j/Uv.
yc&t^'U^
Cambridge Elementary
Classics
GALLIC
BOOK
WAR
II
F.
jltbj
lork:
G.
P.
PUTNAM'S SONS
Lrn.
arotonto:
J.
M.
rokuo:
THE MARUZEN-KABU.SHIKI-KAISHA
Ail
ri^/i/s resei~i<ed
Gaius
(From a
lulius
Caesar
Museum)
-._>l-^-
LL
Cl285dgShB
GALLIC
BOOK
WAR
II
Edited
E.
S.
by
Litt.D.
SHUCKBURGH,
DEPARTfvlENTALi
LIBRARY
Cambridge:
at
^.T. 5L^.
1915
New
Edition 1915.
PREFACE
'"T^HIS
-*-
edition of the
is
Commentaries
of the Hclvetiati
War
{\J\h. T.)
ah'eady puhh'shed
all
by me.
My
first
that
the
time
if
he has
is
b)-
his
side his
to
Grammar.
him with
The
vocabulary
meant
is
supply
a Dictionar\' until he
able to use
November^
1897.
Note. The new edition difters from earlier ones marking in the te.xt of all vowels long by nature and
inclusion of a sources.
in the in the
number
are due to
For the selection of these illustrations thanks Mr H. B. Walters, of the British Museum.
S.
C. R.
Cambridge,
191
5.
CONTENTS
PAGES
Introduction
xi
xxvi
135
Text
Notes Vocabulary
36
65
88
66
LIST OF
Gains lulius Caesar
.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Frotitispied'
PAf.E
xxiii
xxiv
3
r,
name Rtni
Testudo
Slingers
.
7
.S
Caste limn
Viiiea Tiirris
I
9
',
'4
Coin of Nervii
16
An
attack by
Roman
legions
Plan of
Roman Camp
Standard
24
Roman
Surrender of barbarians
Battering
28
Ram
34
at
Trophy
of Gaulish arms
.
Map
The
of Gaul
cud of book
illustration
on
p.
20
is
from the St
Rcmy Monument
a.d.
Column
of Trajan, on which
)
are dejiicted
INTRODUCTION
The
writer of the Coiiimcntancs
is
person.
Gaul and the historian of the campaigns are the same This was Gaius lulius Caesar. He was a member of a patrician family belonging to the ancient and illustrious ,^r;/i' Julia., which was said to be descended from lulus son of Aeneas. Born in B.C. loi he very early showed that he was brave and determined. C. Marius, the leader of the popular party and opponent of Sulla, married his aunt, and he himself from the first attached himself to the popular party and married the daughter of
L. Cinna,
who
of Marius.
Sulla ordered
in
him
consequence barely escaped being put He had to remain away from Rome till after to death. Sulla's death in B.C. 78. After that event he returned to Rome and speedily made himself conspicuous by his skill as an orator while accusing several leading men of
extortion in their provinces.
he refused and
As soon
Caesar's offices, B.C.
was elected
to
^^^ quaestorship (B.C. 68) which gave a seat in the Senate and was the first step in the
scale of promotion to the higher magistracies. served as quaestor under the governor of Further Spain. After this he married a relative of Pompey,
He
B. G. II.
Nil
I'onipeia,
i\rk(i>ucTiON
daughter of Q. Pompcius Rufus, and attached
who was
afterwards to be his
He
command
Pompey, who was thus kept in the East from B.C. 67 to While Pompey was away Caesar was steadily u.C. 62. In H.c. 65 he was Aedile rising in power and influence. and spent so much money on the shows and games of which the Aedile had the charge, as well as on the repair
of the I'ia Appia,
the
the
He was
went as propraetor to P"urther Spain (B.C. 6i-6oj. Here he first seems to have discovered his genius for military
command.
in
it,
Southern
Spain
was generally
in
a very
disorder
continuIn this
ally
plundering the
Roman
province or
Spanish government he made a great deal of money (often, it seems, by very doubtful means) and when he returned
to
Rome
in B.C.
at
orthe'^ Popu'^
lares.
any
rate to
have been
free
from debt.
named he had throughout been forward in supporting fta triumvirate. all the measures which the popular party wished for, whether in regard to the public land, or the punishment of those of the party of Sulla who were still alive and had been involved in the proscription and death This of innocent citizens during Sulla's supremacy. policy carried out with boldness, combined with the military reputation gained in Spain, placed Caesar clearly
Besides holding the offices above
.
The
at the
party.
The
Senatorial or
It
was a
rule at
Rome
that a
his
man who
in
Caesar did
for
actions
INTRODUCTION
iiiipc) iiDii until tlic
Xlll
Senate had decided whether he was have his triumph or not. If he entered xhe poiiurriuui (that is, the space round the old walls of Rome) he thereby gave up this impcriuni^ and could no longer claim a triumph. There was also another rule, that when a man was a candidate for the consulship he must make a
to
a.
pro/essio)
Caesar had come back so near the time when this declaration was required, that unless the Senate would excuse him from making it (as was sometimes done) he would have to give up either his triumph or his consulship. His
application to be excused the declaration w^as successfully
Now
opposed by his political enemies, headed by Cato (afterwards called Cato Uticensis from the place of his death), and therefore Caesar gave up the triumph, made his declaration, and was elected consul for B.C. 59 about July B.C. 60. But this made him more opposed than ever to
the Aristocratic party
:
and about giving his veterans grants of land, he made an agreement with him and the richest man in the state, M. Licinius Crassus, whereby the three were to combine to get the measures they wished for passed by the people and to secure for each other or their adherents certain and though Decemvirate or the Second Triumvirate, a legally established commission, it exercised great influence in politics, and its break-up led to the civil
offices.
is
This
it
was
war.
in B.C. 59.
The
aristocratic
as they thought, to
col-
hamper
his actions
by giving him a
to their
league,
own
party and
XIV
INTRODUCTION
was expected to oppose him in every way. 15ut Caesar was not a man to be so easily beaten. He reduced his
colleague to complete impotence, carried the measures
he intended
sulting
tlie
in the comitia,
proposed by a Tribune,
P.
Vatinius.
He was
however,
a part of
Italy,
though
still
governed as a province.
He
where there was likely to be much more opportunity of work and the Senate fearing that, if they refused him, he would cause another law to be passed, assigned this also to him for five years, on the motion of Pompey, along with a separate army required to protect it. Let us see first what it was that Caesar was to govern. I. G.\LLiA Cisalpina. This would now be Caesars called North Italy, consisting of all that lay j a j Provinces (I) Gallia between the Rubicon and the Alps, divided nearly in half by the river Po. From about B.C. i8i this country had been treated as a 'province' or sometimes two provinces (Cispadana and Transpadana), but was yet not quite like other provinces. It contained
active
:
>
a good
many Roman
full
and again
had the
district
War all the people of Cispadane Gaul Roman franchise, those of the Transpadane
province,
was much more like a part of Italy than a and the duties of its governor would be rather different from those of the governor of one of the more distant provinces. There was an army of three legions,
Thus
it
in winter-quarters at Aquileia,
but
it
its
position
seems
to
show
in
INTRODUCTION
II.
XV
we have seen that the law added Ii.lyricum to Caesar's government. (2) Illyncum. By Illyncum was meant a narrow strip ot country on the east of the Adriatic including Istria and Dalmatia. It had been under the control of Rome since l?.c. 228, but had never been fully organised, sometimes being put under the governor of Macedonia, at others under the governor of Gallia Cisalpina, sometimes being left nominally free on payment of tribute. But it was often in rebellion itself, and besides was subject to attacks from neighbouring" barbarians, and therefore Roman arms and magistrates were in the country at frequent intervals.
Cisalpine Caul
,
To
,,,
As a matter
years'
of fact, it was peaceful during Caesar's nine government, and he only visited it to hold the
cojwentiis or assizes.
III.
Gallia Transalpina. At
this
time the
Roman
consequence
Provence.
It
still
retains
the
name
of
was bounded on the east by the Alps, on the north by the Rhone from the lake of Geneva to Vienne, on the west by the Cevennes and the Upper Garonne, on the south by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. It was constituted a province in B.C. 118 and was very important to the Romans both as securing the road to Spain and as barring the road against incursions It had, however, been in danger of barbarians into Italy. more than once from the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded it in B.C. 105, and from rebellions of the Allobroges, the most northerly tribe in it, in B.C. 65 and 61. When Caesar first undertook this province it seemed
peaceful enough, but there were likely to be difficulties in
for his
province
XVI
INTRODUCTION
to govern, then, incUicIed but a small
The
rest,
which included the greater part of what is now called France and Belgium, was still free from Roman government. Caesar regards it as falling into three
divisions
:
Aquitania
;
in the
Switzerland
Garonne to the Seine, with western and Belgica from the Seine to the lower Rhine, thus including northern France, Belgium and
;
southern Holland.
The
what
is
called Celtic,
Though
of
the
Romans
^"
^'*
Romans had not conquered this greater Gaul they were in communication with it. Roman merchants had already found their w ay there in considerable numbers and the
;
been asked to side with one or another tribe in the quarrels that frequently occurred between them. As early, perhaps, as i?.C. 121 the Aedui,
living
'friends
and
allies' of
Rome,
closely to
them by the Saone and was held to pledge the Romans more or less protect them if attacked.
But
for
some years
i;.C.
100,
domestic
attention
The Ger-
troubles
Rome had
in
diverted
mans
B.C.
driven
from Gaul,
58.
The Aedui \vhich made it seem necessary to interfere. had been conquered by a German chief named Ariovistus, who had come over the Rhine at the head of a considerable host to help the enemies of the Aedui,
the Sequani
and
.Xrverni.
They found
INTRODUCTION
north of the Rhine.
XVU
They
seemed
likely to
communication with the consulship (B.C. 59) was recognised as 'king and ally.' There did not seem any reason therefore to suppose that he would offer difficulties to Caesar. But when Caesar came to Gaul in B.C. 58, and had defeated the Helvetii, and forced the survivors to return to their native land,
nor venture to march across (^aul to take other lands
for
Germans who came across managed to get into Romans, and during Caesar's
themsehes, he suddenly found himself brought face on the part of Ariovistus. The
made
haste to
commend
and
laid before
him complaints
him proposing a conference, but, receiving a haughty and defiant reply, marched against him and engaged him in a great battle in the country between the modern Basle and Mulhausen, utterly defeated him, and drove the survivors across the Rhine [B. G. i. 30-54]. Gaul was
thus freed from the presence of the
German
foreigner,
but
Roman
But
this
intluence
was become paramount throughout. great success alarmed the northern Gauls,
called
the
Belgae.
The
Belgae
Caesar.
Belgium and part of Holland. They were akin to the Germans, and though they did not wish the continuance of Ariovistus and his German immigrants in Gaul, still
XVIIl
INTRODUCTION
Romans should be undisputed They expected that they
:
and
at
Romans
from a very
Accordingly
in the
winter of
were busy
only
for
this 'conspiracy' was was intended for offensive operations against the Romans to drive them from (iaul, Caesar did not stop to enquire. He had made up his mind that Roman authority was to be acknowledged hroughout Gaul, and that any tribe venturing to disturb the peace should be at once put down. Early in li.C. 57 he enrolled two more Caesar legions in Cisalpine Gaul (thus making up attacTk^^^the ^^'^ number to eight legions), and arrived at B^cf^?' \'esontio (Besangon) where he had ordered his troops to assemble. He at once advanced toward the A\ona{Azsne), receiving the submission of the Remi on his way, and relieving their chief town of Bibrax from a siege.
Whether
or
He
then advanced to
Noviodunum
(Soissofis
sur Aisne),
But the most warlike of the Belgae, the now encamped on the left bank of the Sabis (Samdre). Caesar advanced to attack them, and the account of the struggle occupies a great part of this Second book of the Commen/anes [cc. 12It was in many respects the hardest fought battle of 33]. any in which Caesar was engaged in Gaul and in none was the final success more plainly due to his own Both the Nervii and gallantry and presence of mind. Aduatuci were all but exterminated and as Crassus had meanwhile subdued the tribes in Normandy and Brittany
{Beauvais).
Nervii and Aduatuci, were
:
INTRODUCTION
the whole of Belgica was
:
XlX
when
in the following
now in the power of Rome and year Aquitania was also subdued, and
an attempted rising of the Veneti put down, all Gaul was Roman. Henceforth the contests in which Caesar was
Rhine
frontier
of a
territory
have spoken often of Caesar's province or provinces. It is necessary to understand what A Province. The word IS meant by a Roman provmce. provincia (of uncertain derivation) was applied to any
.
We
sphere of duty of a
began governing countries outside Italy, the word was naturally applied to them as the sphere of duty of some magistrate sent out to administer them, and so gradually was used of the countries themselves as well as of the
office.
(Sicily
his
^.
The governor in the first two of these provinces and Sardinia) was one of the praetors, who, after election as praetor, was assigned to it by drawing lots
with the other praetors.
.
As
the
number
it
of
Rome,
became
during their year of office and to go to a province the next year, when they were called propraetors {pro praetore, 'instead of a praetor'). In some provinces it was thought necessary
to stay in
them
Rome
to
have
men
The
drew
Both classes of governors were sometimes called proconsuls, whether they had been
x.\-
INTRODUCTION
Tlic {governor of the province
commanded
was
the
lej^^ions
stationed
the Senate.
in
it,
the
number
of which
settled
by
He had
""
Pro-
vince.
independent nation outside without an order from the Senate. No dcjubt m cases where
dangerous barbarians were on the frontier this law was not strictly interpreted and Caesar himself had an e\en greater freedom in this respect than usual; for the decree of the Senate assigning Gallia Transalpina to him had a clause (as apparently had been the case Ijcfore in regard to Gaul) allowing him to do anything that seemed to him This would to be for the advantage of the republic' cover both the enrolment of additional legions and the
:
'
Gaul,
liesides his
military
duties
in
his
which had generally once had constitutions and laws of their own and as a rule, when that was the case, the Roman commissioners who settled the constitution of the province arranged that the law existing in these states should still be held good the governor, however, heard appeals and retained in his own hands the decision as to
;
;
sentences of death.
With
quaestor.
who
and of
tribute
the
Roman
from which
the
expenses of the government and military establishment would have to be deducted. But neither the kind of
trilnite
it
in
INTRODUCTION
all;
xxi
'
and
in
'free sta.tes
{/I'dcrae
d-i'i/ti/cs)
which
pay
tribute,
thougli they
had
when
recjuircd.
own,
aS' yet one body, like our under one Commander-in-chief or the Crown. It was \n fact a number of
all
of the magistrate
who
many under
the
sacravte/iiiei/i. Thus so many command of the governor of Spain, command of the governor of Africa,
the
same rule as to length of service, pay, share in booty, and claim for pension or other reward at the end of their service applied to all alike. Since the time of Marius all full citizens, independently of the amount of their property, could serve in the army, but only citizens. The arms and dress of the legionar\' soldiers were uniform. All had
the large oblong shield {scutiim\ coat of mail
{loricci),
helmet or bronze cap {galeci)^ greaves {ocreac), a short straight sword for cut or thrust {gladius) and two stout ja\elins or pila to be thrown before charging. Auxiliaries
{auxilia) were
Auxiharies.
states,
however raised
in the
pro-
^^j^ces
or
and sometimes these men were rewarded by the Marius had done this, and Caesar, gift of citizenship. having raised and trained a body of Gauls in a legion which he called alaiida, gave the citizenship afterwards These auxiliaries were not under the to the whole. officers of the legion, but had praefecti of their own, and were often called alarii, whether cavalry or infantry, because they were usually stationed on the '
Cavalry.
,
-^
wings
(alae).
time
xxii
INTKDDUCTION
nations.
was romyjosccl usually of Cauls or other were distinct from the aiixilin and were
respective
auxiliaries,
These
attaciied to their
legions,
as also
were
certain
light-armed
The
legions,
which
in
5,000
Officers of the legion.
infantry
besides
the
cavalry,
the
thus
i
number
bemg
,,11
were
officered
six tribuni niilitinn had the general managethese do not ment of the discipline of the legion seem to have been specially attached to any definite company of the legion, but in actual battle commanded whatever part of it seemed good to the commander-in:
chief;
when
reason was stationed at a distance from the main body of the the legion it was usualh' commanded by a tribuniis
;
and the
the
same number
of
subalterns {optiones)
the
by the centurions.
assigned to a consul or proconsul was composed of two legions, and when on service in a province or elsewhere
he was generally accompanied by two legati. If it was a more important service involving a larger army he had more legati. These formed his staff and did whatever duty he asked of them. It was becoming the custom to put one at the head of each legion, and Caesar, who had
ten legati, constantly did so.
appointed as
a legion.
chief.
It
officers in the
When
they did
till
so,
was
in
obedience to their
was not
army
that a legattis
was regularly
put in
command
of each legion.
