Fallacies of Relevance fallacies in which premises are irrelevant to the conclusion Appeal to Emotion a fallacy in which the argument

ent relies on emotion rather than reason. Also known as Ad populum. Example: Appeal to Pity a fallacy in which the argument relies on generosity, altruism or mercy, rather than reason. Also known as Ad misericordiam. Example:

Argument from Ignorance a fallacy in which a proposition is held to be true just because it has not been proved false, or false just because it has not been proved true. Also known as Ad ignorantiam. Example: Appeal to Inappropriate Authority a fallacy in which a conclusion is based on the judgment of a supposed authority who has no legitimate claim to expertise in the matter. Also known as Ad verecundiam. Example:

Appeal to Force a fallacy in which the argument relies on the threat of force; the threat may be veiled. Also known as Ad baculum. Argument Against the Person A fallacy in which the argument relies on an attack against the person taking a position; an ad hominem attack can be abusive, or circumstantial Example:

False Cause a fallacy in which something that is not really a cause, is treated as a cause. Also known as Non causa pro causa. Example: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc after the thing, therefore because of the thing, a type of fallacy in which an event is presumed to have been caused by another event that came before it. Example:

Argument ad hominem, abusive an informal fallacy in which an attack is made on the character of an opponent rather than on the merits of the opponents position; guilty by association is a common form Example:

Slippery Slope a type of false cause fallacy in which change in a particular direction is assumed to lead inevitably to further disastrous, change in the same direction. Example:

Argument ad hominem, circumstantial is an attack made on the special circumstances of an opponent rather than on the merits of the opponents position; poisoning the well is a type of ad hominem that cuts off rational discourse Example:

Hasty Generalization a fallacy in which one moves carelessly from individual cases to generalization. Also known as converse accident. Example:

Irrelevant Conclusion a type of fallacy in which the premises support a different conclusion than the one that is proposed. (ignoratio elenchi) Example: Straw Man Fallacy a type of irrelevant conclusion fallacy in which the opponents position is misrepresented Example: Red Herring fallacy a type of irrelevant fallacy in which a distracting element is introduced to obscure an opponents position Example: Non Sequitor does not follow; often applied to fallacies of relevance, since the conclusion does not follow from the premises Example:

Fallacies of Presumption fallacies in which the conclusion depends on a tacit assumption that is dubious, unwarranted or false Fallacy of Accident a fallacy in which a generalization is wrongly applied to a particular case Example: Complex Question a fallacy in which a question is asked in way that presupposes the truth of some proposition buried within the question Example: Begging the Question a fallacy in which the conclusion is stated or assumed within one of the premises. Also known as petition principia or as a circular argument. Example: Fallacies of Ambiguity fallacies caused by a shift or confusion of meanings within an argument. Also known as sophisms. Fallacy of Equivocation a fallacy in which two or more meanings of a word or phrase are used in different parts of an argument Example:

Fallacies of Defective Induction fallacies in which the premises are too weak or ineffective to warrant the conclusion

Fallacy of Amphiboly a fallcy in which a loose or awkward combination of words can be interpreted more than one way; the argument contains a premise based on one interpretation while the conclusion relies on a different interpretation Example:

Fallacy of Accent - a fallacy in which a phrase is used to convey two different meanings within an argument, and the difference is based on changes in emphasis given to words within the phrase Example:

Fallacy of Composition a fallacy in which an interference is mistakenly drawn from the attributes of the parts of a whole, to the attributes of the whole Example:

Fallacy of Division - a fallacy in which a mistaken interference is drawn from the attributes of a whole to the attributes of the parts of the whole Example: