CE 152 Lecture Notes 3 - Biological Treatment

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1
CE 152 CE 152
SANITARY ENGINEERING II
Lecture 3 Biological Treatment
Dr. Eliseo V. Ana, Jr.
CE Department CE Department
2
nd
Semester, 2010-2011
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Objectives:
To coagulate & remove nonsettleable colloidal To coagulate & remove nonsettleable colloidal
solids & to stabilize organic matter.
In domestic WW treatment:
To reduce organic content & nutrients (e.g. N, P)
To remove toxic organic compounds
For industrial WW treatment: For industrial WW treatment:
To remove or reduce concentration of organic & inorganic
compounds (toxic to microorganisms)
2
Role of microorganisms
Removal of carbonaceous BOD, coagulation of Removal of carbonaceous BOD, coagulation of
nonsettleable solids & stabilization of organic
matter are accomplished biologically using a
variety of microorganisms (esp. bacteria)
Microorganisms convert organic matter into Microorganisms convert organic matter into
various gases & cell tissue
Cell tissue specific gravity > water gravity settling
3
Microbial metabolism
Nutrient requirements Nutrient requirements
Organisms must haves:
Source of energy
Carbon for synthesis of new cellular material
Inorganic elements (nutrients) N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg
Organic nutrients (growth factors) may also be required
Carbon & energy sources: substrates
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Carbon & energy sources Carbon & energy sources
2 sources: organic matter & carbon dioxide
Types of organisms based on carbon source:
Heterotrophs: organisms that use organic carbon for cell formation
(e.g. most bacteria, fungi, protozoa)
Autotrophs: organisms that derive carbon from carbon dioxide
(nitrifying bacteria)
Conversion of CO
2
to organic cell tissue is reductive process
requiring net input of energy autotrophs lower growth rate
2 sources of energy: light & chemical oxidation reaction
Types of organisms based on source of energy:
Phototrophs: organisms that use light as energy source
Chemotrophs: organisms that derive energy from chemical reactions
5
Nutrient & growth factors Nutrient & growth factors
Inorganic nutrients: N, S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, Cl
Could be limiting for microbial cell synthesis & growth
Organic nutrients (growth factors): amino acids, purines Organic nutrients (growth factors): amino acids, purines
& pyramidines, vitamins
6
Microbial nutrition & bio treatment Microbial nutrition & bio treatment
Chemoheterotrophic bacteria: important in reducing
organic content (carbonaceous BOD) in WW
Chemoautotrophic bacteria: important in converting Chemoautotrophic bacteria: important in converting
ammonia to nitrate
7
Types of microbial metabolism Types of microbial metabolism
Chemoheterotrophic bacteria can be grouped according to
metabolic type & molecular O
2
reqts:
Obligately aerobic: organisms that are dependent on aerobic respiration
to meet their energetic needs & can only exist when there is supply of
molecular oxygen
Obligately anaerobic: organisms that generate energy by fermentation &
can only exist in environment devoid of oxygen can only exist in environment devoid of oxygen
Facultative anaerobes: organisms with the ability to grow in either the
presence or absence of molecular oxygen
Fermentation is less-efficient energy yielding process
fermentative organisms are characterized by lower growth rates
8
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Important microorganisms
Bacteria Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa & rotifers
Algae
9
Bacteria Bacteria
Single-celled procaryotic organisms
Reproduction: binary fission, sexually, budding
Forms: spherical, cylindrical, helical
Cell composition: 80% water, 20% dry material (organic
& inorganic)
Environmental reqts: temperature & pH Environmental reqts: temperature & pH
Optimal growth occurs at narrow range
pH: 6.5-7.5
Increase in temp increase in growth
10
11
Fungi Fungi
Multicellular, non-photosynthetic, heterotrophic
protists
Reproduction: sexually, asexually, fission, budding,
spore formation
Strict aerobes
Have ability to grow under low-moisture conditions & Have ability to grow under low-moisture conditions &
low pH (optimum: 5.6)
Low N demand
Important in industrial waste treatment
12
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Protozoa Protozoa
Motile, microscopic, single-celled protists
Majority are aerobic heterotrophs; few anaerobic
Larger than bacteria & consume bacteria as energy source
Acts as polishers of effluents from biological waste-treatment by
consuming bacteria & particulate matters
Rotifer
Aerobic, heterotrophic, multicellular Aerobic, heterotrophic, multicellular
Effective in consuming dispersed & flocculated bacteria & small
particles of organic matter
Presence indicative of a highly efficient biological purification
process
13
Bacterial growth
Growth patterns Growth patterns
14
Bacterial growth
Growth patterns Growth patterns
Lag phase time reqd for organisms to acclimate to new
environment
Log-growth phase cells divide at a rate determined by their
generation time & ability to process food
Stationary phase population remains stationary: no more Stationary phase population remains stationary: no more
substrate or nutrients for growth; growth of new cells offset by
death of old cells
Log-death phase death rate exceeds production of new cells
15
Bacterial growth
Growth in mixed cultures Growth in mixed cultures
Most biological treatment processes are comprised of
complex, interrelated, mixed biological populations
Each with own growth curve
Growth curve dependent on:
Food & nutrients
Temperature
pH
Aerobic or anaerobic
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17
Biological treatment processes
Trickling filters Trickling filters
Activated sludge
Oxidation ponds (lagoons)
Rotating biological contactors
18
Trickling filters
19
Trickling filters
Process description: Process description:
Consist of a bed of highly permeable medium (stone, plastic) to which
microorganisms are attached & through which WW is percolated or
trickled (by a rotating arm)
Organic material in WW is degraded by microorganisms attached to
filter media
Organic material adsorbed onto biological film/slime layer
As slime layer increases in thickness, adsorbed matter is metabolized before it
reaches near the media face inner microbes lose ability to cling to media
surface sloughing (washing off of slime layer) surface sloughing (washing off of slime layer)
Flow from filter is passed through a sedimentation basin to allow
solids (washed off slime) to settle out
Recirculation return of a portion of effluent to flow through filter
To dilute the strength of the incoming WW & to maintain the slime layer in a
moist condition
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21
Trickling filter
Filter media: Filter media:
Rock or slag (25-100 mm dia), plastic packing materials
(round, square shapes)
Depth of filter: 0.9 to 2.5 m (rock); 4 to 12 m (plastic)
Diameter: up to 60 m (rock)
22
Trickling filter
Slime layer Slime layer
Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans
Outer layer (0.1 to 0.2 mm) aerobic microorganisms
Inner layer near surface media: anaerobic
microorganisms
23
Trickling filters (2-stage)
24
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25
Design
Efficiency of filters (single-stage or 1
st
filter) Efficiency of filters (single-stage or 1
st
filter)
Based on National Research Council (NRC)
5 . 0 1
12 . 4 1
1
|
\
|
+
=
VF
QC
E
in
/s m flowrate, r wastewate
ion sedimentat & ion recirculat including C, 20 at stage 1st for removal BOD of fraction
3
5 1
Q
E

