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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFGEOMATICSANDGEOSCIENCESVolume1,No1,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices
ResearchArticleISSN0976 4380
Application of RemoteSensing andGISforArtificialRechargeZonein Sivaganga District,Tamilnadu,India

Balachandar.D1, Alaguraja.P2,Sundaraj.P1, Rutharvelmurthy.K1, Kumaraswamy.k1
1.Departmentof Geography BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India 2.Departmentof GeologyBharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India

alagugeo@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Waterhas becomeascarceresourceall overthe world.Waterresources ofEarthcanbeclassifiedas surfacewaterand ground waterin which groundwateris the mainsource forthe domesticpurposeand agriculture. The study areaSivaganga district falls in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu, it comprises of majortownsuchasTirupattur,Karaikudi,Devakottaiandhaving30&34villagesrespectively. Thestudy 0 0 areacoversanareaof4378.7sq.km.ItfallsinbetweenNorthLatitudesof9 3015and10 3000and 0 0 east Longitudes of 78 10 15 and 79 00 00 Preparation of digital geological data from Geological survey of India (GSI) for the study area. Aim and objectives of the work is preparation of various thematicdatasuchasDrainage,Drainagedensity,Lineament,Lineamentdensity,Geomorphology,Land use and Land cover using Landsat data .Using Digital Image processing, the supervised, unsupervised Classification, band ratioing, filtering and NDVI Techniques for updating the above all thematic maps. AssigningWeightagestotheabovethematicmapsanditsclasses.Integrationofallabovethematicmaps basedontheWeightagesandIdentificationofselectionofsuitablesiteforartificialrechargetothestudy area.P 143 R 52 Date: 15052001, P 143R 53 Date: 15052001, Geological Data Satellite: TM and SRTM,SOFTWARE USED ArcGIS 9.3 version.ENVI: 4.3 version. The data sources like satellite and topographic dataand other secondary data were used for generation of various spatial parameters. The development and assessment of geology, geomorphology, natural resources need prcised maps. The specificpurposes maps areoftenreferredas thematic maps becausetheycontaininformationabout a singleobjectortheme,tomakethethematicdataeasytounderstand.Themaintaskofthecurrentstudy theprimaryandsecondarydataareassembledtogetherinGISplatform.Thespatialdataareassembledin digitalformatandproperlyregisteredtotakethespatialcomponentreferenced.Thenamelysenseddata providesmorereliableinformationonthedifferentthemes.Henceinthepresentstudyvariousthematic maps werepreparedbyvisualinterpretationofsatelliteimagery,SOITopsheet.Allthethematicmaps areprepared1:250,000,1:50,000scale.Forthestudyarea,artificialrechargesiteshadbeenidentifiedbased onthe numberofparametersloadedsuchas4,3,2,1&0parameters.Again,thestudyareawasclassifiedinto priorityI,II,IIIsuggested forartificialrechargesitesbasedonthe number ofparametersloadedusingGIS integration.ThesezonesarethencomparedwiththeLanduseandLandcovermapforthefurtheradoptingthe suitabletechniqueintheparticularartificialrechargezones.
Keywords:Geology Map,LanduseandLandcover, parametersloadedusingGISintegration 1.Introduction Waterhasbecomeascarceresourceallovertheworld.WaterresourcesofEarthcanbe classifiedassurfacewaterandgroundwater.Thetotalvolumeofgroundwaterisonly0.65%of thetotalwateravailabilityoftheglobe.Groundwateristhemainsourceforthedomesticpurpose 84
andagriculture.Hence,thegroundwateristhepreciousresources,inordertoensureasensible use of groundwater the proper evaluation and management is required. The phenomenal populationexplosionandtheresultantneedscouldnotbesatisfiedwithavailablesurfacewater resources. Further, due to various anthropogenic activities, the surface water resources too substantially stand prone for pollution. Hence, the man has started mining the groundwater massively,suchmassiveminingofgroundwaterhasleadtothedrasticdeclineofwatertablethe Worldover.Further,thecontaminationofthecontinentalaquifersduetoIndustrialanddomestic pollution, Depletion induced quality deterioration, Over pumping triggered salt water intrusion alongthecoastalaquifersetc.,hascausedseriousinadequaciesingroundwaterresourcestoo. Hence the Geoscientists, the World over, have started studying the anatomy, morphology, functions,performanceetcofthegroundwaterreservoirs. 1.1StudyArea ThestudyareaSivagangadistrictfalls intheSouthernpartofTamilNadu,itcomprises of major town such as Tirupattur, Karaikudi, Devakottai and having 30 & 34 villages respectively.Thestudyareacoversanareaof4378.7sq.km.ItfallsinbetweenNorthLatitudesof 0 0 0 0 9 3015and10 3000andeastLongitudesof78 1015and79 0000andcoveringthe topographicsheetno.58J7,J8,J11,J12,J16,O1,K1,K5,K6,K9,K10,K13,K14.