A Roman
legionary soldier
vexillarins or standard-bearer
INTRODUCTION
The standard
the
XXV
of a whole legion' had the figure of an head of the staff, a custom begun by But each cohort and each Marius (about K.c. 104). ccnturia had a standard (signum or 7'exillii;/i) of different shape and description, which directed the Standards. , ,11 r movements 01 the men, and the loss or which was looked upon as the direst disgrace and generallyWhen the involved the severest military punishment. men halted these standards were stuck in the ground when the order for advance was given the signiferi or 7'cxillarii took them up and led the wa)'. So we have such phrases as sig/ui ferre or infcrre^ 'to advance' or 'to charge'; signa converfere, 'to wheel round"; s/g;ia
eagle at
cottft'rre,
'
to engage.'
a campaign or on the
march Of course if
meant for prolonged occupation its conwas more elaborate and complete but even if it was intended only for a single night's stay it was arranged and constructed on the same plan. Taking a camp meant for two legions and auxiliaries (the normal consular army), the shape of the camp would be a square, each side of which should be 2017 feet"'. This was divided into two unequal portions, at the 700th foot from the front, by a space or roadway 100 feet broad called via principalis. In the smaller of these two parts were the general's
;
quarters
{praetoriuin\
a
the
quarters
of
the
quaestor
tents of
{quaesio7-iiiin),
forum
or market-place,
and the
the general's
staff,
In
groups
w^ith
viae.,
besides one broad via (50 feet) exactly dividing them, called via quinta)ia. The whole was surrounded by an
'
XXVI
INTRODUCTION
uji
hy
dit^^'inj,'
a trench
or
The
the top of
circumstances, but was often as much as 30 feet, and on it was a vallimi made of stakes, where wood
could
Ije
got (the soldiers often carried two apiece for the them which could be interlaced.
space 200 feet Ijroad was kept clear between the agger and the tents. There were four gates to the camp, the porta praeioria on the end next the praetorium, x\\^ porta dccumana in the centre of the opposite end, and at either end of ihe. pruicipiathc porta principalis dextra !lx\A porta The plan of the camps was so uniprincipalis sinistra. form that the soldiers knew exactly what part each had and when they to work at and where to pitch his tent arrived at the place selected by the advance party sent in front to choose the site, they at once fell to work and
:
in
it
THE COMMENTARIES
OF
GALLIC WAR
BOOK
II.
Gaul B.C. 58
7,
Caesar
Cum
utl
eum rumores
certior
afferebantur,
fiebat
item
LabienI
omnes
Belgas,
quam
R5manum
Coniurandl
omni pacata
adduceretur
;
primum, quod vererentur, ne ad eos exercitus noster deinde, quod ab nonnullls Gallls
:
Gallia
sollicitarentur,
10
RomanI
exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste ferebant, partim qui m5bilitate et levitate
B. G.
II.
I5ELGICA
animl
etiam,
studebant,
ab nonnullis
quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque cis, qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, volgo regna occupabantur, qui minus facile cam rem imperio nostro consequT poterant.
Caesar enrols two new legions, and early in the summer of B.C. 57 marches against the Belgae.
His nuntiis Htterlsque commotus Caesar duas legionC's in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit
2.
et
inita
aestate,
in
interiorem
Galliam
qui
dcduceret,
10
Ouintum Pedium legatum mlsit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. Dat negdtium Senonibus
reliqulsque Gallls, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti
ea,
de
15
Hi constanter
exercitum
in
cogi,
unum locum
non
conduci.
existimavit,
quin
Re
busque
20 pervenit.
The Remi
3.
Eo cum de
eum
Andoqui
in
cumborium,
25
primos
miserunt,
dicerent
'
se
suaque omnia
in
fidem atque
Roman!
permitterc, neque
se
cum
'populum
'
Romanum
et obsidcs
'
'reliquos
'
omncs Belgas
cis
in
nosque, qui
coniunxisse,
Rhenum
incolant, scse
'
tantumque esse
nc
Suessiones
'
furdrem,
ut
quidem,
iiiMiMi
if
.
/
-"
'/
J-
laggsr
i;\:-S^iS^,
Bowl
'
name Remi
et
isdem
10
'
'
magistratum
potuerint,
'
unum imperium unumque cum ipsis habeant, deterrere quTn cum his consentlrent.'
They migrated from the right and had resisted an invasion of the
quaereret,
The
bank
of the Rhine,
Cum
ab
in
his
quae
civitates
in
quantaeque
bello
15
FORCKS
oi-
riiK i$kl(;ak
:
ductos propter
Gallosque,
5
fertilitatcm
ibi
conscdisse
cxpulisse
qui
ea
loca
incolcrcnt,
omnI
lo
Cimbrosque intra qua ex re fines suos fieri, uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auct5ritatem magnosque splritus in re mllitarl sumerent. Dc numero eorum omnia se habere explorata RemI dicebant, propterea quod propinquitatibus afflnitatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum
ingrcdl
prohibuerint
sit,
cognoverint.
The
tribes
of
the
(2)
Remi
(4)
(i)
the
Bellovaci,
(5)
(9)
Nervii,
Atrebates,
(8)
Ambiani,
(6)
Morini,
(10)
Velocasses,
Caleti,
Aduatuci,
(12)
Germani.
inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et
iq
Plurimum
auctoritate
et
hominum numerd
valere
hos
ex eo numero electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Suessiones suos esse
20 finitimos;
25
Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, totlus Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, turn etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit: ad hunc propter nunc esse regem Galbam
possidere.
:
prudentiamque
voluntate deferri
;
summam
totlus belli
omnium
xn,
pollicerl milia
Nervios, qui
maxime
ipsos habeantur
5
longissimcque absint;
bianos X milia,
milia, Caletos
Velocasses et Veroman;
du5s totidem, Aduatucos XIX milia Condrus5s, Eburones, Caeroesos, Paeman5s, qui uno nomine
GermanI appellantur,
arbitrarl
ad
XL
milia.
lo
Caesar advances to the Axona (R. Aisne), crosses the river, and fortifies a camp in the territory of the Remi, eight miles from Bibrax.
5.
Caesar
Rem5s
cohortatus llberaliterque
oratione
proseciitus
omnem senatum ad
his dlligenter
se
addUcI
iussit.
Quae omnia ab
sunt.
ad
15
diem
facta
Ipse
Divitiacum
salutis
Aeduum
rel
magno opere
pQblicae
communisque
manias
hostium distinerl, ne cum tanta multitudine Gno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si
suas copias Aedul in fines Bellovacorum intr5- 20
duxerint et
coeperint.
His mandatis
eum ab
se
in
neque iam longe abesse ab els, quos miserat, exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flijmen Axonam, quod est in extremis
SIEGE OF IJIBRAX
castra posuit.
ripis fluminis
Quae
res et latus
et,
castrorum
muniebat
hostibus
post
unum eum
et,
quae
5
esscnt,
tuta
ab
rcddebat
commeatus ab Remls
sine periculo ad
reliquisque civitatibus ut
portarl possent, efficiebat.
Ibi
eum
praesidium ponit
fluminis
Quintum Titurium
lo
castra
Sablnum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit in altitudinem pedum duodecim vallo
fossaque duodevlginti
pedum munire
iubet.
The Belgae
besiege Bibrax.
to
The
garrison sends
6.
15
Bibrax aberat milia passuum vill. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum est. Gallorum eadem Ubi atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. circumiecta multitQdine hominum totis moenibus
undique
in
murum
lapides
iaci
coept!
sunt,
SIEGE OF PIBRAX
7
est,
testudine
portas
turn
succcdunt
facile
murumque
subruunt.
tanta
Quod
ficbat.
Nam cum
nullT.
potestas
erat
oppugnandi nox
praefuerat, unus
fecisset, Iccius
ex
eis,
^^ttM -.S-M^
Testudo
mittit, nisi
lo
n5n posse.
The Belgae
quit Bibrax, but
7.
Eo de media
Till'.
i;ki.(;aI':
comic to
mekt caksar
cum
spc defensionis studium propugnandi acccssit, ct ho.stibus cadem dc causa spes potiundl oppidi
discessit.
5
Itacjuc paulispcr
ai^rosquc
Rcmorum
dcpopulati
acdificiisque,
Slingers
(
left
of the fictute)
lo
omnibus copils contenderunt et passuum minus duobus castra ab posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, ampHus mllibus passuum Wll in
castra Cacsaris
mllibus
latitudinem patcbant.
some days
hostium
proelio
nrffflmilnnrfn?ffffmTmTif^^
Castelluin
[From a mosaic
at
Avignon)
instruendam
natura opportuno
atque idoneo,
quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex planitie editus tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris deiectus
habebat et in fronte leniter fastlgatus paulatim ad planitiem redlbat, ab utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit circiter passuum CD et ad extremas fossas castella constituit ibique
lo
15
lO
aciem instruxissct, hostC's, quod tantuni multitudinc potcrant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvcnire possent. Hoc facto duabus legionibus, quas proxime conscripserat, in castris relictis, ut, si quo opus
tormcnta collocavit,
pro castris
in acie constituit.
After
of the
some cavalry skirmishing, which resulted in favour Romans, the Belgae attempt to cross the Axona
rear.
on Caesar's
9.
Palus
erat
non magna
inter
nostrum
si
ID
atque
hostium
exercitum.
Hanc
;
nostrl
nostrl autem,
ab
illls
initium transeundl
fieret,
ut impedltds
Interim
20
Ubi neutrl transeundl initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostrls Caesar su5s in castra Hostes prdtinus ex eo loco ad flumen reduxit. Axonam contendcrunt, quod esse post nostra Ibi vadls repertis castra demonstratum est. partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt,
eo consilio,
ut, si
Remorum
25
popularentur, qui
magno
nobis Qsui
Caesar leads his cavalry and light-armed across the bridge and meets the Belgae as they are struggling through
the ford.
10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores
sagittariosque
contendit.
pontem
in
traducit
atquc
ad eos
est.
5
Acriter
e5
loco
in
pugnatum
:
Hostes impeditds
nostrl
flumine
aggress!
telorum
repulerunt
primes,
The
Hostes ubi
flumine
lexerunt
et
dc expugnando oppido
et
de
10
transeundo
spem
in
se
fefellisse
intel-
neque nostros
locum
iniquiorem
convocato
15
constituerunt
optimum esse, domum suam quemque revert! et, quorum in fines prlmum Roman! exercitum intr5duxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenlrent, ut potius
in suls
quam
copils
frumentariae
uterentur.
Ad eam
20
sententiam
ratio
cum
reliquls
causis
haec quoque
Aeduos
quod Divitiacum atque Bellovac5rum appropinquare cognoverant. His persuader!, ut diutius morarentur neque suls auxilium ferrent, non poterat.
eos
deduxit,
finibus
25
12
PURSUIT OF
retreat.
rill',
liELGAK
three
The Belgae
numbers.
11.
legions in pursuit,
who
kill
great
Ea
magno
nullo
cum
certo ordine
quisque
per-
domum
Hac
re statim
Caesar per
qua
de
causa
discederent,
nondum
perspexerat,
luce confirmata
re
ab exploratoribus
omnem
jr
agmen moraretur, His Ouintum Pedium et Lucium praemisit. Aurunculeium Cottam legates praefecit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subHi novissimos adorti et multa sequi iussit.
equitatum, qui novissimum
2o
passuum prosecQtl magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extreme agmine, ad quos ventum erat, consisterent fortiterque impetum nostrorum mllitum sustiuerent, priores, quod abesse a perlculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio continemilia
rentur, exaudlto
omnes
in fuga
praesidium
ponerent.
Ita
quantum
fuit diel
spatium,
in castra,
ADVANCE DF CAESAR
13
Caesar advances into the territory of the Suessiones and assaults Noviodunum, which surrenders.
12.
magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse
duxit et
audiebat,
propter
latitudinem
fossae
murlque
Vinea
potuit.
Castrls munltis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usul erant comparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessidnum multitudo
in
10
vineis ad
oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque
magnitudine
constitutis
operum, quae
neque
15
Rdmanorum
14
SURKKM)I';K
())
IIKATIJSI'ANTIUM
Having
advances
against
the
Bellovaci
and
receives
the
13.
Caesar obsidibus
reikis
dudbus
flliis
armlsque
omnibus
5 dijcit.
ex
oppido
sc
traditls
in in
dcditioncm
Bellovacos
in
Qui cum
suaquc omnia
oppidum
Turris
Caesar cum exercitu circitcr mllia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egress! manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce
lo significare
coeperunt, sese
in
eius
fidem
ac
potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum armls contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum
accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passTs manibus suo more pacem
15
ab RomanTs petierunt.
Aeduan pleads
for indulgent
Pro his Divitiacus (nam post discessum 14. Belgarum dimissis Aeduorum copils ad eum Bellovacos omni tempore reverterat) facit verba
'
:
'
in fide
atque amicitia
civitatis
Aeduae
qui
fuisse
5
'
impulses
ab
suls
principibus,
dicerent
'
'
'
et
populo
Romano bellum
civitati 10
'
Qui
in
eius
consilil
principes fuissent,
'
'
Britanniam profugisse.
Petere
ut sua
dementia ac mansuetudine
si
in eos utatur.
'
Quod
fecerit,
Aeduorum
auct5ritatem apud
;
'
omnes Belgas amplificaturum quorum auxilils atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare
consuerint.'
15
'
Caesar takes hostages from the Bellovaci, and advances through the territory of the Ambiani to attack the
Nervii.
15.
orum causa
in
fidem recepturum et
erat civitas
conservaturum dixit
quod
magna
multi-
20
hominum
poposcit.
His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido collatis ab eo loc5 in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui
l6
se
Till-:
NKRMI
dC'dicleiuiU.
-
l-.orum
fines
attingebant
quorum dc natura
:
moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic repericbat: Nullum aditum esse ad e5s mercatoribus nihil pati vinl reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam
pertinentium
inferri,
quod
els
rebus relanguescere
et remitti
virtutem existimarent
virtutis
:
feros
magnaeque
in-
populo
Coin of Nervii
proiecissent
confirmare
sese
neque
legatds
ac-
condicionem
pacis
The
16.
15 fecisset,
Cum
per
inveniebat
suls
:
ab
castrls
fines triduum iter ex captlvis Sabim flumen non amplius milia passuum
eorum
decern abesse
trans id flumen
omnes Nervios
IJ
spectare una
flnitimis
uti
ibi Romanorum excum Atrebatibus et Viromanduls, suls, nam his utrlsque persuaserant,
adventumque
eandem
belli
fortunam experlrentur
ex5
pugnam
iecisse,
inutiles viderentur in eum locum conquo propter paludes cxercitui aditus non
esset.
The
Nervii are informed of Caesar's dispositions and prepare to attack his advanced guard. The nature
of their entrenchment.
17.
10
Cum
ex
Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captlvis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris
Gallls
complures
15
nostrl
exercitus
perspecta
els
nocte
ad
Nervios
inter
pervenerunt
singulas
atque
demonstrarunt
esse
legiones
impediment5rum
castra
magnum
quicquam
venisset, 20
magnum
;
spatium abessent,
qua pulsa impedibanc sub sarcinis adorlrl mentlsque direptis futurum, ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam e5rum
consilium,
antlquitus,
B. G.
II.
qui
rem
deferebant,
nihil
quod
Nervii 25
cum
equitatu
possent (neque
2
l8
CAMP I'lTCHED
IN Slf.IIT
ci
rC-i
OF THE NKRVII
finitimorum equitatum,
eos
5
si
praedandi causa ad
tenerls
vcnissent,
impedlrent,
in
arboribus
incisis
latitudinem ramis
munlmenta
praeberent,
lo
quo ndn mode n5n intrarl, sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impedlretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervil existimaverunt.
The
Roman camp on
the
Sambre.
18.
Loci
castrls
natura
erat
haec,
Collis
quem locum
nostri
IS
ab summo Sabim, quod supra aequaliter decllvis ad flumen nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari
delegerant.
accllvitate
collis
nascebatur adversus
circiter
hulc
et
contrarius,
passus
ducentos
silvestris,
infimus
ut
apertus,
ab superiore parte
non
in
aperto
stationes equitum
altitudo
videbantur.
circiter trium.
Fluminis
erat
pedum
I9
for
baggage
of the
two
19.
last-levied legions.
Caesar equitatii
praemisso
subseque-
Nam
sua
inde
quod
Caesar
expedltas
ducebat
erant,
duae legiones, quae proxime conscriptae totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant.
After
some skirmishing with the cavalry the Nervii cross Sambre and attack the Roman advance guard engaged in pitching the camp.
the
Equites nostrl
cum
fundit5ribus sagittarils- 10
que flilmen transgress! cum hostium equitatii proelium commiserunt. Cum se illl identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostrl longius, quam quem ad finem porrecta loca aperta
pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent, interim
sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt Ubi prima impedimenta nostrl exercitus ab els, qui in silvas abditl latebant, visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendl proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas.
15
legiones
20
20
THE ROMANS
llAKD PKKSSED
atciuc ipsi scsc
His
5
facile
pulsTs
ac
proturbatls
incrcdibill
celeritate
ad flumen dccucurrcrunt, ut
pacne
uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus nostrls hostcs vidcrcntur. Eadem
An
attack by
Roman
legions
autem
lo
ad nostra castra
difficulties.
Excellence of the
Roman
discipline.
20.
agenda
insigne,
omnia un5 tempore erant proponendum, quod erat cum ad arma concurri oportcret, signum
Caesar!
vexillum
21
tuba dandum, ab opere rcvocandl milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendl causa prdcesserant,
arcessendl, acies instruenda, milites cohortandl,
Quarum rerum magnam signum dandum. partem temporis brcvitas ct successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus mllitum, quod
superioribus proelils exercitati, quid
ret,
fieri
oporte-
quam ab
discedere
docerl poterant, et
quod ab opere
vetuerat.