26
factor ion recirculat
m media, filter of volume
mg/L , BOD influent
3
5
3
F
V
C
Q
in
2
) 1 . 0 1 (
1
R
R
F
+
+
=
/s m flowrate, ion recirculat
ratio ion recirculat
3
3
=
Q
Q
/Q Q R
r
r
Design
Efficiency of filters (second stage filter) Efficiency of filters (second stage filter)
5 . 0
1
2
1
12 . 4
1
1
|
\
|
+
=
VF
QC
E
E
e
stage 1st for removal BOD of fraction
% ion, sedimentat & ion recirculat including C, 20 at filter stage 2nd for removal BOD of fraction
5 1
5 2
E
E

Effect of temperature
27
mg/L stage, 1st from BOD effluent
stage 1st for removal BOD of fraction
5
5 1
e
C
E
1.035 ;
) 20 (
20
= =

T
T
E E
EXAMPLE
Using the NRC equations, determine the BOD
5
of the effluent from a single-stage, low-rate of the effluent from a single-stage, low-rate
trickling filter that has a volume of 1,443 m
3
, a
hydraulic loading of 1,900 m
3
/d, and a
recirculation factor of 2.78. The influent BOD
5
is 150 mg/L.
28
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SOLUTION
Given: single-stage, low-rate trickling filter volume: 1,443 m
3
hydraulic loading: 1,900 m
3
/d
recirculation factor: 2.78 recirculation factor: 2.78
influent BOD
5
is 150 mg/L.
Reqd: using the NRC equations, determine the BOD
5
of the effluent
Soln:
- Convert hydraulic loading rate to m
3
/s
3 3
1
(1, 900 / ) 0.022 /
86, 400 /
Q m d m s
s d
| |
= =
|
\
- Efficiency of single-stage filter
- BOD
5
of the effluent
29
86, 400 / s d
\
( )( )
( )( )
1 0.5
1
0.894
0.022 150
1 4.12
1.443 2.78
E = =
| |
+ |
\
( )( ) 1 0.894 150 15.8 /
e
C mg L = =
Design
Time of contact (Schulze) Time of contact (Schulze)
n
A Q
CD
t
) / (
=
media filter on based constant empirical
m applied, is tewater which was of area filter
/d m rate, loading hydraulic
m depth, filter
1 e unit volum per film active mean
d me, contact ti
2
3
n
A
Q
D
C
t
Efficiency (based on Schulze & Velz):
30
( )
|
|
\
|
=
n
t
A Q
KD
S
S
/
exp
0
/m (m/d) constant, empirical
mg/L , BOD inluent
mg/L , BOD effluent
n
5 0
5
K
S
S
t
EXAMPLE
Determine the BOD
5
of the effluent from a
low-rate trickling filter that has a diameter of low-rate trickling filter that has a diameter of
35.0 m and a depth of 1.5 m if the hydraulic
loading is 1,900 m
3
/d and the influent BOD
5
is
150 mg/L. Assume rate constant is 2.3
(m/d)
n
/m and n=0.67.
31
SOLUTION
Given: low-rate trickling filter
diameter: 35.0 m, depth: 1.5 m
hydraulic loading: 1,900 m
3
/d hydraulic loading: 1,900 m
3
/d
influent BOD
5
: 150 mg/L
rate constant is 2.3 (m/d)
n
/m, n=0.67.
Reqd: determine the BOD
5
of the effluent
Soln:
- Compute filter area
2 2
(35 ) / 4 962.11 A m = =
- Compute loading rate
- Compute effluent BOD
5
32
2 2
(35 ) / 4 962.11 A m = =
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
/ 1, 900 / / 962.11 1.97 / Q A m d m m d m = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0.67
2.3 1.5
150 exp 16.8 /
1.97
t
S mg L
(
= = (
(