Figure1:Imageshowingstudyarealocation
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FCC IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA
Figure2:Imageshowingstudyareasatelliteimage 1.3Aim andObjectives Theforemostaimandobjectivesofthecurrentstudy istopreparedifferentthematic dataforSivagangadistrictofTamilNaduusingtheRemoteSensingandGIStechniques PreparationofdigitalgeologicaldatafromGeologicalsurveyofIndia(GSI)forthestudy area. Preparation of various thematic data such as Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament, Lineamentdensity,Geomorphology LanduseandLandcoverusingLandsatdata 2. Methodology Forthestudythefollowingprimaryandsecondarydatahasbeencollected: SurveyofIndiatopographicdatafrom58J7,J8,J11,J12,J16,O1,K1,K5,K6,K9,K10,K13, K14on1:50,000scale.ETM(EnhancedThematicMapper)dataP143R52Date:15052001,P 143R53Date:15052001,GeologicalDataSatellite:ETMandSRTM,SOFTWAREUSED ArcGIS9.3version..ENVI:4.3version.Thedatasourceslikesatelliteandtopographicdataand other secondary data were used for generation of various spatial parameters. The development andassessmentofgeology,geomorphology,naturalresourcesneedprcisedmaps.Thespecific purposes mapsareoftenreferredas thematic maps becausetheycontain informationabouta 86
single object or theme, to make the thematic data easy to understand. The main task of the currentstudytheprimaryandsecondarydataareassembledtogetherinGISplatform.Thespatial data are assembled in digital format and properly registered to take the spatial component referenced.Thenamelysenseddataprovidesmorereliableinformationonthedifferentthemes. Hence in the present study various thematic maps were prepared by visual interpretation of satelliteimagery,SOITopsheet.Allthethematicmapsareprepared1:250,000,1:50,000scale. 2.1Drainageanddrainagedensitymap The drainage map was prepared from the satellite images with inputs from the topographicalmap.Adrainagemapwasdigitizedon1:10,000scales.ThedrainageDensitymap waspreparedinArcMAP,whichwasfinallyclassifiedintodifferentclassesvaryingfromvery low to very high density. The zones of high drainage density will have poor groundwater prospects and gradually the zones of lower and lower drainage density zones will have better groundwaterprospects. Thedrainagedensitymapisshowninfigure3below
Figure3:Drainagedensitymap
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Figure4:Drainagemap
2.2Lineamentand LineamentDensityMap Lineaments arethe linear, rectilinear, curvilinear featuresof tectonic origin observed in satellite data. These lineaments normally show tonal, textural, soil tonal, relief, drainage and vegetationlinearityandcurvilineritiesinsatellitedata.Alltheselinearfeatureswereinterpreted fromthesatellitedataandthelineamentmappreparedforSivagangadistrict.Lineamentsareany linearfeaturesthatcanbepickedoutaslines(appearingassuchorevidentbecauseofcontrasts in terrain or ground cover on either side) in aerial or space imagery. In geological these are usually faults, joints,orboundaries between stratigraphic formations.Lineamentsanythingthat showedasaroughlystraightlieinanimagewassuspectedtobegeologicalstructure.Mostof these lineaments were attributed either to faults or to fracture systems that were controlled by joints(fractureswithoutrelativeoffsets).LineamentsarewellknownphenomenaintheEarths crustRocksexposedassurfacesorinroadcutsorstreamoutcropstypicallyshow innumerable fracturesindifferentorientations,commonlyspacedfractionsofametertoafewmetersapart. These lineaments tend to disappear locally as individual structures, but fracture trends persist.Theorientationsareoftensystematic meaning,thatinaregion, jointplanes may lie in spatialpositionshavingseverallimiteddirectionsrelativetonorthandtohorizontal.According to Ramsamy et.al (1986) lineament is defined as long linear or curvilinear features which are structurally tectonically controlled and can be seen only through aerial photographs or satellite imageries.Thelineamentsaredetectedonimagesbytakingintoconsiderationbyvariousterrain characteristics like drainage association straight these in stream, valleys, vegetation, tone differences are typical geomorphic expressions of lineaments. In the study area most of the 88
lineaments are showing NNWSSE, direction. From the lineament data the density was drawn andthelineamentdensitymapwaspreparedandcategorizedintohigh,lowandmedium.
Figure5:Lineamentdensitymap 2.3GeologyMap Thegeologymapwaspreparedbyusingalreadyexistinggeologicaldatacollectedfrom thegeologicalsurveyofIndiamap(theresourcemapofTamilNadu)withthescaleof1:250000. Themostoftheareaisoccupiedbysandstone,clay,andfluvialsediments. Period Quaternary Tertiary Archean Age Holocene to Recent Mio pliocene Precambrian Lithogroup Lithology Alluvium,Colluvi Fluvial and Fluvial marine um sediments Sandstone Calcareoussandstone,Clay, BoulderbedLaterite Crystalline Charnockite, GarnetSilliminate complex Graphite Gneiss, Garnetiferrous Feldspathic Gneiss, Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, Calc Granulite, Pulankurichchi Granite, Kottampatti Granulite, Quartzite,PurpleConglomerate.
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2.3.1SubsurfaceGeology Ingeneralsubsurfaceofhardrockterrainiscomposedoftopsoilfollowedbyweatheredzone,fractured zone and DBR. The present study area maximum top soil thickness is 7 meter (source Groundwater P.W.D).Thethicknessweatheredzonerangingbetween0.5to55meters.
Figure6:Lineamentmap
Figure7:Geologymap
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2.4GeomorphologyMap The major part of the study area composed of crystalline rock. Groundwater mainly occurs in the colluvium cover and especially secondary pore spaces created by the jointing, fracturing, fissuring and weakening of rocks. Groundwater potentiality is very promising in alluvialareas.Geomorphologicallythestudyareahasspecialcredentialowingtotheoccurrence of multiple landforms. Based on the photo recognition techniques study area geomorphology map haspreparedon1:50000scaleusingLandsatsatellitedata.Thefollowinggeomorphic features such as structural hill, erosional plateau, shallow pediment, medium pediment, deep pediment,bazada,delta,upland,floodplainandinterlobal.
Figure8:Geomorphologymap 2.4.1 StructuralHills Thestructuralhillscontrolledwithcomplexfolding,faulting,crisscrossedbynumerousjoints/ fractures,whichfacilitatesomeinfiltrationandmostlyactasrunoffzones.Thenorthernpartof thestudyareaoccupiedbyintricatelyfoldedcharnokitesandgneissandfringesoftheareahave developedconspicuousslopesencirclingthem. 2.4.2 ValleyFills Normally the valleys found in denudostructural hill provinces will neither be having a preferredshapenorshapelessarchitecture.Howeverthevalleysactasactivebasinortroughto receive the eroded sediments, diving down the slope such as the valley fill having the
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unconsolidated materials, which can store morewater and support lotof vegetation. Since this valleysarefoundallalongthefoothilltheyappearedinthesatelliteimageryasreddishtonedue tothe presence of vegetation in an irregular pattern. The stream which originates from the hill ranges,onreaching narrowvalleys, becauseofthesuddenobstructioncausedbythevalleys, it dumpsthesedimentsinvalleysandthuscausestheformationofcolluvialfills.Whentherivers flowdownthefoothills,theybringtheslopewashmaterialsanddumpthemalongtheircourses. Thusthecolluvialfills,comprisesmallpebbles,gravels,rockfragmentsandsand.Colluvialfills are found all along the hill ranges. These can be identified on satellite imagery by its red tone andtexture.Theredtoneisduetohighmoisturecontentandvegetation 2.4.3 Pediments Pedimentsaretheruggedsurfaceoftheplainwhichnormallysupportvegetationbutthe fracturepresentwillsupportthewaterdeposition.Basedonthethicknessofthesoil,pediments canbeclassifiedintothreetypesnamely, i)Rockypediment,ii)Shallowpediment,iii)Moderateiv)PedimentDeeppediment. 2.4.4 RockyPediment Rock Cut materials on the plain surface are called pediment. It is also called ROCKYPEDIMENT 2.4.5 ShallowPediment If soil is developed up to 15 cm we cancall shallow pediment. Pediment at shallow depthwhichshowmediumgreytoneandmediumtextureinthesatelliteFCCimagery. 2.4.6 ModeratePediment The thickness of top layer (weathered zone) is more than that of shallow pediment. Pediment at medium depth which show greenish red tone and irregular/regular texture in the satelliteFCCimagery. 2.4.7 DeepPediment Pediments at deep depth show dark red to dark green tone and smooth texture in the satelliteFCCimagery.Thedeeppedimentsarefavorableforvegetationgrowth.Thisismainly formed de to high weathering and highly favorable climatic conditions. The thickness of weatheredzonevariesfrom1620mandfavorsagoodamountofwatertocirculatewithinthis zonebeforereachingthedeepfracturezone.Inthestudyarea,rockypedimentsarecoveringthe vastareaofthesouthernpart. 2.5LandUse/LandCover Thelanduselandcoverstudyareahasbeenattemptedinordertoidentifyandmapthevarious types of land use/land cover classes in the area by visual interpretation. The classification 92
system was developed by Remote sensing Agency (NRSA 1990), Land use refers to man s activitiesandvarioususewhicharecarriedonlandLandcoverreferstoNaturalvegetation, Waterbodies,rock/soil,artificialcoverandotherresultedduetolandtransformation.Landuse classification of the specified area using remotely sensed data. In the present study land use/land cover map has been prepared on 1:50,000 scales using ETM data. Land use map was prepared from satellite data using the photo recognition elements such as Tone, Texture, Drainage, Structural fabric and Relief found in the image and comparing it with topographic sheet.Itwasfurtherconfirmedbylimitedfieldcheck ThefollowingarethedifferentLanduse/LandcoverclassesofthestudyareaBuiltup land (town, village), crop land, dry crop land, fallow land, plantation, dense forest, fair dense forest,forestblank,scrubforest,openforest,teaplantation,landwithscrub,landwithoutscrub, barrenrock,sheetrock,mining,reservoir,river,tank. 2.6CropLand Crop lands occur on varieties of terrain, often association with terrain pattern such as river plains. The Tonal contrast of crop land varies from bright red to red depends upon the healthyofthecrop.Inthepresentstudyarea,croplandsarefoundinthesoutherncornerofthe imagery.ItcanbeeitherKhraiforRabiorKhraif+Rabicrops.Inthestudyareasomeplacesdry crop lands demarcated based on the tonal variation. The area under agricultural tree crops, plantedadoptingcertainagriculturalmanagementtechniques.Thisincludestea,coffee,coconut, eucalyptus,etc.,inthestudyareatheseplantationsarefoundallovertheimagery.Itisidentifies bydarkredtoneanditspeculiarsquarepattern. 2.7LandwithScrub Scrublandoccursmostlyontheuplandsandalsoterrainwithvaryinglithologyandlandformsin associationwithfoothillorpiedmontslope,uplandsandplainswithgentletomoderateslopes, uplandsandplainswithculturallands.Insatelliteimagery,itappearsaslightyellowtogreenish blue tone. Land with scrubs is sparsely distributed in the northern part of the imagery. Its showingirregularshapeandsmoothtextureinthesatelliteimagery.
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Figure9:Landuse/Landcovermap 2.8LandwithoutScrub They occupy relatively higher ground without scrub. These lands indicate high erosive nature. Theseareerodedlandsandexcludehillyandmountainousterrain.Itisidentifiedbyitspeculiar whitetolightbluishtone,irregularshape,sizeandscatterednature. 2.9Reservoir/Tank/Canal These are natural or man made enclosed water body with a regular flow of water. Reservoirsarelargerthantanks/lakesareusedforgeneratingelectricity,irrigationandforflood control.Tanksaresmaller inaerialextentwith limitedusethanthe former.Canalsare inland waterwaysusedforirrigationandsometimesfornavigation. 2.10River/Streams Itisnaturallyformedandregularflowofwaterinparticulardirectionbasedontheslope andstructuresitincludessmallstreamtoabigriveranditsbranches,itmaybeperennialornon perennial.
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Figure10:IdentificationofArtificialRechargeZonemap 3.ResultandConclusion Thegroundwaterconditionsinhardrockterrainaremultivariateduetotheheterogeneous natureoftheaquiferowingtothevaryingcomposition,compactionanddensityofweathering. ThestudyareacomprisesthePrecambriansequenceofQuartzite,charnockiteandvariousgneisses. TheserocktypesarefoldedtosomeextendwiththeiraxisdisposedinNNESSWtoENEtoWSW directionandthedipoffoliationrangesfrom50to70intothedirection.ThetrenddirectionisN Sinitscourse,itisnothavinganymajorstructuraldisturbanceandbecauseofhighdipamountof water flows very steeply. So the water level fluctuation varies from 80 to 120m.Groundwater managementoftheareaisessentiallylargevolumeofdatafromvarioussources. The identification of artificial recharge sites are interdependent on various parameters like geomorphology,lithology,lineamentdensity,slope,soil,etc. ByusingRemotesensingtechnology, thematic data has been integrated for evaluation of groundwater potential zones for the study area. For the study area, artificial recharge sites had been identified based on the number of parametersloadedsuchas4,3,2,1&0parameters.Again,thestudyareawasclassifiedintopriority I,II,IIIsuggestedforartificialrechargesitesbasedonthenumberofparametersloadedusingGIS integration. These zones are then compared withthe Landuse and Landcover map for the further adoptingthesuitabletechniqueintheparticularartificialrechargezones.
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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFGEOMATICSANDGEOSCIENCESVolume1,No1,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices

Application of RemoteSensing andGISforArtificialRechargeZonein Sivaganga District,Tamilnadu,India

1.Departmentof Geography BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India 2.Departmentof GeologyBharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India

FCC IMAGE OF THE STUDY AREA

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