10
singullsque legionibus
nisi
munltls
Hi
per
se,
15
The
The
soldiers fall in
cohortandos milites,
decucurrit
Milites
uti
quam
in
partem
fors obtulit,
et
ad legionem
decimam
devenit.
memoriam
retinerent 20
neu perturbarentur animd hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod n5n longius hostes aberant, quam quo telum adigl posset, proelii
committendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandl causa profectus pugnanTemporis tanta fuit exiguitas tibus occurrit. hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus,
25
22
ut
A CONFUSED BATTLE
non modo ad insignia accommodanda, sed
etiam ad galeas induendas scutlsque tcgimenta dctrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque
ab opere
5
in
Gaulish Helmet
The
22,
Roman Army.
deiectusque
10
necessitas temporis,
parte
hostibus
monstravimus,
A CONFUSED BATTLE
23
neque certa subsidia collocari neque, quid in quaque parte opus esset, provider! neque ab uno omnia imperia administrarl poterant. Itaque in tanta rerum inlquitate fortunae quoque eventus
varil sequebantur,
5
The
ninth and tenth legions defeat one wing of the enemy and pursue them across the Sambre. The eighth and eleventh legions drive the Veromandui down to the river bank. The Nervii try to storm the camp.
23.
in sinistra
emissis
cursii
confectos Atrebates
celeriter
et
(nam
ex loco superiore
conantes
flumen compulerunt
gladils
10
transire
inseciitl
magnam
partem eorum impedltam interfecerunt. IpsI transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum inlquum progressi rursus resistentes hostes red-
fugam coniecerunt. Item duae legiones, undecima et octava, profllgatis Viromanduls quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis
integrat5 proelio in
alia in parte diversae
15
flQminis
ripis
proeliabantur.
At
totis
fere
a
20
ab
qui
septima
constitisset,
summam
imperil
tenebat, ad
eum locum
25
24
ROMAN CAVALKN-
Ri:i'ULSi:i)
circumvenlrc, pars
petcre coepit.
summum
castrorum
locum
PORTA OECUMANA
25
occurrebant
decumana porta
cgressi,
ac
sum mo iugo
respexissent
vidissent,
5
erant,
et
praedandl causa
in
cum
hostes
nostrls
castris
versarl
qui
mitusque
perterriti
ferebantur.
10
ab
civitate
ad Caesarem
missi venerant,
cum
15
funditores,
Numidas
dlvers5s
dissipatosque in
omnes
domum
contenderunt
impedicivitati
Romanos
tiaverunt.
renun-
20
The enemy
are checked.
Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione 25. ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signlsque in unum locum collatis duodecimae legionis confertos mllites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit, quartae cohortis omnibus
centurionibus
occlsis
25
signiferoque
interfecto,
26
signo
Cy\i:SAR
LEADS A CHARGE
cohortium
amisso,
reliquarum
omnibus
viro,
his primipilo P.
non posset, reliqu5s esse tardiores ab novissimis deserto loc5 proelio excedere ac tela vltare, hostes neque a fronte ex infcri5re loco subeuntes intcrmitterc et ab
sc sustinere
et nonnullos
10 vidit
utroque latere instare et rem esse in angusto neque ullum esse subsidium, quod submitti
Roman Standard
[^Depicted on a coin of 39
31 B.C.)
quod
posset, scut5
ipse
ab novissimis
mlliti detract,
processit centurionibusque
nominatim
signa
appellatis
inferre
et
reliqu5s
IS
cohortatus
laxare
mllites
iussit,
manipulos
uti possent.
quo
facilius
gladils
illata mllitibus
ac redintegratd animo,
cum
pro se quisque in
conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suls rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium
20
impetus tardatus
est.
2/
legions which brought up the rear on the march and the tenth legion returns
;
across the
Sambre
to the
relief.
26.
Caesar
cum septimam
monuit,
et
legionem, quae
paulatim'
sese
in
alii 5
mllitum
inferrent.
ferret,
ut
coniungerent
conversa
signa
alius
hostes
Quo
facto
cum
subsidium
fortius
hoste circumvenlrentur,
ac
Interim mllites pugnare coeperunt. legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle ab hostibus Labienus castrls conspiciebantur, et Titus potrtus et ex loco superiore, quae hostium
res
in
10
nostrls
castrls
gererentur,
conspicatus
decimam legionem
Qui
et
15
cum ex equitum
res
esset,
et
calonum
in
fuga,
quo
et
in loc5
quantoque
et
perlculo
castra
legiones
nihil
ad celeritatem
panic
is
reliqui fecerunt.
The
27.
Horum
adventu
tanta
rerum
com-
20
mutatio est facta, ut nostrl etiam qui volneribus confecti pr5cubuissent, scutis innixl proelium
redintegrarent.
Tum
conspicati
equites
25
28
dclcrent,
VICTORY
omnibus
01'^
tup:
locis
ROMANS
pugnabant, quo se
in
Icgionarils
mllitibus
praefcrrent.
salutis
At
hostes
tantam virtutem praestiterunt, ut cum primi coram cecidissent, proximl iacentibus insistercnt atquc ex eorum corporibus pugnarcnt his deiectis et coaccrvatis
etiam
in
;
cxtrcma spe
Surrender of barbarians
non
nequlquam
tantae
virtutis
homines
inl-
lo iudicarl
flumen, ascendere
rlpas,
subire
difficillimls
29
28.
Hoc
proelio facto et
prope ad
inter-
necionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, qu5s una cum pucrls mulieribusque
in aestuaria ac
pugna
victis
cum victoribus nihil impedltum, tutum arbitrarentur, omnium, qui supererant, consensu legatds ad Caesarem mlsenuntiata,
nihil
runt seque
civitatis
el
dediderunt et
in
commemoranda
10
supplices usus
atque
oppidls
iati
iussit
et
15
imperavit, ut ab iniuria et
maleficio
se su5sque prohiberent.
The
home and
fortify
29.
cum omnibus
pugna nuntiata ex
in
domum
reverterunt
omnia munitum
20
in circuitia
una ex parte leniter accllvis aditus in latitiidinem quem non amplius CC pedum relinquebatur
:
25
30
locum duplici altissimo muro munierant: turn magnl ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabcs in erant ex Cimbris IpsI mur5 collocabant. Teutonlsque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, eis impedimentis, quae secum agcre ac portare non poterant, citra flumen Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum una rellqucrunt. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis
lo exagitati,
cum
alias
bellum
inferrent,
alias
illatum
defenderent, consensu
sibi
The
30.
crebras
15
volTsque
postea valid
crebrlsque continebant.
nostrls
in
circuitu
contendebant XV milium
castellls
primum
irrldere
25
ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus Gallls prae magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est) tanti oneris turrim ad muros se posse collocare
:
conflderent
beg to be
'
Ubi vero moverl et appropinquare 31. moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commotl legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, Non existimare qui ad hunc modum locuti Romanos sine ope divTna bellum gerere, qui
'
:
'
'
promovere possent
se
Battering
Ram
:
'
unum
petere
'ac
deprecarl
si
forte
'mansuetudine,
'
statuisset
armis despoliaret.
omnes
fere
;
finitimos
'
a quibus
Sibi
15
non possent.
praestare,
si
in
eum
casum
deducerentur,
32
CAESAR
.S
RKI'I.V
'quam\is fortunam a populo 'quam ab his per cruciatum quos dominari consuessent.'
'
Romano
interfici,
pati,
inter
Caesar
them their arms, but promises to them from their neighbours. They throw down a great pile of arms into the moat.
will not grant
protect
32.
5
'
Ad
'
:
Se magis
aries
consuetudine sua
quam
'conservaturum,
'
sT
prius,
quam murum
attigisset, sc dedidissent:
'
ID
Sc id, esse condicionem nisi armis traditis. 'quod in Nervils fecisset, facturum flnitimisque imperaturum, ne quam dediticils popull Roman! Re nuntiata ad suos, quae iniuriam inferrent.'
' '
Armorum magna
multitudine de mijro
in
oppidum,
15
iacta,
sic
ut
prope
summam
murl
armorum adae-
perspectum
est,
The Aduatuci had concealed a large quantity of arms, and make an attack on the Roman quarters before daybreak.
is
33.
20
portas
claudl
ex oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab mllitibus iniuriam acciperent. 111! ante inito, ut intellectum est, consilio, quod
militesque
33
denique
parti
indiligcntius
his,
servaturos
crcdiderant,
quae retinuerant et celaverant, armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut vlminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas
postulabat,
pellibus
m cum
induxerant,
tertia
vigilia,
qua
minime
arduus
ad
nostras
copils
munlti5nes
repentino
Celeriter, ut
ex oppido eruptionem
ante
facta
fecerunt.
Caesar
imperarat,
ignibus
significati5ne 10
ex proximls castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est, ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis inlquo loc5 contra eos, qui ex vall5 turribusque tela iacerent, pugnarl debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis consisteret. OccTsis ad hominum milibus
quattuor reliqui
in
15
oppidum
reiecti sunt.
Postrl-
cum iam
defenderet
onem
nemo, atque intromissis mllitibus nostrls sectieius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. Ab els, qui emerant, capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium.
P. Crassus subdues the tribes in Armorica
20
(Normandy and
34.
Brittany).
Eodem tempore
Curiosolltas,
a Publio Crasso,
quem
Re25
cum
Osismos,
Esuvios,
Aulercos,
que
attingunt,
B. G.
II.
certior
factus
est
Oceanumomnes eas
3
34
civitates
in
PEACE
dicionem
IN
GAUL
i:)(jtc.statemque
populi
Romani
esse rcdactas.
Trophy
of Gaulish
arms
German
tribes
His rebus gestis omnI Gallia pacata belli ad barbaros opTni5 perlata est, uti ab els nationibus, quae trans Rhenum incolerent, mitterentur legatl ad Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata factijras polli35.
tanta
hijius
cerentur.
Quas
legationes
Caesar,
quod
in
PKACE IN c;aul
35
hibernacula deductis
Italiam profectus
est. 5
Ob
easque
res
ex
litterls
Caesaris
est,
dierum
quod ante
32
NOTES
Page
I.
1.
is,
in citeriore Gallia, 'in hither Gaul': that In the last chapter of the
first
in Gallia
Cisalpina. us
tliat,
told
after his
two campai<^ns
in
and the Germans, he placed his army in winter-quarters in the territory of the Sequani, and came himself south of the Alps to Hither Gaul to hold the legal meetings or assizes {lonvcnius).
I.
3.
supra, 'above,'
i.e.
Labienus.
legati,
Gaul, but in the end turned against him and joined Pompey, as
did
many
5.
dixeramus.
In
when the civil war broke out. Book i. ch. Caesar had described
i
all
is,
all
Belgica,
the
The
modern name of Belgian) were partly German, and occupied the district of modern France which lies north of the rivers Seine and Marne, all Belgium, and as much of Holland as is south of the Rhine. There were many tribes of them which Caesar names in chapter 4.
Belgae (from
6.
whom comes
inter se,
'
to
In Latin there
is
Greek, and the only way of expressing this reciprocal sense is by this periphrasis. The Belgic tribes were giving each other hostages to secure that no one tribe
no pronoun
like dWijXots in
should
them
8.
all.
i.e.
made
to
Of
mean
all G.iul
except their own part of it. noluerant...ferebant, notice the change of tense II.
as they
'
who
had been unwilling that the Germans should stay any longer in Gaul, so were now annoyed at the army of the Roman people wintering, and growing habituated to serving, in Gaul.'
NOTES
Page
I
.
37
2.
'
in
the
supremacy.'
Notice that in giving the reasons for the movement C^aesar verere)itur...sollicitareniur, because he is representing the thoughts of the persons of whom he is speaking
uses the subjunctive,
the
uses
but
the deis
who stirred up
the discontent he
giving his
own
the \ndic3.\.\\Qferebaiit...st!tdel)a)it...occitpabantnr.
The
[)
(2)
(3)
Those who disliked the presence of the Romans in Gaul. Those who liked change for its own sake. Those whose wealth had enabled them to hire troops
on the chieftainships.
'
and
seize
3.
facultates,
wealth,'
'
means.'
imperio nostro, as long as Rome was supreme in Gaul, 5. imperio nostro may be regarded as an ablative of time, while we were supreme,' or an ablative of attendant circumstances, Up to this the supremacy being ours,' under our supremacy.' time first one and then another tribe had been supreme in Gaul and exercised a sort of control over the others, though each had
' '
'
These changes constituted the nova imperia mentioned in p. 2,1. i ; but no doubt such supremacy was weak and the separate chiefs did much as they liked. If the Roman imperiiiin were established they would be kept in much stricter
their separate chiefs.
order.
8.
in interiorem Galliam,
of the Alps,
9.
qui deduceret...misit,
Q.
Pedium.
faithful to
Gaul north them down.' Quintus Pedius was a nephew of Caesar and
'
i.e.
sent to lead
him. He died B.C. 43 while consul, after having carried a law to punish Caesar's murderers.
remained
10.
cum
prinium...inciperet,
i.e.
'
in
1 Senonibus. The name of the Senones has survived in the town of Sens on the river Yonne, a tributary of the Seine.
38
NOTKS
Those of tliem who Iiad migrated to Italy settled on the coast of Undjria, where a town Srna or Sciia Gallica recalled their name.
15.
16.
cogi,
'were
Vq'wv^ collected.'
that he
ought not to
is itself
negatived.
21.
celerius
opinion,'
'sooner than
22.
Manie, Rheims
Remi, on the right bank of the river Matrona, mod. the Department of Marne, where the chief town retains their name il was formerly called Durocortorum.
in
;
Page
4.
3. to do,'
imperata facere,
'to
recipere,
Komaitos.
9.
Suessiones, a
where
12.
ipsis
is
N. of the Remi, on the river Aisne, name. ne...qtiidein. cum ipsis, 'with themselves,' i.e. with the Remi. used for a reflexive pronoun in oratio obliqua to avoid
little
ambiguity.
of habeaiil.
It refers to
the speakers,
110! to
deterrere
qum...consentirent,
Page
I
.
4.
sic reperiebat,
The
imperfect
is
he ascertained the facts to be as follows.' used because Caesar did not learn all this at
'
his
in-
With
this join
propter
loci
fertilitatem,
'owing
to
district.'
qui...
it is
'
within the
memory
'
of our
when
Gaul had been harassed by them.' Teutonos Cimbrosque. The Teutones (or Teutoni) and 6. Cimbri came from the neighbourhood of Jutland in search of new settlements. They made their way through Gaul into
The danger Spain and Italy, appearing first about B.C. 113. was not finally ended till Marius destroyed the Teutones at
NOTES
39
Aquae Sextiae (Aix near Marseilles) in B.C. 102, and Marius and Catulus the Cimbri near Vercellae K.c. 10 1. 8. earum rerum memoria, 'from the recollection of those
achievements.'
10.
jVlilalivc of
cause.
'
omnia
lit.
se habere explorata,
that they
had
full
inform-
ation,'
is
propi)njHitas
is
relationship
by marriage.
13.
communl Belgarum
all
concilio.
'
in the
council of
the Belgae.'
who
'
for certain
millia, 'sixty-thousand.' imperium, sc. command.' 21-22. nostra memoria, within the memory of the speakers. Strictly nostra is not admissible in oratio ohliqua, and should be
18.
sexag-inta,
the chief
sua.
But occasionally in a long piece of oratio obliqua the very words of the speakers are introduced. The same remark applies to hanim in 1. 23, for earum.
23-24.
cum
..turn,
'both. ..and.'
the earliest mention
in Britain. It in
Britanniae.
This
is
we have
of any
power
it
was only
Page
1.
5.
summam
It
totius belli,
war.'
in p.
2.
4.
does not
1.
differ materially
from totius
belli
imperium
4,
18.
uncivilized.'
ipsos, see
on
p. 3,
1.
12.
names of the strongest of these tribes have been preserved, more or less closely, in the names of modern
Notice
the
how
districts
Beauvais
Soissons
Suessiones
Atrebates
Artois
Ambiani
Caleti
Amiens
Calais
Condrusi
40
NOTES
others were either so totally destroyed as to leave no
The
trace of themselves, or
lonfj
enough
in the district.
For instance,
in c.
29 Caesar
who had been left in Belgica when down (laul only about 50 years before,
in n.c.
6.
\i
102.
'
Morinos. Menapios. The Morini lived between Calais and Uunkcrtjuc. Morini means maritime folk,' from Celtic mor, the sea, cp. our mere.' The Menapii lived between the Morini and the lower Khine. Eburones, bet^^een the Meuse and the Rhine. 9. prosecutus, 'having addressed them,' the woid has a 12.
'
sense
of treating
'
with
'
courtesy
or
respect,
from the
literal
meaning of following or 'attending in one's train.' liberaliter, in a courteous and kind manner,' from the notion of the conduct becoming a free-man {liber). ad diem, punctually,' on the (appointed) day.' With 14. words of time ad= at or on.' Cp. ad primatn lucent, at
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
daybreak.'
16.
1
greatly.'
of,'
7.
it
is
to the interest
ne, final
= /
to fight
neque... cognovit,
out,
whom
at
he had sent
'and learned from the scouts, and from the Remi, that they were now
no great distance.'
26.
