drain for the sole purpose of subsoil water collection; or (ii) stormwater pits, channels that are grated or below-ground storage or retention tanks. It also does not include any design work that is incidental to or associated with, the work described above.

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Mechanical services is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of a mechanical heating, cooling or ventilation system in a building, which is associated with the heating, cooling or ventilation of that building and includes;

o o o o o o

any valve, regulator, register, pipe, duct, flue, tank, heating or cooling pipe or surface, boiler, burner, solid fuel heater, coil or other item that is used in the system; any single head split system; in relation to a cooling tower, any water pipe, valve, pump, or automated bleeding device or any other mechanical component that affects the cooling tower's cooling water flow rate or wastewater disposal; any fixed component used in a reticulation system for the supply or removal of medical gases from the gas source to a wall outlet; roof sheeting and flashing that is necessary for the purpose of any work described above; and any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above.

It does not include:

o o

Gasfitting work; any work on a cooling tower drift eliminator;

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Fire Protection is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any part of a water service used for fire fighting, from the point of connection of the service to the water supply to any fire fighting device or equipment forming part of that service, including the following equipment-

o o o o

a fire hydrant or hose reel; a residential or domestic fire sprinkler system; a commercial or industrial fire sprinkler system; a fire system pump set other than the commissioning of a fire system pump set; and

o any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above. A water service includes a service that is connected to a reticulated water supply, a rainwater supply or any other water supply.

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Irrigation (Non-agricultural) is the construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of any part of irrigation system on a property from the connection point to any water supply in the system to the last valve or control to any pressurised zone in the system and includes any design work that is incidental to, or associated with, any work described above. Irrigation (Non-agricultural) work does not include the design, construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration, maintenance, testing or commissioning of an irrigation system used for the purposes of agriculture.

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Plumbing Materials

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Cast iron pipe is a pipe which has had historic use as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe during the 19th and 20th centuries. It comprises predominantly a gray cast iron tube and was frequently used uncoated, although later coatings and linings reduced corrosion and improve hydraulics. Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s. Little cast iron pipe is currently manufactured.

Asbestos cement (AC) pressure pipe is used primarily for potable water, as well as for sewer force mains and industrial effluent and process piping.

Asbestos pipe insulation is not uncommon in homes that have asbestos insulation in the walls or the siding. Asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in part because it was inexpensive but also because it was effective

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Bituminous fiber Sewer Pipe is the cheapest among the sewer pipes. This type of pipe is light in weight, slightly flexible which could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out from its joint. However hot water or other chemical flow may soften or damage the pipe.

Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP) is pipe made from clay that has been subjected to vitrification, a process which fuses the clay particles to a very hard, inert, glass-like state. VCP is commonly used insewer gravity collection mains because of its reasonable price and resistance to almost all domestic and industrial sewage, particularly the sulfuric acid that is generated by hydrogen sulfide, a common component of sewage. Only hydrofluoric acid and highly-concentrated caustic wastes are known to attack VCP. Such wastes would not be permitted to be discharged into a municipal sewage collection system without adequate pre-treatment.

Lead Pipe is also one of the oldest plumbing materials used by the Egyptians, the Greek and the roman builder as soil and waste pipe. Lead is highly resistant to acid and is suitable for underground installation but

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because lead is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never used to covey water for human

Galvanized Steel Pipe is made out from mild steel, drawn through a die and welded, cast into 6.00 meters long. This type of pipe is easily corroded by alkaline and acid water. The carbonic acid in water, Attack the zinc coating and ultimately the steel itself. It is subject to deposits of salt and lime that gradually accumulate and finally choke the flow of water. This pipe is deteriorating faster when used as hot water supply line.

Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe is better in quality than the steel pipe for plumbing installation. Test showed that wrought iron pipe is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe.

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Brass Pipe is one of the most expensive types of pipe. Brass pipe is an alloy of copper and zinc. When the proportions are about equal, the pipe tends to corrode in spots, so all good brass pipe now made is 67% to 85% copper and the rest is zinc. The best grade is 85% copper and is called red brass pipe. Water, unless soft or containing ammonia has little effect on brass pipe.

Copper Pipe is a durable and extremely corrosive resistant material. It is easy to install compared with other types of pipe. Copper pipe is classified into three types, depending upon its wall thickness.