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Activated sludge
Involves production of an activated mass of Involves production of an activated mass of
microbes capable of stabilizing a waste aerobically
33
Activated sludge
Process description
Mixture of wastewater & biological sludge (microorganisms), called
mixed liquor, is agitated & aerated in aeration tank mixed liquor, is agitated & aerated in aeration tank
Microorganisms mixed thoroughly w/ organics under conditions that stimulate
their growth through the use of organics as food
As microorganisms grow & mixed by agitation of air, individual organisms clump
together (flocculate) to form an active mass of microbes (biological floc) called
activated sludge
2 2 3 5 7 2
bacteria
COHNS + O + nutrients CO + NH + C H NO + other products
organic matter ba
cterial cell
together (flocculate) to form an active mass of microbes (biological floc) called
activated sludge
Mixed liquor flows from aeration tank to secondary clarifier settle
activated sludge
Most of settled sludge is returned to aeration tank (returned sludge) to
maintain high population of microbes rapid breakdown of organics
34
Activated sludge
Conventional activated sludge operation Conventional activated sludge operation
Long, rectangular basin
Aeration time: 6-8 hrs
Air volume: 8 m
3
of air per m
3
WW
To keep sludge in suspension
Air is injected near the bottom of aeration tank
Sludge return volume: 20-30% of WW flow
Rest of sludge (microorganisms) is wasted (waste activated sludge or WAS)
Maintain proper amt of microbes to efficiently degrade BOD
5
Balance between growth of new microorganisms & their removal by Balance between growth of new microorganisms & their removal by
wasting
Too much WAS, low number of microbes for effective treatment
Too little WAS, large concentration of microbes overflow to receiving
water bodies
Mean cell residence time (
c
) or solids retention time (SRT) or sludge age - the
average amt of time that microorganisms are kept in the system
35
Activated sludge
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37
Activated sludge
Processes Processes
Complete mix
Plug flow
Reactors tanks used to perform physical, chemical & biochemical
reactions
Classification:
1. Batch reactors fill-and-draw type; matls are added to the tank, mixed for
sufficient time to allow reaction to occur & then drained
2. Flow reactors continuous type operation; matl flows into, through & out
of reactor at all times
2. Flow reactors continuous type operation; matl flows into, through & out
of reactor at all times
Types:
Completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
- Complete, instantaneous mixing; composition of effluent is same as
composition in tank
-
Plug-flow reactors
- Fluid particles pass through the tank in sequence; those that enter first
leave first 38
Activated sludge
Completely mixed activated sludge process Completely mixed activated sludge process
Uses continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)
Design
Mass-balance application of the equations of kinetics of
microbial growth
Mass balances reqd to design reactor
Biomass
Food (BOD
5
)
39
Activated sludge
wastewater flowrate
return activated sludge flowrate
waste activated sludge flowrate
r
w
Q
Q
Q
40
0 5
5
influent soluble BOD
aeration tank & effluent soluble BOD
microorganisms conc (mixed liquor volat
S
S
X
ile suspended solids or MLVSS) in aeration tank