Axonam,
first
'
the Aisne.'
By
entered the
Page
2.
6.
quae
res,
'and
tliis
ripis fluminis,
instrumental ablative.
post
the river,
rear.
sum quae
The camp
'and all the country on his rear.' which have been found) was in a bend of so that the stream protected it both at the side and the
essent
(traces of
The
subjunctive essent
jilace
is
is
not
to
any particular
tuta
NOTES
ab hostibus,
5-6.
7.
41
In this phrase
a/>
'safe
has the
ut...possent, eflBciebat,
pons, at a
jioint
now
traces
on the
stream"),
where some
still visible.
of entrenchments
guarding the
left
bridge are
8.
in altera parte,
'
i.e.
on the
bank
of the Aisne.
II.
eighteen
wide.'
This camp or
fort
permanent
13.
fortress
Blbraz.
commanding one end of the bridge. The exact situation of this town is uncertain.
us
is
tells
that
it
fort at
Some have
Vieux Laon,
after the
at a village
named Beaurieux,
miles from Laon.
others at
ex itinere, 'immediately
5.
eadem atque,
'
'
of the
same nature
haec,
17.
such as
am
going to describe.'
'
moenibus, 'along the whole line of fortifications.' stones have begun to be shot against the wall,' that is, large stones from ballistae or cannons. They could not batter a wall as our cannons do, but made it impossible for the defenders to sliow themselves on the walls.
totis
18.
Page
I.
7.
locked together,' or
testudine facta, 'a covering being formed by shields with a wooden penthouse over them.' The
'
held their shields over their heads, so as to form a kind of sloping roof under which they could approach the walls without
fear of the javelins and other missiles thrown down upon them from the wall. This was technically called a testudo or tortoise,' from the likeness to the shell of a tortoise. The same name was used for a wooden shed made for the protection of men attacking
'
men
on this occasion.' The sentence above describes manreuvres of, the Belgae. He now goes on to describe what actually look place at this jiarticular assault.
3.
turn,
'
the
usual
42
4.
NOTI'.S
conicerent, plural veil ) after noun of inullilucie.
6,7.
aumma...g:ratia,
'a
man
of the
highest birth
and
of
is
greatest popularity.'
9.
nisi... posse,
viitlit:
depending on the
sen.se
ituntimn
sent
midnight,'
lit.
'starling
from
This is a common use of ile with words indicating time, because action is regarded as smarting /rom a point of time.
midnight.'
14.
'
sends to reinforce
them.'
Dative of purpose.
Page
spe defensionis, able to prolong the defence.'
1-2.
2.
8.
cum
'
8.
studium propugnandi, 'zeal in repelling the assault.' ab mllibus passuum minus duobus, less than two
'
miles
off.'
refers to
from,' p. 30,
1.
21:
it
in sense
it
hut grammatically
belongs to
lo-ir.
breadtli.
.so
'
that
in latitudinem patebant, 'extended laterally,' 'in There were many tribes, each encamped separately, taken as a whole their line of fortified positions extended
8
more than
(Roman)
iftiles.
Page
3.
9.
(lit.
to sit aboru-).
is
This verb
10.
quantum
lateris
loci, 'just
as.'
when drawn
up.'
side,'
delectus,
'sharp
declining of
the
'a
precipice.'
14.
transversam,
for the
'at right
or to the
that
is
line
of battle,
feet,
:;.
passuum CD,
hundred
five feet.
tlie
paces,"
2000
I
Roman
passits
was
ad extremas
ditches.'
NOTES
Page
1.
43
10.
tormenta, 'engines'
The
general word tormentuiii includes various kinds of such engines The catapulta generally (i) cataptilta, (2) hallista, {3) scorpio.
shot javelins or arrows, and the scorpio the same, only lighter
ones.
2.
The
ballista
quod...poteraiit,
in
numbers."
4.
proxime,
2,
1.
7.
6.
7.
subsidio, see p.
14.
pro castris,
camp,'
i.e.
camp
lo-ii.
banc
si
nostri
transirent.exspectabant,
men would
cross this.'
An
ford.'
if
21.
they
commanded by Q.
'if
Titurius.'
so.'
minus = ;/(?;/,
25.
commeatuque...proMberent.
'and
prevent our
men
getting provisions.'
Page 11.
2.
levls
armaturae Numidas,
It is
nlie
Numidian detachment of
3.
river.
II.
'
spem
se fefellisse,
'that their
hope had
failed them,'
that they
14.
were disappointed
in their hope.'
17.
'They agreed
whichever
18.
it
would muster
Romans advanced
'They
deter-
their forces.'
mined
was best
for
own home,
44
NOTES
and that they would muster from all parts to defend etc' The change of construction by which constitiicrunt optimum esse is followed first by an infinitive and then by a subjunctive (rcvcrti... conveuirent) is awkward.
decertarent, 'finish the struggle,' 'fight 19. domesticis copiis, the stores which they had
22.
it
out.'
in their
houses.
ratio, 'consideration.'
quod.cognoverant, 'namely,
poterat,
'they
that they
24.
had ascertained.'
could
not
Ms persuadeii.non
Page
be
persuaded.'
12.
secunda vigilia. The second watch was that which t. ended at midnight. The night, i.e. from sunset to sunrise, was divided into four watches, each of three hours. The length of these hours of course varied with the length of the nights, and
primum
the
and the
would have
'
castris continuit,
II.
1
7.
eorum fugientium,
1.
them
as they
were
flying.'
18.
The
subject of cotisisterent
is
under-
stood from ad
18.
ad quos ventum
.
erat,
'those
whom
'
they reached.'
quod. .viderentur. .continerentur, because they seemed removed from danger and were not under control.' The subjunctive is used because the thought of the
20.
.
to themselves to be
persons
23.
is
17
understood as
all
looked for
as great
24-25.
taiitam...interfeceruiit,
'our
men
killed
a multitude of them as there was time enough of the day left to It is not very logically expressed; literally it kill them in.'
means 'they
26.
NOTES
Page
I.
45
13.
lit.
day.'
This phrase
is
is
common;
fostridic
priusquam...reciperent.
in the thirtl
Caesar is speaking of himself person as though he and the writer were different
show his motive for advancing, he army into the borders of the
he thought) could recover from
enemy
(as
and
flight.'
magno
If he had only meant that to the town.' he reached Noviodunum by a forced march, he need only have said magno itinere: by adding confecto he seems to imply that
march he hurried on
the forced march brought him into the territory of the Suessiones, and that then he continued his rapid advance upon the town, as though the movement occupied two days. But very likely we
may
take
5.
it merely to mean 'by a forced march.' Novioduiium, either Soissons or a town some miles
farther off
now
it
called
Noyon.
The
termination
-dunum
is
the
same
-burgh, -bury,
'
stands for
means New-town.'
propter... altitudinem, these words go with non potuil, 7. 'owing to the breadth of its ditch and the height of its wall he was unable to take it l>y storm.' paucis defendentibus, 'though there were only a few 8.
defending it.' Concessive use of ablative absolute. vineas agere, 'to employ vineae.' vineae are wooden 9. 'pent-houses' or 'sheds,' so called because they present the
joined by cross poles,
appearance of the vines as grown in Italy trained over poles an arrangement which is now called a pergola, 'arbour' or 'trellis.' These sheds were formed of
planks and wicker-work covered with hides, and had sloping They were brought up to the wall so that under their roofs.
protection
besiegers
might work
at
undermining or making
aggere
iacto,
The
46
NOTES
close the
l)y besiegers was Ijoth to town from hojic of relief, and to enable the assailants, to baiter the walls more nearly on a level with the ramparts. turribus constitutis, 'having set up towers.' These were temporary wooden structures covered with hides, and placed on wheels or rollers so that they could be moved up to walls. They were built in stories {tabulata) or platforms, so that the assailants
could attack
see p.
14.
the
walls
at
various
jioints
in
their
elevation,
size
magnitudine operum,
of the
siege-works.'
J
7.
The
imperfect
main verb
iiiipclrant
in
Page
1.
14.
primis,
in deditionem (cp. deditione p. 13, 1. 17). By deditio was meant unconditional surrender, in virtue of which the Romans
3.
considered themselves to have absolute power to deal with the property in, and the government of, a state as they chose.
6.
Breteuil,
town
they
near
lo-ii.
trusted
themselves to his honour and submitted to his power.' in fidem venire is 'to surrender at discretion,' without making
terms, but trusting to the conqueror's right feeling.
13.
castraque
ibi
ponerent,
'
pitching his
camp
there.'
passis manibus, 'with hands spread out,' that is, with 14. hands open and extended, shf)wing the palms, the regular
attitude of prayer.
Page 15.
2.
ad eum,
i.e.
to Caesar.
3-17.
is
Bellovacos
consuerint.
The
speech of Divitiacus
The main verbs therefore are in the past tense of the infinitive.. /t.f.f^, intiilisse, profugisse, and the
given in oratio obliqtia.
subordinate verbs in imperfect subjunctive. .dicerent, intellegerent. Notice from 1. 11 the time changes, petei-e .utaticr representing
.
words used petiint non solum Bcllovaci, sed etiam pro his Acdui, tit tiia dementia ac mansuetudine in eos
vividly the very
:
NOTES
utaris: quod sifades (ox
h\i. \-)e\i.feccris),
'
47
AeJtwruin auctoritatetn
tlie
nut only
Bellovaci, but
beg you to show your usual clemency If you do so, you will enhance the and gentleness to them. influence of the Aedui anvuig all the Belgae.' quorum... consuerint, ihe ten.se again changes because 15. something that has always been and still is the case is to be
represented.
perfect
indicative:
'and
tliat
it
is
by
their (the
powerful resources
18-19.
and
to
Diviatici
'
after honoris,
honour
quod
erat,
making
the promise.
he said to Divitiacus.
used.
magna
with epithet.
Page
3.
1.
16.
be as follows,' cp.
p. 4,
1.
: '
mercatoribus, po.ssessive dat. that merchants had no 4. power of approaching them,' 'merchants were not allowed to enter their territories.' The Nervii were probably of Germanic origin. They lived in South Belgium somewhere about the modern Brabant and Hainault. Their chief town was Bagacum, some miles from the left bank of the Sambre, represented by the modern Bavai. vini, like the Germans the Nervii probably drank some 5. kind of beer made from barley. Wine would have to be imported
Italy.
'
ad luxuriam pertinentium, which contribute to luxurious living.' In his description of Gaul {B. G. i. i) Caesar had said
its inhabitants, because they were farthest removed from the habits and civilization of the Province, and because it was least frequently to them that
spirit.
48
6-7.
things men's souls
5.
NOTKS
quod...exi8tiinarent, 'because they held that
t;re\v elleniinate \>y
these
and
magnaeque
1.
virtutis,
t;(
nitive ofciuality.
9-1
qui...dedidissent...proiecissent,
'for
having sur-
In oralio recta
it
In oratio
is
the
changed
II.
confirmare sese...accepturos,
'that
they confidently
for a
space of three
'
when he
;
had marched.' the Sabim, the Sambre, a tributary of the Meuse 15. Nervii were posted on its left bank on some rising ground near
the village of Mauherge.
16.
decern,
'
miles.
Page
2.
17.
in
Atrebatibus.
Tlie
Atrebates
capital at Arras.
6.
7y.
of oratio obliqna.
for
"
to
which
a
it
was
impos.sible
select
place
suitable
for
camp.'
in the
Roman
army.
A
was
camp
A flag
and starting from that the outline of the whole was laid out. When the army marched in, the arrangements were so uniform that each man knew what part of the fortification he had to work at, and where his own quarters were to be so that a few hours sufficed for making it
(practorium),
camp and
its
divisions
NOTES
safe for the night.
49
Of
course,
if it
manent
13.
post,
these
fortifications
una
iter facerent,
'
15-16.
eoruin...perspecta,
marching followed by our army during those days.' consuetudine has two genitives joined to it, eorum dierum of a period of time during which a thing lasts, as with expressions of number and age, and the simple possessive genitive itineris nostri. inter singulas legiones, 'between each legion and the 17.
next,'
19.
'
legions."
numerum,
'quantity.'
would be no difticulty.' sub sarcinis, while earning their kits.' impedimenta is the heavy baggage carried by beasts of burden, carts, etc. sarcina is the kit carried by each soldier, i.e. cooking utensils, stakes for making the palisade, and implements for digging the
neque...neg'Otii, 'and there
22.
'
fossa
and
agg^r.
23-24.
futur\im...auderent,
'it
to
them.'
25. 26.
'
who made
the suggestion.'
cum
possent,
'
weak
in cavalry,'
Page
I.
18.
ei rei,
sc.
strength, whatever
it is,
is
'
is
power
lies.'
2-4.
quo...impedirent,
in order the
more
easily to
hamper
inflexis,
'trees being
were pollarded so that the branches grew thickly from the lower stems and formed a hedge, which was rendered still more impregnable by planting thorns and briars between them, inflexis seems to refer to
trees
B.
The
G.
II.
50
NOTES
crebri8...enatis,
'
l)ranches in
abundance growing
side-
ways.
7.
ut in8tar...praeberent,
substantive in
hedges of this sort Grammatically instar is a apposition to miinimenta, 'presented the likeness
'so that
'
of a wall as a defence.'
10.
non omittendum.existiniaverunt,
loci... quern
the Nervii
came
this advice.'
our
locum, 'the nature of the ground, which as a site for the camp.' It is much in
the antecedent with the relative, though
:
locum
iiistarc
See hook
i.e.
c.
16
diem
quo
die...oporteret.
14.
without
irregularities,
abrupt depressions.
it,'
adversus huic et contrarius, opposite this hill and facing that is, on the opposite bank of the river facing and corres'
ponding
17.
to
it.
passus...apertus,
clear."
'with
its
paces
18.
ab superiore parte,
when
'
means
'
at
'
or
on
'
we have ab extreiiio agmine 'on the rear,' p. 12, 1. vestris, the wood on this hill is now called the Bois de
ly.
17.
sil-
Qiiesnoy.
introrsus,
lit.
'inwardly,'
i.e.
secundum flumen, 'down stream,' bank farther down stream than the hill,
22.
on the river
pedum
NOTES
Page
2.
19,
omnibus
copiis,
is usually omitted. It may be explained as an accompanying circumstances. the plan and arrangement were different ratio ordoque, from,' i.e. in not having each legion's heavy baggage between it and the next but with six legions in fighting trim together, and the baggage in a mass behind them.
a preposition
ablative of
'
expeditas, prepared for battle,' lit. unencumbered,' 5. opposed to sub sarcinis, i.e. not carrying heavy kits, but only their arms, and so being ready for fighting. proxime, 'most recently,' p. 2, 1. 7. 7. totum...claudebant, brought up the rear of the whole army on the march.
'
'
'
8.
12.
identidem,
retiring to
'again
and
again,'
'repeatedly.'
The wood
and then
15.
it
again.
quern ..pertinebant, 'than to the limit to which the stretch of open ground reached,' i.e. the space between the
river bank and the part of the mountain where the woods began. porrecta loca aperta, 'the ground stretched out uncovered.' opere dimenso, 'when the plan of the work had been 17.
laid out."
quam
the
camp
19.
followed by this
is
construction of
abditi,
/;/
implied by
Page 20.
2.
4.
5.
omnibus copiis, p. 19, 1. 2. Ms, these latter,' i.e. the Roman cavalry. paene uno tempore, 'almost at the same moment,'
'
'almost simultaneously.'
42
52
7.
NOTES
In
'
manibus nostria
'close
upon
us.'
The
iihrase in
manlbus
on the hands' means 'at close quarters,' and nostris may either agree with manibus, or be the dative 'at close quarters to our men,' 'right ujion our men.' 8. adverse coUe, up hill.'
'
9.
atque
eos,
.sc.
atque
ad
eos.
in opere,
'
in the
labour
general,
who was
attacked before or
in
an
This ought to be prevented by making proper reconnaissances beforehand. In this case Cae.sar had been baffled by the thick cover on the mountain, and only
unfavourable position.
.saved himself
greatest exertions
from the consetjuences of his mistake by the and by the valour and discipline of his troops.
vexillum. 'the flag.' The red flag, which was hoisted 12. The by the commander as a sign that there was to be a battle. men, on seeing this, had to pick up their arms and get ready, and when the bugle was blown (signumtuba dandnm) had to fall in.
Page
I.
21.
ab opere, from working at the camp. aggeris here means the soil and other materials to form I. the earthwork, which when completed was also called agger. The soldiers carried baskets which they used to collect the earth. paulo longius, somewhat farther than usual.' milites coliortandi, 'the soldiers had to be addressed.' 3. This was always done if possible, partly to encourage the soldiers, partly to let them know what they were expected to do.
'
4.
5.
successus,
'
march up'
{siucedcrc 'to
usus,
9.
experience.'
'
quite as aptly.'
praescribere,
"to instruct.'
'
.
singulisque. .legates,
to
command
nisi
officers unless
camp was
complete.'
NOTES
14. nihil... exspectabant,
53
in
'did nut
for
quam
in partem... obtulit,
army chance brought him,' 'whatever division he came across.' 22-23. QUOd non... posset, 'because the enemy were now
within range of missiles,'
lit.
off
than a
The
Nervii were
advancing up
hill,
them from above would be a long one. in alteram partem, to the other part of his line.' 24. finds them already engaged.' pugnantibus occurrit, 25.