Plastic or Synthetic Pipes is a new concept in the field of plumbing. It was introduced in the Philippines at the early part of 70s, although this type of materials was developed in Germany in the mid year of 1935.

Types of Rigid of Plastic Pipes are: o PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is the most common form of household sewer and vent pipe, and is white or gray in color. The 8-foot pipe sections come in diameters ranging from 1 1/2 to 4 inches, and join together with PVC couplings, primer and cement. The couplings come in angles of 30, 45, 60, 90 and 180 degrees (straight), and also include T couplings which join one pipe to another. PVC pipe is simply sawed to length using a handsaw, circular saw or miter saw. o ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is also used for household sewer/vent pipe, is black in color and available in the same diameters as PVC. Pipe sections join together with ABS couplings and cement, though unlike PVC no primer is needed. Local building code regulations usually

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dictate whether PVC or ABS can be used for sewer/vent installation, though as the two pipes have different expansion rates, they should never be installed together in the same pipeline. o CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) has very similar properties to PVC, though its ability to withstand fluid temperatures up to 80 degrees Celsius makes it ideal for water supply pipes. The pipe generally comes in 1/2- and 3/4-inch diameters, and joins together with couplings, primer and cement. As the pipe is generally cut to length using a tube cutter, the installation process is far simpler and less time-consuming than installation of copper water pipes, which require soldering. o Polyethylene (PE) is a flexible pipe which is used in garden irrigation systems, in-floor radiant heating systems and waste disposals. Available in rolls of various lengths, the pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter, with the sections joining together using barbed male-ended fittings and clamps. The pipe's flexibility requires fewer 90-degree elbow fittings, and it costs less than other types of pipe to install.

Plumbing Fixtures
Bath is a large container for holding water in which a person may bathe (take a bath). Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or fiberglass, but alternatives are available in enamel over steel or cast iron, and occasionally waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom either as a standalone fixture or in conjunction with a shower.

Bidets Is designed for cleaning the most precious, delicate and well-guarded parts of the female body-The ultimate in personal hygiene.

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Trench Drain (also channel drain, line drain, slot drain, linear drain or strip drain) is a specific type of floor drain containing a dominant through- or channel-shaped body. It is used for the rapid evacuation of surface water or for the containment of utility lines or chemical spills.

Water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. In some regional dialects, water fountains are called bubblers.

Showers are most commonly stall showers or showers over a bathtub. A stall shower is a dedicated shower area which uses a glass door to contain water spray. The shower over a bathtub saves bathroom space and enables the area to be used for either a bath or a shower and commonly uses a sliding shower curtain to contain the water spray.

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Urinal is a specialized toilet for urination only. It can take the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing. While urinals are generally intended for use by males, it is also possible for females to use them.

Flush Toilet is a toilet that disposes of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location. Flushing mechanisms are found more often on western toilets (used in the sitting position), but many squat toilets also are made for automated flushing.

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Water Closet - A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium.

Lavatory- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as wash basin.

Kitchen Sink- a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected with a drain.

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Sewage Disposal System

Sewage Disposal System systems transport sewage through cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters.

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Cesspool a covered hole or pit for receiving drainage or sewage, as from a house. Privy is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the collection of raw sewage Septic Tank is device or receptacle used to expedite the decomposition of the element contained in a raw sewage waste.

Public Sewer Line is a public sewage system, operated and maintained by the government consists of a sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system.

Public Sewer Line is classified into three types according to the kind of waste it disposes.

Three type of waste disposes The Combination Public Sewer The Sanitary Sewer The Storm Drain

Manhole is classified as a device of the main and storm sewer. The manhole diameter varies from 90 to 120 centimetre provided with iron rung to serve as ladder for maintenance crew to reach the bottom.

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Septic tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect or ganic waste discharge from the house sewer. The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying odorous materials.

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singaporeis the only country to implement such technology on a production scale in its production of NEWater.

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THE PLUMBING CODE

The improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants of a building and create a center point for the spread of disease. The possibility is of sufficient public interests to require the regulation of plumbing by law. The right of the government to regulate the details of plumbing is based on the principle of the protection of public health. The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the qualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE 1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage. 2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without un duenoise. 3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning. 4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system. 6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene. 7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures. 8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate clean outs so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned. 9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service. 10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. 11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use. 12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

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13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the

14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system. 15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system. 16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated. 17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank. 18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building. 19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers. 20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use. 21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage. 22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

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