' '
Page 22.
1.
ad insignia accommodanda,
i.e.
'
for fixing
on
their military
decorations,'
ments indicating
2.
off
on the
dependent on
4-5.
quaeque
signa...constitit,
first,
each
man
caught sight of
Each
of the three
maniples of a cohort had also a vexillum or signuiii. may be included in the meaning of the word here.
6. 8.
Both these
suis,
'
the
men
of his
own
maniple.'
hill,' p. 9,
1.
II.
So
on ground
ut,
'
The
substantive
deiectiis,-fis is
9.
in the
ordo,
P. 19,
10.
'the
1.
regular
2.
diversae legiones,
'the
legions
facing
in
different
drawn up on
field
a regular
plan.
'
some
1.
in
and some
ut ante, p.
18,
4-7.
54
NOTES
Page 23.
I.
be counted on.'
quid in quaque parte opus esset, what was wanted There are two constructions with the Ik-lil.' opus est: (i) with ablative, as, opus est verbis, 'there is need of words,' (2) with the thing wanted in apposition, as, jnulti
1-2.
'
in each part of
4.
'many oxen are needed.' omnia imperia, all branches of the commanders office.' in tanta rerum iniquitate in circumstances so various,'
'
'
This seems
V)etter
meaning of the word for eventus demands this sense in the previous one.
;
varii of
pilis emissis,
pila.'
The
Roman
hurl
(juarters
the
the
Atrebates (for
it
this
division
came
in contact),
who were
advance and fatigue, and disabled by their wounds.' impeditam, 'while embarrassed,' i.e. while hampered 12.
in attempting to ford the stream.
13,
in
to unfavourable ground,'
i.e.
diversae
10.
'two
legions
that
were
22,
17.
1.
'when they had dislodged the Viromandui from the higher ground.' a fronte et ab sinistra parte, 'in the front and 19-20. on the left side.' The front of the camp is that end which For ab see p. 12, 1. 17. faces the enemy. non magno.. intervallo, 'at no long interval,' abl. of 21.
profligatJs...superiore,
'
"
measure.
NOTES
23.
55
duce Boduognato, 'under the leadershii) of Boduognatus.' aperto latere, 'on the right flank,' i.e. the side not ?5. covered by the shield.
Page 24.
castrorum locum, 'the highest place occupied by the camp,' i.e. the height on which the camp was pitched. and the infantry of the levisque armaturae pedites, 3.
I.
'
summum
light-armed division,' p.
5.
11,
1.
2.
Page 25.
1.
2.
aliam in partem,
3.
ab decumana porta.
of the
camp
ac
the
summo
'
that
is
hill,'
The
to
camp was on
5.
smmnus
locus,
p. 24,
1.
i.
'having
left
the
camp
cum
left
back.'
the
camp on
it
entered
of the
outside,
on the
front.
We must remember
camp was
that
practically empty.
9.
lit.
'was
rising.'
9-10.
in
and
in their terror
some rushed
objective
sin-
in another.'
virtutis
'
opinio,
'reputation
for
valour,'
genitive,
to serve as auxiliaries
'
civitate,
'
by their
tribe.'
diversos dissipatosque,
56
17.
NOTKS
in
omnes
partes,
(-.vit-,
20.
potitos, so.
'tlial
ihc
'
enemy were
in possession of.'
22-23.
right
for the
wing after delivering his exhortation to the loth legion. We go l)ack to the point in the story of Caesar's personal action decimae legionls, objective genitive. in ch. 21.
24.
signis,
and maniples
and maniples.
So
that
the
room
for fighting.
25-26.
others'
sibi...mipedimeiito.
ad pugnam,
impedimento,
tliat
is
dative.
omnibus centurionibus,
of centurions in a cohort.
six,
number
signifero,
Page 26.
2.
in
llis,
among
'
was not
killed
and
is
afterwards mentioned.
primipllo,
the chief centurion.'
3.
The
10 cohorts of a
were called
bj'
the old
names of hastati,
The
highest in rank of these were the triarii, and like the others
field into two lines or ordines these were in the case of the triarii also called pili. Therefore the primipilus was the centurion who commanded the first and he who did .so in the line of the triarii in his cohort
lines
first
legion.
Thus Livy
primi
first
centurion
whom
5.
now-a-days they
se
1.
sustinere,
'
'to
stand.'
p. 25,
6.
26,
rest
'
were
less active.'
rear.'
nonnullos ab novissimis,
bostes neque... posset,
flanks,
deserto loco,
7-1
1,
enemy were
in
at
front
once and
and
were
in
NOTKS
brought
et.
is
57
parallel clauses,
Notice neque lullowecl l)y et marking two and then two other parallel clauses with et and The whole depends on ubi...vidit p. 25, 1. 23-26, but vidit
up,...'
1.
repeated at
is
such a
these
long one.
11.
The
all
scuto...detracto,
soldier
ab
12. 14.
signa inferre,
order,'
ji.
'to charge.'
manipulos laxare,
free
'to
take open
described at
15.
17.
18.
to
1.
get
the
maniples
25,
23.
quo
facilius.
animo, 'courage.' etiam in extremis ..rebus, even in such extremities.' operam navare, 'to make the best possible exhibition,' 19. Elymologically naTus or gitavus is connected to do his Ijcst." with the root of yiyvcbaKU}, and ftaz'are = to make known, to
'
'
it
is
confined to a display of
It is
'to accomplish.'
most frequently
Page 27.
2.
urgerl,
'
pressed.'
'he instructed the Tribunes that the legions should gr.idually unite and facing about advance upon
3-5.
nionuit...iiiferrent,
the enemy.'
'
to face about.'
In this
would seem that only one of the two legions would have The object was to present a front to to perform this movement. the enemy in two directions and .so prevent an attack on the the 12th legion therefore would remain facing as it rear {aversi) was before, the other would have to face in the opposite direction. This will be intelligible if we understand the words of Caesar to Finding it (the 7th) hard pressed refer only to the 7th legion. he told the Tribunes (of the 7th) to gradually effect a junction
;
'
1 2th, and then to face about and advance on the enemy.' This would involve a flank movement, the men making a kalfturn ('right face half-turn ), and marching to the rear of the
with the
'
8
2th legion.
\()Ti;s
Wlien thcic llicy woiikl again lialflurn liy tlic wouUl complete the right-ahout face, anrl bring them fronting the enemy who had reached the higher ground and were endeavouring to get on their rear.
1
right,
\vhicli
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
^+
5-6.
+ + + + +
cum
alius... ferret,
supporting
6.
men
of
tiie
other.'
to back, the
praesidio,
1
1,
'their pace
'
enemy on
12.
hill.'
Labienus had crossed the river, and stormed the camp of the Nervii he could therefore see what was happening on the other
castris
hostium,
hill,
15.
18
versaretur,
'was involved.'
in
nihil... fecerunt,
'
'left
nothing to be desired
regard to speed,'
made
all
possible haste.'
is
nothing undone.' In this use o{ facere reliqui there is always a negative or interrogative word. nostri...qui procubuissent, 'such of our men as had 21-22.
fallen.
22.
scutis
innizi,
'raising
shields,' 'leaning
on their
shields.'
23. 25.
turn, 'thereupon.'
vero,
'
moreover.'
NOTES
59
Page 28.
1-2.
quo
prove their superiority to the soldiers of the legion.' The final quo is used especially when there is an idea of comparison as in
praeferrent.
infantry part of
;
Notice that
the
'legionary soldier'
means the
it,
and had
officers of its
iacentibus,
'
'
the
fallen,'
sisterent,
7.
stood upon.
'the
22.
qui superessent,
1.
survivors,'
subj.
of
indefinite
ut ex tumulo, 'as though from a hillock.' The subjunctives conicerent and remitterent depend on the ut in 1. 4.
S.
9-1
1,
intercepta remitterent, 'catch and hurl back.' ut non nequiquam...fluinen, so that it ought not to
'
be thought that men of such valour had to no purpose ventured to cross an exceedingly broad stream, climbed its very lofty banks and clambered up a very difficult ascent.' nequiquam, 'in vain,' i.e. without good grounds for expecting to succeed. He means
that the Nervii fought so well
The
subject of deberet
.
is
deberet.
aiisos esse
transire. .locum.
II.
subire iniquissimum
quae...redegerat,
locum,
'
'to
mount very
high
It
steep
ground.'
12-13.
which
their
spirit
lit.
difficulty,'
is
had 'had
made
a peculiar
Page 29
prope ad internecionem, 'almost to annihilation.' The Nervii however were not annihilated some years later (b.C. 53) they rebelled and were again invaded and forced to submit, and
I.
:
men
in the general
6o
5-6.
NOTES
cum...arbitrarentur,
tlie
'
was nothing
to stand in
conquered.'
way of tlic conquerors and nothing safe for the impeditum, here used of the difficulty to be
ex 8excentls...di5cenmt, 'they said that out of 9-1 1, 600 senators ihuy wcic reduced lo three, out of 60,000 men to
barely 500 capable of bearing arms.'
possent, subjunctive
in
ut
clemency.'
Not 'seem
in
U8US ..videretur, 'that he might show his lo have employed,' as though he was
It
is
not really clement, but, like the use of participles with verbs of
appearing
not a
common
ab iniuria et maleflcio, 'from doing them hann or The weakened Nervii would have been liable to violence and robbery from unfriendly neighbours, reckoning on the approval -of Cae.sar, if he had n(;t given these tribes
15.
mischief.'
orders to abstain.
16. 17.
1
se suosque, 'themselves
and
their adherents.'
supra, p.
17,
1.
5.
s.
'
their way.'
omnibus
p.
ly,
1.
copiis,
19.
1
2.
on the march.' unum oppidum, probably a city on a height now called 2 Falkize, opposite to Hug on the Meuse. egre^e...munitum, 'of extraordinary natural strength,' lit. ex itinere,
'
while
still
'
round
24.
He means
to describe
an isolated
with steep
despectus, 'precipices.'
slojie.'
an ascent by a gentle
25.
amplius, without
of measure.
qitavi.
See
p.
<S,
1.
8;
p.
16,
1.
16.
pedum, gen.
Page 30
2.
praeacutas trabes,
'
at
the
6.
into
South-Eastem
NOTES
;
6l
France or Gallia Narbonensis it was the only part of Gaul which as yet was a regular province. 6. agere ac portare, to drive or carry,' referring to beasts of burden or cattle and heavy baggage or booty. citra, on the Gallic side of the Rhine, on its left bank.
'
8.
17.
una, 'along with it,' i.e. with the baggage. crebrisque castellis, 'and with forts at short intervals.'
palisading, the castdla were
vineis actis,
p.
13,
1.
y.
used
it
thrown
men on
1.
the
walls,
aggere exstructo, 'a mound That is, by the besiegers, who for from it missiles might be which would be difficult or
impossible from the ground on a level with the foot of the wall.
See page
19.
13,
13.
upon
it
could be
moved up
erected,'
'
13'
constitui,
struction.'
was being
was
20.
increpitare vocibus,
'
to taunt
them with
shouts.'
20-21.
quod...instrueretiir,
the
tower was being built,' subjunctive as representing what the Gauls said or thought, and therefore oblique, ab tauto spatio, 'at so great a distance' from the walls, cp. p. 8, 1. 8. The Gauls
saw that the tower was too far off the walls for missiles to be thrown from it, they did not see how so vast a structure was to be got near the walls, with what hands, quibusnam, pray?' -nam gives emphasis to the question, and here is
'
ironical.
22-23.
praesertim...tantulae staturae,
'
especially
men
of
short stature.'
Gen. of quality.
rule.'
'
plerumque, 'as a
25.
brevitas nostras,
says to
the low
stature
it is
of us
Romans.'
Though Caesar
Gauls.
'all
the Gauls,'
probably more
northern or semi-German do not seem to have been remarkable as a tall race. The Romans, however, were probably below their average. The Emperor Augustus was a little less than 5 ft 7 in.
especially the case in contrast with th
The
Celtic Gauls
62
ill
NOTKS
height,
tiiat
seem
and tiiough he was remarked as hrevis, it does not he was regarded as much below the average.
collocare,
'
ad muros
The tower
was being built at such a distance that they could not see how it was to be placed near the walls. {The common reading is in muro, and it is explained that the Gauls asked as a joke how the Romans expected to lift such a big tower and place it on their
[the Gauls') wall.
But
and
as
some AISS. have muros, I have 'written ad muros. Jfm muro is kept, translate it on a tvall.' The Gatils would be used to seeing such structures on walls, and they might expect that the Romans were going to build some sort of 'wall near their 07vn and put this tower on the top ; they could never have imagined that the Romans would attempt to koist it on to their o~wn town 'wall, the exaggera'
Page 31
1-2.
ulji...viderunt,
it
moving
ad liimc modum,
5-7.
The
relative
in causal clause.
in oratio recta,
The
obliqua,
which becomes imperfect subjunctive in oratio depending on past tense. 8. permittere, to leave wholly to,' to abandon.' uniun petere ac deprecari, that there was one thing they asked and petitioncti against,' ac shows that the two infinitives
'
' '
may
not be done;
shown by the ne clause in I. 11. This phrase introduces si forte, if it did happen that.' 9. a doubtful supposition, intentionally expressed humbly and
what that
is is
'
hesitatingly.
9-10.
pro...mansuetudine,
'
and kindness,'
suggest.'
I
as
his
usual
o.
NOTES
II.
6^
14.
traditis armis,
'
if
it
their
sibi
praestare,
'that
lliey
preferred.'
Page 32
2.
7.
torture.'
if tliey
ram touched their walls.' This was a usual condition. Directly the first blow of the battering-ram was delivered the city was regarded as being stormed and could look for no mercy. The
pluperfect subj. in oraft'o oblujua for perfect subj. (future condition)
in oratio recta
:
deditionis
nullam
esse
condicionem,
'no
condition
of
quod
14-16.
ad suos,
'
ri-12.
to
submit,"
lit.
facere
impcrata
is
The
present (facere)
it is
not a promise
14-15.
sic
reached almost to the highest elevation of the wall and (Caesar's) earthwork.' The nmrus of the oppidum, and the agger which
Caesar had thrown up along the outer edge of the fossa round the town.
16-17.
et tameii...reteiita,
'
and
j'et
19.
22.
became
quod...crediderant,
is
speaking
in his
own
'because they had believed.' Caesar person and giving his version of the
Page 33
4-5.
scutis...intextis,
'with
shields
or
64
wickerwork,'
'
NOTKS
lit.
'
It
might
.ilso
he translated
woven with
5.
osiers.'
h.iste,'
subito, 'in
6.
It
which
after
see
12,
1.
i.
It
would he soon
midnight,
10.
signiflcatione facta,
'
eo concursvim est,
12-15.
the spirit
all
hope of safety, on unfavourable ground, against opponents who were discharging missiles from an embankment and towers.' ita.ut,
demanded
of brave
men
is
not consecutive,
iniquo loco,
Roman
hurl.'
lines.
qui...iacereiit,
described in
intervals
tunibus, these were not moveable towers, like that c. 30, but more permanent structures erected at
on the vallum.
cura...consisteret, 'seeing that their entire
15-16.
hope of
as four thousand
ad hominum milibus quattuor, when as many men had been killed,' or 'about four thousand.' With numerals ad is retained in an adverbial sense, not governing
16.
Decisis
a case.
17-18.
19.
p.
13,
1.
i.
It is
hence it is applied to the booty itself, and also to the sale of it by auction. Sometimes such property was purchased in the lump and then The man who did that was called sector. sold in lots.
properly the
:
of booty to be sold
21-22.
ab
ei8...trium,
'the
number
Numcrus
the total of
'
persons,'
and milium
'
persons was a total of fifty-three thousand.' a Publlo Crasso. This was Publius Crassus the younger, 23.
son of the P. Crassus Dives,
who
with
in B.C. 60.
He was
serving in
NOTES
to Syria,
65
Gaul as a Ji-o-<r/us of Caesar, and af.erwaids went with his fatlicr and perished with him at the battle of Carrhae against
tlie
following
/
modern names
a;/^5,
retain
of the
ancient ones:
Veneti...
Curiosolitae...
Page 34
pacata, 'subdued,' lit. 'rendered peaceable.' barbaros, natives,' a general term used by Romans for all natives of countries neither Greek nor Italian. To the Greeks the Romans were themselves barbari.
3.
4.
'
campaign.'
quae...incolereiit,
'all
5-6.
such
as
lived
beyond
the
Page 35
1. in Italiam Illjrricumque. Caesar had to go to Cisalpine Gaul and lUyricum to hold assizes ov coiiventiis, for bc>th countries were included in his province. inita proxima aestate, 'early next summer,' lit. 'when the next summer was begun.' 2. in Carnutes {Chartres), 'into the territories of the
Ca mutes.' Andes 3
.
-i
njoii.
Turones... Tours.
6.
ex
litteris
Caesaris,
'in
consequence
of
an
official
dierum qulndecim,
number.
7.
mourning as the case might be. When a supplicatio was decreed by the Senate, the figures of the gods were usually
rejoicing or
displayed outside the temples on couches [lectisiernium), the temples themselves were publicly visited, and part at any rate
of the day was kept free from business. When decreed in consequence of a victory, it was in a special sense an honour to the victorious general, and often preceded a triumph.
B. G. II.
VOCABULARY
ABBREVIATIONS
aN.
VOCABULARY
d,daequ-o,
I
^7
f;
-are,
-avl,
-atuni,
to
afflnit-as, -atis,
relationship
V.
a.
and
n. to equal,
CO nil
lei'el ivith.
in-
by marriage. agr, agri, m.Jield, territory. agg-r, -eris, m. earthwork. ag-gr6di6r, -gressus sum, 3
dep.
V.
dim. adcommdd-o,
I
a.
and
n.
to
to
go
at-
-are, -avi,
-atum,
up
to,
to
approach,
V. a. to fit
on.
to
tack.
ad-dtlco,
a. to
3,
-duxl, -ductum, v.
bring up,
-Ir^,
lead
-ii,
to.
ad-60,
to
-ivi
or
-itum,
irreg. v.
a.
and
n. to
go
to,
approach.
-icer6, -ieci,
-minis, n. army on march, march ; novissunum agmfen, the rear. ago, egi, actum, 3 v. a. to drive, to do: ag6r6 vin6as,
ag-mfin,
the-
ad-Icio,
-iectum,
3 V. a. to
adit-ils, -us,
to move up penthouses 13, 9. alias, adv. elsewhere, alias... alias, noiv in one direction
help.
-avl,
administr-0, -are,
I
-atum,
and now in another. alien-US, -a, -um, adj. belonging to another. alitor, adv. othenoise.
ali-iis.
-a,
-ud,
adj.
other;
orior] to attack.
Adtiatiic-i,
Adiiatitci,
-orum,
pi.
m.
the
a tribe of the Beli;ae on the Meuse. advent-iis, -us, m. arrival. adversiis, adv. opposite. advers-iis, -a, -um, adj. contrary, opposite; adverso
coil's,
some some
height,
depth.
alt-fls,
-a,
up
hill.
-1,
high,
n.
aedifici-um,
ing.
Aedii-iis. -a,
build-
very
lofty.
-um,
adj.
Aeduan,
belonging the Aedni to Aedii-i, -orum, the Aediii, a Gallic tribe between the Loire and the Saone. aegre, adv. xt'ith difficulty. adv. evenly, aequalitSr,
equally. aestas, -atis, f. sutnmer. aestMri-iis, -a, -um, adj. subject to the tide : n. pi. aesttlaria, estuary, marsh. aet-as, -atis, f. age. af-f6ro [adf.], -ferre, adtCdl,
amplific-o, -are,
I
-avl,
V.
a.
to
increase,
-atum, to ex-
tend.
more ex-
Aud-es, -ium, m. the Andes, a tribe on the north of the Loire [Anjou).
Andocumbori-us,
documborius, a of the Remi.
.
-i,
ni.
An-
adlatum,
irreg.
v.
to.
a.
to
chief
man
bring, to bring
5-2
68
angust-Qs.
VOCABULARY
:
ivw
in
more audacisslme,
dacICis,
boldly
sup,
most
boldly,
iiiltics.
T,ry boldly.
inlm-fts, -i, 111. inhhL ant6, prep, [ace] lie/ore. adv. formerly, before. antlquittis, adv. anciently, froiu larly times.
d,pert-iis,
-a,
;
aud6o,
-um, adj.
(7/?
[aperio] aperto latere, o>i the unprotected side, i.e. on the right flank. appell-0, -ar6, -avi, -atum, i
V. a.
Aurimctliei-iis,
-i,
nunuleius
Cotta,
m. L. Aitone of
("aesar's legates,
autem,
a-verto,
to call,
to
name.
auxili-um,
apprdpinqu-o,
I
V. n. to
-versum, v,a.
near. d,piid, prep, [ace] at, among. arbltr-6r, -ari, -atus sum, i dep. V. n. to think. arb-6r. -oris, f. a tree. arces-so, -sivi, -situm, 3 v. a. to summon, to call back.
ardil-iis, -a,
steep.
Aisne).
Bacillus, see Sextius. BalSar-es, -ium, m. pi. Bait, nrs, people of the islands
-um, adj.
difficult,
barbar-us,
ari-es, -etTs,
m. a ram, a
n. pi.
batter-
arms.
armatflr-a, -ae, f. equipment, hody of armed tnen ; levis armatura, the light-armed. arm-o, -arc, -avi, -atum, i v.
a. to
native of a foreign country. Belg-ae, -arum, m. pi. the Bclgae, the tribes inhabiting north-west France and the Netherlands to the Rhine. Bell6vac-I, -drum, m. the Bellovaci, a tribe between the Seine and the Oise (mod.
Iieauvais).
arm.
3,
as-cendo,
V.
-cendi, -censum,
n. to ascend.
a.
and
bell-um, Bibr-ax,
-i,
n.
war.
f.
-actis,
Bibrax,
ascens-iis, -us,
at. conj. but.
m.
ascent.
atqu6,
conj.
and,
the
and so;
same as. m. [also
eadem atque,
Bratuspantiiun,
spantiuin, a Bellovaci. br6vit-as, -atis,
lo'^'uess
-ii,
n.
Bratu-
Atrfebat i, -orum, Atrchates, -iuni], the AireIhitiS in Artois. at-tingo, 3, -tigi, -tactum, v. a. to touch upon, to reach
to.
town of the
f.
shortness,
auct6rlt-,s, -atis,
inthicnce.
f.
authority,
cado. adv.
boldly;
3,
cecldi,
casum,
v.
n.
audactfir,
au-
to fail.
VOCABULARY
Caes-&r,
-aris,
69
m.
circuit, cir-
m. Gains Ik litis
CircMt-tis, -us,
Ciiesar,h. B.C. lOO (or 10 1), ob. H.c. 44. the writer of
tliis
book and
tlie
proconsul
of the Gauls
and Illyricum
-icere,
v. a. to
-ieci,
put
-li,
from B.C. 58 to B.C. 49. cal^mit-as, -atis, f. calamity. Calet-I, -Oram, m. p\.the Calcti, a tribe of the Helgae (Calais). cal-o, -dnis, m. a soldier-' s servant.
all
round. circumv6n-Io, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 4 V. a. to surround. cis, prep, [ace] on this side
'f-
captlv-us.
-i,
m. a
captive.
CarnQt-es, -um, m. pL tJie Carnutes, a tribe between the Loire and the Seine
(near
C/tartres).
castell-um, -5, n. a fort. castr-a, -orum, n. pi. a camp castra mdverS, to break up a camp, to march. cas-Gs, -us, m. chance. caus-a, -ae, f. a cause, a reason ; causa, for the sake
of.
Gallia hither; hither Gaul, i.e. Gaul south of the Alps. citra, prep, [ace] on this side
nearer, cit6ri6r,
of
civit-as, -atis,
f. a state, a town, a tribe. clam-6r, -oris, m. shouting. claudo, 3, clausi, clausum, v.
a. to close
to
agmgn
claudSrfi.
to
speed, s-wift-
c616rit6r,
Iferltis,
adv.
quickly
i
C6v. a.
more quickly.
centum,
indecl.
num.
adj.
hundred.
centtlri-o, -onis,
m. a centurion,
an
officer in
cert-ils, -a,
mercy, clemency. c6acerv-o, -are, -avi, -atum. V. a. to pile up. I coepi, coepisse, coeptiis, defect, semi-dep. v. a. to begin (only tenses from perfect stem used). Coeroes-i, -orum, m. pi. the Coerocsi, a German tribe. cog-nosco, 3, -novi, -nitum, v. a. to ascertain, to learn. cogo,
3,
coegi, coactum, v.
a.
sure
certiorem fac6r6,
:
to force, to
collect.
bring together,
to
inform
certidr fi6ri,
-a,
be
infor?ncd.
[cetfir-tis].
-um, adj. the rest. The nominative singular masculine is not found. Cimbr-i, -orum, m. pi. the Cimbri, a people from north
cC-hors, -hortis, f. a cohort, the tenth part of a legion. cohortatl-o, -onis, f. exhortation.
cfiliort-or, -ari,-atus
v. a. to
sum,
dep.
exhort.
Germany.
circitfir,
coll-ls,
-is,
m. a
hill.
colloc-o,
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
70
V.
a.
VOCABULARY
to
place
-us,
together,
to
confert-tis, -a,
adj.
-um
[confcrcio],
arratii^e.
closely packed,
;
crowded
commeat-as,
backwards
supplies.
m. a going
and fonvards,
-are, -avi,
comm6m6r-o,
I
-atum,
commemorate, to make mention of. com-mitto, 3, -misi, -missiim, V. a. to join, to put together ; proelium committ6r6, to
V.
a. to
confertissImtLs, Tcry closely packed. con-f Icio, -fiCL-rc, -feci, -fectum, 3 V. a. to make up, to complete ; to wear out 23, 9
together
to
exhaust 26,
4.
join battle.
skil-
con-fldo, 3, -fisus sum, semidep. V. n. to feel sure. conflrm-0, -arc, -avi, -atum, i V. a. to confirm, to make sure ; to encourage 20, 2.
con-fllgo,
3,
-flixi,
fiictum, v.
to struggle, 3,
to fight.
con-gr6dI6r,
dep.
to
V.
inllucncc.
n. to
commtln-is, -c, adj. common, shared by all. commtltati-o, -anis, f. a complete change,
meet
~vith.
a reversal.
-atum,
to
i
away
17,
7.
compar-0,
V. a.
-are, -avI,
collect,
to
bring
a. to
join, to unite.
-ar6,
-avI,
together.
coniOr-o,
3,
-atum,
to
com-pello,
V.
a.
-pull,
-pulsum,
V.
n.
to
conspire,
to
swear
con-
com-pl6o,
compel, to force. -plevi, -pletum, 2, V. a. to fill up. complHr-es, -a, gen. -ium, adj. several, not a few. con-cldo, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. a. /(' cut to pieces.
to
mutually,
spiracy.
make a
con-Or.
V.
-ari,
-alus
sum,
dep.
n. to try, to strive.
concili-um,
sembly.
-i,
n. council,
as-cu-
con-curro, 3, -curri or currl, -cursum, v. n. to run concurtogether ; impers. smn est, concxirrl, a rally is made.
condIci-0, -onTs, f. condition. Condrtls-I, -orum, m. pi. the
consanguin6-tis, -a, -um, adj. related by blood. con-scrlbo, 3, -scrips!, -scriptum, v. a. to make a list of,
to enroll.
on the Aleuse.
con-dtlco, 3, -duxi, -ductuni, V. a. to hire; to bring togetlier. conffiro, conferre, contrdi, col-
consens-iis, -us, m. consent. con-sentio, 4, -sensi, -sensum, v. n. to agree with, to make a league with. con-s6quor, 3, -secutus sum, dep. v. a. to catch up, to overtake, to obtain.
to
preserve.
3, -sedi,
latum, irreg. v.
to
a.
to collect,
con-sldo.
-sessum, v. n.
put
together.
to settle.
VOCABULARY
consili-um. -1, n. plan, counsel. consimll-is, -e, adj. like, very
likw con-sisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, v. to stand, to hold one's n.
^)V!t;!d.
71
-ae,
; f.
c5pi-a,
abundance,
f.
a
pi.
supply
forces.
copiae, -arum,
wing
of an army.
a body. cort-ex, -icis, m. bark. cotldie, adv. every day, daily. Cott-a, -ae, m. see Aurun
corp-iis, -oris, n.
cnlcius.
conspect-iis,
.>/<'///.
-us,
m.
rvV;.:',
con-spicio,
-spTcere,
,5
-spexi,
-spectum, conspic-6r,
ilep.
serT'e.
V.
V.
a. to behold.
-ari,
-atus
sum,
to
a.
to
view,
ob-
adj.
v.
a.
and
n. to believe, to trust.
arrange,
to re-
solve, to conclude.
con-siiesco,
V.
n. to be
suerint
15,
17J.
primum,
as soon as
cum...
-Itum,
consiietiid-6,
habit.
-inis,
f.
mstoiii,
3 V. a. to desire.
Curi6s61it-ae,
-us,
-arum,
a
m.
tribe
pi.
contempt-iis,
tcnipt.
m.
co?i-
the
Ciiriosolitae,
in
western
Gaul,
curs-tis, -us,
m. running.
f.
custodi-a, -ae,
guard.
contend.
2, -tinul,
con-tin6o,
a. to
-tentum,
v.
hold back, to keep in. contra, prep, [ace] against adv. opposite : consist6r6 contra, /(' hold one's ground. contrari-ils, -a, -um, adj. contrary, in
tion.
an
opposite direcinsult.
v.
contilnieli-a, -ae,
n.
f.
-atum,
come
;
together, to
as-
semble
19, 21.
to
be agreed
-verti,
upon
adj. tenth.
3,
con-verto,
v.
a.
-versum,
turn round ; convert6r6 signa, to face about. conv6c-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i
to
v.
a.
decilman-iis,
to
call
together,
to
summon.
-a, -um, adj. belonging to the tetith ; portS, d6ciimana, the front gate of the camp, near v^'hich the tenth cohort was stationed.
72
d6-curro,
VOCABULARY
de-86ro,
3, -seruT,
-sertum,
v. a.
to desert.
-a, urn, adj. that siinrndered, a person or thniif surrendered. dediti-6, -onis, f. surrender. de-do. _^, -dkfi, -dituni, v. a. to surrender. de-ddco, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v. a. to lead down, to bring ; to lead out 33, r. de-fendo, 3, -fendi, -fensum, V. a. to defend ; to ward off. defensi-6, -onis, f. a defence. defens-6r, -oris, m. a defender. de-f6ro, deferre, detidl, dela-
dediticiiis,
IS
de-sisto, 3,
-stitl,
-stitum, v. n.
despect-tls, -us,
precipice.
m. vicMdoxon,
despair
lost.
of,
to
give up for
-avi,
desp61i-o,
-are,
\. a. to despoil, to
irreg. v. n.
-itum, 2 v.
to deter.
from,
tum,
to, to
irreg.
v.
a.
to
brittg
de-triho,
V.
a.
-traxi,
to
drag away.
14;
de-icio,
to
to
desert.
-icere,
to
-iectum,
3 V. a. deiect-tls,
throw down.
ni.
de-trQdo, 3, -trusi, -trusum, v. a. to thrust off, to pull off. de-v6nio, 4, -veni, -ventum, v. n. to come down, to come. dex-tr, -tra, -trum, adj. right, on the right hand.
dici-6, -onis, f. power, rule. dl-co, 3, -xi, -ctum, v. a. and n. to say. dl-es, -ei, m. and f. in sing.,
ni.
/()
-us,
a slope, a
d^indS, adv. then, in the second place (answering to pri/mint). del-60, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2 v. a.
to 7i'ipe out, to obliterate.
in plur.
the day,
difficil-is,
a.
-e,
de-ligo,
3,
-legl,
-Iectum, v.
difficiliSr,
to select.
difficillimlis,
most
f.
a difficulty.
diligently,
deniqufi, adv. in fine, at last. dens-tis, -a, -um, adj. thick: densidr, thicker; densissimiis, thickest, very thick. de-pono, 3, -posui, -positum,
V. a. to
dlligentSr, carefully
ad\.
;
dDlgentissime,
4,
most carefully.
dl-meti6r, dep. V.
[pass.
-mensfis
to
a.
part.
-are,
-avi,
put down,
-ari,
to deposit.
measured out;
dImic-0.
dl-mitto,
to
let
19,
dep6ptll-6r,
de]).
V.
-atus
sum,
-atum,
a.
to
ravage,
to
v. n. to fight.
3, -misi,
-missuni, v.
a. to dismiss,
to
send away,
-rep-
slip.
pray
against.
dl-ripio,
-ripere,
-ripiii,
VOCABULARY
turn, 3 V. a. to tear to pieces,
to e,
73
prep. \p.h\.'\ out from, ex itin6r6,7^/ of the
ex,
plunder.
v.
from
v.
to scatter.
2, -tinul, -tentum, v. keep apart, to distract. adv. long, for a long
dis-tinfio,
a. to
dill,
e-dQco,
to
3,
-duxl, -ductum, v. a.
-while:
comp.
dlQtliis,
for
lead out.
a longer time, longer. dlvers-iis, -a, -um, adj. different, scattered. dlvln-tls, -a, -um, adj. divine.
e-gr6di6r, dep. V.
issue out.
3, n.
-gressus
to
sum,
to
go
out,
DIvitlac-us,
( 1
-I,
m. Divitiactis,
splendidly,
-lectum,
v. a.
to
ddc^o,
a.
2,
docui,
to
-a,
to teach,
d6mestic-iis,
e-mitto,
a. to
3,
send forth,
3,
to
hurl.
mestic, home, one^s otun. ddmicili-um, -ii, n. domicile, home. d6mln-6r, -ari, -atus sum, i
6mo,
to
emi,
3,
emptum,
v.
a.
buy. e-nascor,
v. n. to
grow,
grow
out.
(af-
dtibit-o,
V.
a.
-are,
-avi,
motion). -atum,
to be
and
n.
doubtful,
adj.
to doubt, to hesitate.
num.
twd
a.
v.
6qu-6s, -itis, m. a horseman. adj. gques-t6r, -tris, -tre, equestrian, of cavalry. 6quitat-iis, -lis, m. horse soldiery, cavalry. erupti-6, -oms, f. sally, sortie. Esuvi-i, -orum, m. the Esui'ii, a tribe in western Gaul. 6t, conj. and. Stiam, adv. even, also.
event-iis,
-us,
dtl-d, du-ae,
m.
result, acciv.
adj. tivo.
dent.
indecl.
-a,
dvlodgcim,
t-.'chc.
num.
-um,
adj.
dii6dcim--iis,
ord.
num.
adj.
adj.
num.
eighteen.
-are, -avi, -atum, i exhaust, to dispirit. -itum,4 v. a. to hear, to hear from adistance. ex-cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v.
\'.
exanim-o,
a. to
exaud-io,
-ire, -ivi,
a.
to quit, to
go out.
f.
excursi-0, -onis,
sally, sortie.
74
ex-6o,
-ire,
-Ivi
VOCABULARY
or
il,
-itum, 4
ductive
fer3,cissimfis, 7)tosl
V. n. to
go
out.
-avi,
product
-atum,
i
i'i 'C.
exercit-0,
\
.
-are,
a. to
exercise, to practise.
exerclt-tis, -us,
m. an army.
f.
f6r6, ailv. nearly, generally. f6ro, ferr^, tuli, latum, irreg. V. a. to carry, to bear.
exigMt-as,
eximi-u8,
existim-o,
I
-atis,
briefness,
adj. extra-
fertmt-as,
-atis,
f.
fertility,
sraiitiiiess.
-a,
-um,
ordi)iary,
n.
remarkable.
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
\'.
to think.
-a, -uin,
exp6dlt-ils,
for
cumbered, of
action
their kits.
adj.;/ftroops ready
light,
without
ez-pello, 3, -puli, -pulsum, v. a. to expel, to drive out. ex-p6ri6r, 4, -pertus sum, jjep.
V. a. to try, to test.
ndcr.
a son.
fln-iB,
expl6rat-6r,
spy.
-oris,
m.
scout,
an end, f. finem ficfert, to end to; fines, -ium, put an m. pi. territory.
-is,
m. and
limit;
finitlm-iis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
exploratmn habere,
certain
V. a.
of.
to
be
expugn-0,
to
-are,
bordering on, neighbouring. semifieri, factus sum, flo, dep. V. n. to become. fltlm-6n, -inis, n. a stream, a
river.
fors, fortis,
i
f.
chance, fortune
V. 7i. to expect, to wiit to see. extrem-us, -a, -um, adj. extreme farthest.
.
for-
more bravely.
facil6,
adv.
easily
faciliiis,
fortHn-a, -ae,
foss-a, -ae,
f.
f.
fortune.
more
easily.
fra-t6r.
-tris,
fr6mit-ils,
clamour.
frons, frontis, in front.
make,
to do.
f.
front : a fronte,
facult-as,
-at IS,
faculty,
power, opportunity.
fallo, 3, fefelli, falsum, v. a. to fail, to escape one's notice, to
deceive.
v. fastlg-o, -are, -avi, -atum, a. to make pointed : fastlga1
frdmentari-us, -a, -um, adj. belonging to corn; res frtlmentaria, the supply of
cor?i.
frflment-nm,
filg-a, -ae,
fligrio,
i.
-i,
n. corn.
fugi,
flight.
fugere,
fugitum,
3 V. n. to fly.
VOCABULARY
-i, m. smoke. fundit-6r, -oris, m. a slinger.
75
m.
a chief
eius-
ftlm-iis,
ibi,
adv. there.
-i,
Iccl-us,
Iccius,
ftlr-6r,
-oris,
m. fury, mad-
of the Remi.
the same.
Galb-a, -ae, m. Galba, a king of the Suessiones. gal6-a, -ae, f. helmet. Gaul. The Galli-a, -ae, f. northern inchided name Italy from the boundary of Etruria to the Alps, and beyond the Alps all France and the Netherlands up to the Rhine, and part of Switzerland. Gall-tis, -1, m. a Gaul. gens, genlis, f. a race, a
tribe.
identidem,
again.
idong-iis,
suitable.
-a,
adv.
again
and
-um,
zsX], fitted^
ign-is. -is, m. fire. lUyric-um, -i, n. Illyricum, the country to the east of
the Adriatic.
German-iis, -i, m. a German. The Gcniiani are the tribes living to the north of the Rhine, with some on the south bank. g6ro, 3, gessi, gestum, y. a. to carry on, to wage. gladi-iis, -i, m. a sword.
grati-a,
larity.
-ae,
f.
impel.
-oris,
imp6rat-6r,
m.
com-
i/iauder-in-chief.
imp6ri-um,
po-vcr,
-ii,
n.
supreme
command.
-are, -avi,
imp6r-o,
a. to
command ;
favottr, popu-
grav-is,
-e,
V.
a.
to
obtain.
imp6t-tis,
-us,
m.
zeal,
vi-
hab-eo,
to
gour
a charge;
imp6tum
Iiave
to
consider,
to be.
pi.
to
tvinter
n.
pi.
fac6r6, to charge. improvis-iis, -a, -um, adj. ununexpected : foreseen, de improvisS, unexpectedly. in, prep, with ace. into; with
abl.
/;/.
hCiiiis,
pron.
one here.
f.
bi-emps, -emis,
tuinter.
in-cendo,
h6m-6, man,
-inis,
m.
and
a
f.
a person,
being (including
children).
in-cido,
to
3, -cidi,
-casum, v. n.
happen, upon.
incite,
to befall, to
come
v. a.
h6n-6r,
spect.
-oris,
m. honour,
to quicketi ; cursil
host-is,
-is,
m. an enemy.
y6
VOCABULARY
in-s6qu6r,
-sequi,
-secutus
sum,
3 dep. V. a. to
pursue.
insldi-ae, -arum, f. pi. ambush. insign-e, -is, n. a sign, an ensii^'n, an ornament (of the
to
grumble
to
at,
to
de-
helmet).
in-sisto, 3,
to
-stiti,
jeer at 30, 20. inctls-o, -are, -avI, -atum, 1 %. a./(? accuse, to find fault with. ind6, adv. then, after that.
indigfnit-a.s, -atis,
iitsul/.
f.
denounce,
-slilum, v. n.
indignity,
press upon. Proinstir, prep, [gen.] like. perly a n. subs, likeness. In-sto, I, -stitl, -statum, v. n. to press on. in-strtio, 3, -struxi, -structum, V. a. to draw up, to arrange. -ectum, -exi, intell-6go, 3,
V.
a.
to
understand.
in-ddo,
3, -diii,
-dutum,
or
v. a. to
put
on.
-Ivi.
in-60, -ire,
irreg.
v.
a.
to
[ace] among, prep, bcizi'rcn : inter se, mutually. inter-cedo, 3, -cessT, -cessum, V. a. to come between. -cepl, -cipere, inter-cipio,
intfir,
consilium, to form a plan; inita aestate, sumtner being entered on, at the be-
-ceptum, 3
to
V.
a.
to
catch,
intercept.
-esse,
it is
-fiiTt,
int6r-est,
irreg. v.
impers. important, it
concerns.
inter-ficio, -ficere, -feci, -fec-
gen.
sup.
-ioris,
com p.
less
adj.
inferior,
good;
-ferre,
lower, inflmils,
tum, 3
V.
a.
to kill.
lowest.
put between.
mean~while,
-latum, irreg. v. a. to bring against to bring in, to import. in-flecto, 3, -flexl, -flexum. v. a. to bend. ingr6di6r, 3, ingressus sum, dep. V. a. to enter. inimic-iis, -a, -um, adj. unfriendly, hostile. inlquit-as, -atis, f. inequality,
In-ffiro,
-tuli,
interim,
the
adv.
in
mean
inter-mitto,
V.
a.
3, -misi,
-missum,
to
and
n. to intermit,
-onis,
relax.
intem6ci-5,
st ruction.
f.
utter de-
difficulty,
unfavourable na-
ture.
an
intei'val.
unfavourable. initi-um, -I, n. a heginni?ig. iniOri-a, -ae, f. injury, wrong. in-nltor, 3, -nixiis sum, dep. v. n. to lean upon.
in-texo, 3, -texui, -textum, v. a. to weave in, to intenveave. intra, prep, [ace] within.
intr-o, -are, -a\i, -atum,
to enter.
r
v. a.
VOCABULARY
intrS-dflco, 3, -duxi, -ductum,
V. a. to
77
[ace] and
adv.
into.
intro-mitto,
-missum,
Lucius, see
Atiruncu-
inflsitat-ils, -a,
usual,
Intltil-is,
Labien-us, -i, m. 7itus Alius Labienus, one of Caesar's legates, who afterwards deserted him.
lap-is, -idis,
adj.
not avail-
m. a
f.
stone.
able,
useless.
3,
lassittld-o, -inis,
-avi,
weariness.
n. to lie
invetSr-asco,
-atum,
old, to
incept. V. n. to
grow
hid.
latitfld-6,
-inis,
f.
become inveterate.
in-vid6o, 2, -vidl, -visum, v. n. to be envious of. ips-6, -a, -um, pron. self, he himself, the very self. ir-rId6o, 2, -risl, -risum, v. n.
/('
breadth,
extent.
lat-iis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
broad
latis-
side.
i
laugh
at, to deride.
v. a.
loosen,
to
open;
to
laxarS
manlptUos,
open order.
legati-6, -6nis,
take
more
itali-a, -ae,
f.
Italy.
itaquS,
so.
adv. accordingly,
and
f.
a sefiding of
ambassadors,
legat-ils,
-ineris,
:
an embassy
(i)
m.
(2)
an amlegate,
ney
bassador,
march
iac-60, 1, -ui, V. n. to
fallen. id,cio, iacere,
V. a.
to
ieci,
to be
a of the staff of a Roman governor. Caesar had twelve legati. [From lego, legare, to delegate, or
member
iactum,
commission.'\
16gi-0, -onis,
f.
i5,c6r6,
a legion, a body
soldiers varying
of
in
Roman
to
iajn, adv.
itibSo,
different
periods
3000
v.
a.
5000
men,
10
to
from and
to
cohorts
pick,
and
-i,
n.
-atum, Judge.
legionari-tis,
-a,
-um, adj.
be-
iflg-um,
longing
to
of a
itls,
hill.
iuris,
milites,
iustiti-a,
adj. light.
lightness,
16vit-as,
levity.
-atis,
iilvo, J, ifivi,
iutum, V.
a. to help.
78
lex. ICi^w,
f.
VOCABULARY
laio.
ni6dI-Cis, -a,
mill.
lihiral spirit.
-orum, m. pi. children. Iitt6r-ae, -arum, f. pi. a letter, a despatch [littgr-i, -ae, f. a letter of the alphahet\ Idc-us, -i, m. [pi. loci m. places, or loca n. a district], a place. longe, adv. far: comp. lonIlb6r-I,
gitis,
m6m6rI-8,, -ae, f. memory. Menipl-I, -orum, m. the Menapii. w Helgic tribe. mercS.t-6r, -oris, m. a vicrehant. merit-um, -i, n. merit, desert.
mll-fis, -itis,
m. a
soldier.
farthest.
long-ils,
-urn,
adj.
long
mllitar-is, -e, adj. militaiy. mill6, indccl. num. adj. a thousand ; millia, -ium, n. thousands. minime, adv. least. mintis, adv. less; as negative,
si
and
f.
n.
to speak.
zuere unable.
lux, lucis,
light, daylight.
a.
machinatl-0, -oms,
s!e;^c Zi'drks.
f.
erection,
send.
f.
magis, adv. rather, more. magistrat-tls, -fis, m. a magistrafe; a magistracy. magnxttld-0, -inis, f. greatness.
instability.
inoeii-ia,-ium,n.pl./(77iw-;a//j-.
2 v. a.
malfeflci-um,
zuarn, to instruct. m6r-a, -ae, f. delay. Mdrin-i, -orum, m. the Morini, a Gallic tribe living near
-atCis
sum,
dep.
mand-o,
-atum, i V. a. to charge, to give instruction, to commit. manipill-tis, -i, m. a tnaniple, a third part of a cohort. mansilettld-o, -inis, f. kindness, gentleness.
n. to delay, to wait.
nioT'c.
f.
miili-6r, -Cris,
a woman.
mtlniment-um,
mQii-io.
a. to
-i,
n.
a defence.
v.
-Ire,
-ivi,
-itum, 4
sea
v.
nam,
con], for.
VOCABULARY
nascOr,
3, natiis
79
sum, dep.
v.
n. A) he
born,
i.
to rise.
a nation, a
Irihc.
f. nature. nat-Qs, -us, m. birth. nav-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. to accomplish ; navar6 a. dpram, to display zeal, to
Noviodtln-um,
Jnnuiii,
n6v-11s,
-i,
n.
Novioof
the
a Sucssiones.
-ii,
town
act zealously.
ne,
conj.
not,
lest;
ne...
-um. adj. nezu; ndvissimus, last : nSvissimum agmfin, the rear. nox. noctis, f. /light. ntld-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i v.
a.
to strip, to
make
bare.
null-tis, -a,
-a,
n6cessari-tis, necessary.
-um,
f.
adj.
atlj.
ii6cessit-as, -atis,
necessity.
nfigotl-um.
-I, n. business, trouble 17, 10. nein-6. -inis [generally nulliils]. 111. and f. no one.
Ntunid-a,
dian,
derer.
-ae,
from
vofids
The
Romans used
adv. in vain, vainly. m. pi. the Nervi-I, -oruni, Nei~'ii, a warlike Belgic
tribe.
nequiquam,
the hardy nomads of N. Africa as light-armed troops. nunti-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i v.
a.
nunti-tis,
neu-tfir, -tra, -trum, gen. neuadj. neither, neither the one nor the other. nihil [or nil], -ili, n. nothing nihil poss6, to have no po'ucr. nisi, adv. unless.
trius,
to
lead across,
-us,
to
dratv
de-
across.
Oblt-tis,
m.
death,
f.
nobilit-as,
-atis,
f.
nobility,
parture.
Ob-s6s, -sidis,
age.
m. and
a hostv.
ob-tin6o,
2, -tiniil,
a. to hold, to
nom-fen,
race.
-inis,
n. a
name; a
ob-v6nio,
11
.
4,
v.
to
come opposite
come
in the
way
of, to
confront.
a.
-are,
-avi,
to
na?ne, to
-atum, i mention.
occas-\is, -us,
m.
setting.
oc-cido, -cidi,
to kill.
-cisum, 3 v.
n5n, adv. not. nondum, adv. not yet. nonnull-iis, -a, -um, adj. some,
not none.
non-iis,
-a,
occult-tls, -a,
cretly.
-um,
ord.
num.
v.
adj. ninth.
occupy.
8o
oc-curro,
3, -cCicurrl
VOCABULARY
or -ciini,
pabtQ-ura,
(for
-I,
n.
forage,
food
v. a.
-cursiim, V. n. to ituci.
tiic
cattle).
Oc6a.n-iis,
-atum,
vmke
peaccpul, to conqiiei
subdue.
0Ct6, imlc'cl.
oflffero,
num.
adj. eight.
offerre, obtuli,
oblatum,
v.
o-mitto.
3,
-misi,
-missum,
-orum, m. pi. the Pacinani, a German tribe. paenS, adv. almost. p3,l-Qs, -fidis, f. a marsh, a
PaemS.ii-1,
pool.
a. to omit, to neglect.
omn-Is,
6n-iis,
-e,
pando,
par,
3,
pandl, passum, v. a.
adj. e(]ual.
-a,
-L-rTs,
6p6r-a, -ae,
tation.
work, activity.
f.
dplni-o, -onis,
opinion, expec-
pirit-tis,
-um
[part,
of
6port-6t, -ere, -liit, 2 inipers. v. // is necessary, it behoves. oppidan-ils, -um, adj. -a,
bcloni^ing to
paro], prepared. pars, partis, f. a part. partim, adv. partly. parvol-Cis, -a, -um, adj. small,
unimportant.
pass-tis, -us,
(
m. a
step,
a pace
oppld-um,
-i,
n.
Roman
feet),
see millia.
opportQn-us,
adj.
convenient, suitable.
oppugnati-6, -onTs, f. assault, Vict hod of assaulting. oppugn-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i
V. a. to assault.
tum, 3 V. a. to thro'tu opeit. pat-eo, -ere, -iii, 2 v. n. to lie open, to extend. pat-6r, -ris, xn. father. patidr, pati. passCis sum, 3 v. a.
to suffer, to alloiu.
[ops], npis,
po'ii'cr.
f.
help
6p-es, -um,
adj.
adj. ances-
optim-tis,
best.
-um, sup.
-work:
tral.
dp-ils, -eris,
n.
magno
6pSr6, 6p6r6,
6pils
little
ord-6, -inis, m. order, a j-ank. btibT, 4, ortus sum, dep. v. n. [but with some forms of oreris, oritur, 3rd conj.
orerer, drtturfis\
to
rise,
to
paulo. adv. by a little, a little. paidiilum, adv. a little, slightly. paulum, adv. a little. pax, pacis, f. peace. p6des-t6r, -tris, -tre, adj. of toot soldiers, of infantry. P6di-us, -i, m. Q. Pedius, one
of Caesar's legates, and his nephew or grand-nephew, pell-is, -is, f. a hide, a skin. pello, 3, pepidi, pulsum, v. a.
to
drive, to repulse.
-ferr6,
-tull,
per-f6ro,
latum,
VOCABULARY
irreg. v. a. to
8i
carry
to cou-
vey.
to waste, to devastate.
-i,
V. a.
to test.
and
-i,
n. to try, to
p6pill-US,
m. a people.
porrecporrexi, to stretch out.
put
porrigo,
n. danger. tuni,
V.
3,
a.
p6rlctil-um,
3, -misl, -missum, permit, to commit. per-m6vfio, 2, -movl, -motum, V. a. to move, to affect. per-spicio, 3, -spexl, -spectum, V. a. to see through, to see
per-mitto,
V. a.
to
port-a, -ae, f. a gate ; see dgcilniana. v. port-o, -are, -avi, -atum, a. to carry. posco, 3, poposci, V. a. to
i
demand.
pos-sidSo, 2, -sedi, -sessum, v.
a. to possess.
clearly.
possum, posse,
n. to be able.
potui, irreg. v.
postquam,
conj.
when,
after.
demand.
V. a. to disturb,
to disorder,
to agitate.
per-v6nio,
V.
4,
-veni,
-ventum,
pot-ens, -entis, adj. poiverful, able; p6tenti-6r, -oris, more potentissimiis, poiverfil ;
//tost
n. to arrive.
poiverful.
p6t-0, -ere,
-ivi
or
11,
-itum, 3
V. a. to seek, to
make for.
pn-um,
-i,
n.
a pilum. a thick
p6test-as, -atis, f. power. potiSr, 4, potitus sum, dep. v. a. to get possession of. potiiis, adv. rather. prae, prep, [abl.] in compartso/i with, before.
praeacflt-iis,
-a,
javelin used
by the Romans,
f.
-um,
adj.
v. a.
planiti-es,
-ei,
a plain, fiat
ground.
pler-Ique, -aeque, -aque (the singular plerusque, -aque, -umque is rarely found), adj most, most people. plenimqu6, adv. generally.
.
afford.
plilrim-tis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
veiy
praec-eps, -ipitis, adj. headlo/ig. hurried. praed-6r, -ari, -atus sum, i dep. v. a. and n. to plunder. prae-fero, -ferre, -tidi, -latum,
irreg. v. a. to prefer, to
many, most.
pollic66r,
2,
put
-fec-
poUicitus
sum,
before.
prae-ficio,
-flfcere,
-feci,
tum,
v.
a.
to
put
in
pono,
to
3,
posfii,
positum,
\. a.
CO /n //land.
pitch a cavip.
B.
G.
II.
82
VOCABULARY
pr6gn3.t-ii8,
-a,
-um,
a<lj.
spnaii; from. pr6-gr6dI6r, 3, -gressiis sum, dep. V. n. to advance. pr6hlb-6o, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2 V. a. to prevent, to keep roni, J
to protect.
prae-sum,
side.
v.
n. to be at the
head
in.
of, to
pre-
pr6-m6v6o,
-i,
prtmipn-iis,
a centurion of the jirst rank, one who led the f\rsi pilns or century in a cohort. prlm5, adv. at first, in the
first place.
\.
a. to
to hasten.
-talis,
f.
prdpinqui-tas,
pr6pinqu-ii8,
-a,
near-
ness, relationship.
primum,
prlm-tis,
J/rst
:
pro-pono,
V.
a.
3, -posui,
prlml, the chief men ; prima luc6, at daybreak. princ-eps, -ipis, m. a prince, a chief. prius, gen. prioris, pri6r,
to
put forward,
display.
com p.
adj. foruier.
-a,
pristin-iis,
propugn-o,
I
-are,
cient, J'ormer.
v.
n.
to
resist in battle.
priusquam, adv.
before, sooner
pro-s6qu6r, dep. v. a.
3,
m.
vie'w, out-
proturb-o,
1
-are,
to
-avi,
-atum,
a.
proeli-um,
-1,
n. battle.
verned by a
trate.
Roman
Magis-
(Up.
V.
V.
n.
to set out.
proflig-o,
a.
-ar^, -avi,
-atuni,
to
put
3,
to Jlight.
pro-ftlgio,
V.
-fugi,
-fugitum,
pr6v61-o, -ar6, -avi, -atum, i V. n. to dart fonvard. proxlme, adv. last, next, most
recently.
n.
to fly.
3,
pr6-gigno,
-genui, -g^nitum,
proxim-ils,
adj. tiext,
-a,
-um, super!.
V. a. to beget.
nearest.
VOCABULARY
prtldenti-S,. -ae,
pii-6r, -cii, in.
(7 f.
^3
who?
prudeticc.
hoy, a child.
pugn-a, pugn-0,
V. n.
-ae,
quisquam,
i
quaequam,
cpiid-
to fight.
quisqu6,
Q.
for
quaeque,
quidque,
each.
Qiiintiis,
Roman
gen.
ciiiusque,
pron.
adj.
quivis,
quaevis,
pi'on.
quidvis,
in-
quidringent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj. four hundred. quaero, 3, quaesivl, quaesituni,
V. a.
def
any you
to
please,
ivhither,
which
to seek,
to ask.
quant-tis, -a, -um, adj. how great. quart-tis, -a, -um, ord. num. adj fourth quatt\16r,indecl. num. adj./o//r. conj. and. qu6, qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. pion. who : also interr. ad). 7vho ! -what ?
.
ram-tls, -i, m. a branch. ratl-6, -onis, f. reasoning, calculation ; method. rfi-cipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3 V. a. to receive; se
to r6cipre, to go back 3, 5 recover 13, 1. red-do, 5, -didi, -ditum, v. a. to render, to give back. r6d-o, -Ire, -ivi or -li, -itum, irreg. v. n. to return, to slope
;
do- on 9, 13.
r6d-IgO,
to
3,
-egi,
-actum,
v. a.
reduce, to make.
rSdintSgr-o, -are, -avI, -atum, \ a. A; renew, to restore. Redon-es, -um, m. the Redones, a tribe of western Gaul.
I
r6-dtlco,
v.
a.
3,
-duxi,
-fregi,
-ductum,
-fractum,
to
lead back.
3,
adj.
adj.
r6-fringo,
V.
a.
to brea/i
f.
down.
a kingdom. -iectum,
-langui,
in-
-a.
num.
r6gi-0, -5nis,
region, district.
-ieci,
regn-um,
i.idecl.
-i,
n.
quinquaginta,
adj. A7?j'.
num.
re-icio,
3
v.
-icere.
a.
to
hurl back.
3,
re-languesco,
cept. V. n.
to
languish,
to
grow
V.
a.
effeminate.
r6-linquo,
thins'.
84
rfillqu-um,
o//iis.<io>i.
-i,
VUC.\i;ULARV
n.
icinaiiiJcr,
adj.
nllill
riib-iis,
-i,
rtlm-fir,
a,
-5ri.s,
m. a bramble. m. rumour,
a rock.
r61iqii-us.
-uni,
left,
rfi-
report.
/I'liaiiiiit'^,
res/:
rdp-es,
-is, f.
undone
tribe
27, 19.
RSm-I, -orum,
r.i. the Remi, a near of Belgic Gaul mod. Rheinis. rfi-mitto, 3, -misl, -missum, V. a. to relax ; to hurl back
;
S&bln-UB,
sab-Is,
-i,
-is,
Saiiibre).
s3,gittarl-tis,
m. a bowman,
an archer.
sil-fls, -litis,
f.
28, 8.
safety.
Rem-tls,
J\,/iii.
-1,
m.
one
of the
1
saxcin-,, -ae,
r6nunti-o, -ar6, -avi, -atiim, V. a. to atmounce, to carry back word of rfe-pello, 3, -piill, -pulsum, v. a. to drive buck, to repel. repentino, adv. suddenly. reperrepperi, r6p6rio, 4,
knowledge,
scriptum,
scientific instruction.
scrlbo,
V.
a.
3,
scripsi,
to write.
-i.
tum,
cover.
V.
a.
to
find,
to
dis-
sctlt-uin,
n.
a shield.
res,
rel,
f.
res mllitarls, luar, tactics; res frtlmentaria, the corn supply. r5-sisto, 3, -sliti, -stitum, v. n. to standfirm against, to resist. -spexi, re-spicio, -spicere,
-sjiccluni,
secti-6, -onis,
f. confiscated properly, booty. secundum, prep, [ace] along. s6cund-iig, -a, -um, adj. (1) second. (2) piosf'erous, suc-
V.
a.
and
n.
to look back, to regard. r6-tIn6o, 2, -tinuT, -tenluni, v. a. to retain. r6-verto, -verti, -versum, 3 v. a. antl n. to turn back, to return. r6-vertor, 3, -versus sum, dep.
V. n. to retu7-n.
sScundidr, more cessful; successful. s6nat-6r, -5ris, m. a senator. s6nat-ils, -us, m. a senate.
Senon-es, -ium, m.
pi. the Senones, a tribe of Gauls living near the Seine. Their name
modern Sens.
f.
opinion,
v.
sent
is. -is,
-is,
sep-es,
king.
the Rhine.
rex, regis,
Rhen-us,
rip-a. -ae,
-i,
m. a m.
f.
septem,
sc7e)i.
indecl.
num.
adj.
Roman-iis,
-a,
man;
-I,
num.
Romans.
VOCABULARY
servit-Qs, -utTs,
sex, imlecl.
f.
85
f.
statGr-i, -ae,
str6pit-tis,
stature, height.
-its,
m.
noise, up-
num.
roar.
adj.
sexaginta,
sixly.
indecl.
num.
to.
sexcent-I, -ae, -a, -orum, mini. adj. six hiiiidred. P. Sex tins Sexti-ils, -1, m. Baiii/tis, a centurion.
SI,
n. desire, eager-
conj.
if,
whetlier.
so.
sic,
adv. thus,
signif-6r, -eri,
m. a standardf.
harer.
significati-6, -onis, nifoniuition.
V.
signal,
s&b, prep. [acc.andabl.]f/r;'tv-; oi Um(t,jlist before ; sub occasum soils, fust before sunset : sub vesp6rum, Just before evening. siib-60, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, irret^. v. n. to come up, to
cuter.
siibito, adv. suddenly.
to signify,
-i,
sign-um, nal, a
sub-mitto,
V. a. to
1,,
-misi.
to
-missum,
n.
send up,
send in
3 v.
a.
aid.
inferrfe, to
silv-a, -ae,
f.
sub-rtio,
to
-rCu, -riitum,
under/nine.
3,
silvestr-ls,
ei.yi\-red
adj.
woody,
time.
sub-sequ6r,
de]i. v.
-seciitus
sum,
with wood.
a. to
follow, to come
n.
;
same
behind.
aid,
help,
pi.
subsidia,
singular.
singdl-I, -ae, -a, num. adj. one each, each separate. sinis-t6r, -tra, -trum, adj. on
suc-cedo,
n. to
v.
come up,
to fire
to
the
left,
left-handed.
a.
from
beloiv, to
sol, soils,
m. sun.
-are, -avI,
sollicit-0,
-atum,
success-its,
-us,
m. a coming
V. a. to entice, to solicit.
sol-US,
-a,
-urn,
gen.
solius,
spati-um,
distance.
-i,
n. space, length,
up, a near approach. Siiession-es. -um, m. the Suessioncs, a Belgic tribe living near the modern Soissons.
sum,
summ-a,
place,
pSril,
23.
a spy. spes, spei, f. hope. spirit-is, us, m. spirit, pride. statim, adv. immediately.
statl-o, -5nis,
stat-ilo,
f.
24.
summ-iis, superus,
siimo,
3, to
-um, superl. of
hig/iest
;
adj.
a picket, out-utum, v.
a.
summo, from
v. a.
the top.
post, a watch.
3,
-ui,
and
n. to detertnine.
siip6r-i6r,
86
comp.
V()(
ABU LAKY
testfld-O,
Tnis,
f.
adj. higher, Jorincr, earlier 21, 8 ; sec summus. siip6r-o, -are, -avi, -alum, i
V.
vl.
tortoise,
the
to
overcome, to over-
power.
sCiper-s6d6o, 2, -sedl, -sessum, \. 11. /(' avoid, to decline. silper-suin, -esse, -fiii, irieg.
V. n. to sui-vive.
military formation in which a number of men in close order hel<l tiieir shields over their heads so as to form a kind of roof or penthouse. .Also to
name
j^iven
to
suppl-ex, -icis, adj. suppliant. 8upplicati-6, -onTs, f. a season of public prayer. sftpri, prep, [ace] a/'^itv; adv.
al'Oi'e, eai'lier, before.
wooden /'///<v/j-t' in which ram was worked. Teutdnga, -um, in. [and Teua
a battering
Teutones,
Germany.
sustent-0, -are, -avi, -atiim, i V. a. to hold up against, to sustain. sus-tineo, 2, -tiiiui, -tentuni, V. a. to hold up, to support, to endure, to check.
sii-iis, -a,
tim-60, -ere, -ul, 2 v. a. to fear. TltQri-us, -I, m. Q. Titurius .Sabinus, one of Caesar's
legates.
tonuent-um,
stones.
-1,
n.
an engine,
-um, possess,
reflex.
own.
conj. nevertheless.
-a,
tamSn,
a beam.
-ditum,
3, v. a.
tantill-ils,
-um,
adj.
so
tra-do,
to
3,
-didi,
hand over.
[trans-]
v. a. to
much,
adj.
to
tra-dflco,
-duxl,
an
-a,
extent, only.
-ducium,
so
lead across.
taut-tis,
-um,
great.
v.
a.
to cross,
to
go
across.
adj.
slo^v
trans-grfidior, -gressCis sum, 3 dep. V. a. /(' cross. transvers-tls, -a, -um, adj.
tres,
n.
a dart, a
missile.
v. a.
num.
temp-US,
tendo,
t6n6o,
a. to
-oris, n. time.
3, tetendi,
tensum,
tenlum,
to stretch. 2,
tenCii,
v.
hold.
t6n-6r, -era,
der,
young.
Trev6r-I, -orum, m.///(' Treveri, a Belgic tribe. tribOn-tls, -i. a tribune ; tlibQniis mHitvim, a military tribune, one of the six in superior officers each
legion.
terr-6r, -oris,
terti-ils,
-a,
m. fright,
-um, ord.
terror.
num.
adj.
third.
n.
a space
of
VOCABULARY
tiib-a, -ae,
f. <?
87
-um, adj. various,
-ium, m. pi. the a tribe of the
tniiiipct.
vari-iis, -a,
di/ferent.
m.
tumult,
Vel6cass-es,
I
elociisses,
m. a
/////.
Helgae.
Tilrdn-es, -uin, 111. ///^ Tiiroiics, u tribe on the Loire (Tours). tvirpittld-6, -inis, f. disgrace.
turr-is,
-is,
f.
ven-do,
3, -dtdi,
-ditum, v. a.
to sell.'
a tcnver.
safe.
tut-tis, -a,
-um, adj.
(Normandy).
V6nt-i, -orum, m. the Veneti, a people in western Gaul (Brittany).
vfinio,
to 4, veni, ventum, v. n. come; impers. ventum est, one has come, they have
-um, gen.
at the
-a,
uUiiis, (?j'.
tlna,
ad\-.
same time,
along -um,
vitli.
simitltaiieoiisly,
und6ciin-\is,
ord.
num.
a<lj.
elei'enth.
come.
verb-um,
v6r66r,
-I,
n.ariwd ; verba
make a
veritiis
fac6r6, to
2,
-a,
speech.
sum, dep.
-um, adj.
all,
V. a. to fear.
num.
2
V. n. to slope.
Veromandil-i,
the
-orum,
m.
pi.
Veromandui, a
tribe of
m.
tise,
advantage
experience 21, 7. conj. in order iiti, iit and that, so that ; adv. when, as ; ita acriter...iit, in the gallant way in which, as gallantly as, 33, 12. iiterqu6, utraque, iitrumque, gen. utriusque, adj. both.
tltOr,
3,
dep.
to
to
be
engaged
-eri,
in,
be in.
m.
the
-are,
vetiil,
vetitum,
to forbid.
-I,
vexill-um,
n.
a standard, a
iisus
sum, dep.
v. a.
fag.
vex-o, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to harass. vict-6r, -oris, m. a conqueror,
victorious.
vic-iis,
-i,
to use, to enjoy.
vacii-iis,
-a,
vacMs
of.
m. a
vidi,
village.
vad-um,
n.
vid6o,
see.
2,
visum,
f.
v.
a. to
-orum]. val-60, -ere, -ui, 2 v. n. to he strong, to avail. vall-um, -I, n. a stockade, the defence of a camp.
vigili-a,
-ae,
watch,
adj.
vlm-6n,
-inis, n.
tivig.
88
vInfi-S,,
sh:ii)o(l
ill
VOCAl'.UI.ARY
-ac,
f.
penthouse,
Vlt-O, -are,
to ai'oiii.
-fivl,
-atum,
v. a.
like tlie
frame used
Iraiiiiiig vines,
now
called
to
em-
vin-um,
vir, \nl,
-I,
n. ivijie.
7'irtue, 7>aIour.
m. a man.
f.
wound.
virt-tls, -utis,
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a kind of encyclopaedia in minimo. ...The amount of information gathered into seven hundred pages is a marvel. ...And, strange to say, the book is quite pleasant to read in spite of its innumerable facts. The printing is admirable and the volume is well The illustrated.... Mr Whibley is to be congratulated on his book. country can produce a body of scholars as careful as the Germans... and Guardian their judgment is notably sane."
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