microorganisms conc in effluent
microorganisms conc in return activated sludge
microorganisms conc in wasted activated sludge
volume of aerat
e
r
w
X
X
X
V
ion tank
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Activated sludge
Completely mixed activated sludge process
Mass balance of biomass Mass balance of biomass
wasted Biomass effluent in Biomass d accumulate Biomass influent in Biomass + = +
( )
[ ]
0
Monod equation
m
d w e w r
s
SX
QX V k X Q Q X Q X
K S
| |
+ = +
|
+
\
3
0
3
wastewater flowrate into the aeration tank, m /d
microbes conc (volatile suspended solids or VSS) entering aeration tank, mg/L
volume of aeration tank, m
Q
X
V
41
1
volume of aeration tank, m
max growth rate constant, d
so
m
V
S
5
5
luble BOD in aeration tank & effluent, mg/L
microbes conc (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids or MVSS) in the aeration tank, mg/L
half velocity constant (soluble BOD conc at 1/2 the max gro
s
X
K
1
3
wth rate), mg/L
decay rate of microbes, d
flowrate of liquid containing microbes to be wasted, m /d
microbes conc (VSS) in effluent from secondary settling tank, mg/L
microbes conc (VSS
d
w
e
r
k
Q
X
X
) in sludge being wasted, mg/L

Activated sludge
Mass balance of food
Food in influent + Food consumed = Food in effluent + Food in WAS
( )
( )
0
m
w w
s
SX
QS V Q Q S Q S
Y K S
| |
= +
|
|
+
\
yield coefficient (decimal fraction of food mass converted to biomass) Y
42
yield coefficient (decimal fraction of food mass converted to biomass) Y
Activated sludge
Development of working design equation
Assumptions:
The influent (X
0
) & effluent (X
e
) biomass concentrations are
negligible compared to that in the reactor
The influent food (S
0
) is immediately diluted to the reactor
concentration in accordance with the definition of CSTR concentration in accordance with the definition of CSTR
All reactions occur in the CSTR
43
Activated sludge
Thus from mass balance of biomass,
( )
0
m
d w e w r
s
SX
QX V k X Q Q X Q X
K S
| |
+ = +
|
+
\
m
SX
V k X Q X
| |
=
44
m
d w r
s
SX
V k X Q X
K S
| |
=
|
+
\
Rearranging in terms of Monod equation,
m w r
d
s
SX Q X
k
K S VX
| |
= +
|
+
\
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12
Activated sludge
Rearranging the mass balance of food eqn in terms of Monod eqn,
( )
0
m
s
S Q Y
S S
K S V X
| |
=
|
+
\
Equating the Monod expressions for biomass & food & rearranging,
45
Equating the Monod expressions for biomass & food & rearranging,
( )
0
w r
d
Q X Q Y
S S k
VX V X
=
V
Q
= Hydraulic detention time of reactor:
Mean cell-residence time:
c
w r
VX
Q X
=
Activated sludge
Modification of mean-cell residence time to account
for effluent losses of biomass,
( )
c
w r w e
VX
Q X Q Q X
=
+
Soluble BOD
5
concentration in effluent given
c
46
Soluble BOD
5
concentration in effluent given
c
( )
( )
1
1
s d c
c m d
K k
S
k

+
=

Note: conc of soluble BOD
5
leaving the system (S) is only affected by
c
not by BOD
5
entering the aeration tank or hydraulic detention time
Note: S is soluble BOD
5
not total BOD
5
; some BOD
5
are attached to
SS; to find allowable S:
5 5
Total BOD allowed BOD in SS S =
47
Activated sludge
Concentration of microorganisms in aeration tank,
( )( )
0
(1 )
c
d c
Y S S
X
k
=
+
48
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Activated sludge
Design equations:
Mean-cell residence time:
c
w r
VX
Q X
=
( )
c
w r w e
VX
Q X Q Q X
=
+
Effluent soluble BOD
5
:
( )
( )
1
1
s d c
c m d
K k
S
k

+
=

49
Concentration of microorganisms in aeration tank,
( )( )
0
(1 )
c
d c
Y S S
X
k
=
+
Hydraulic detention time of reactor:
V
Q
=
EXAMPLE
A town has been directed to upgrade its primary WWTP to a secondary plant that
can meet an effluent standard of 30.0 mg/L BOD
5
and 30.0 mg/L SS. They have
selected a completely mixed activated sludge system. selected a completely mixed activated sludge system.
Assuming that the BOD
5
of the SS may be estimated as equal to 63% of the SS
concentration, estimate the required volume of the aeration tank. The following
data are available from the existing primary plant:
Existing plant effluent characteristics:
Flow = 0.150 m
3
/s
BOD
5
= 84.0 mg/L
Assume the following values for the growth constants:
K
s
= 100 mg/L BOD
5
m
= 2.5 1/d
k
d
= 0.050 1/d
Y = 0.50 mg VSS/mg BOD
5
removed
50
SOLUTION
- Calculate allowable soluble BOD
5
in effluent using
63% assumption BOD
5
in SS 63% assumption BOD
5
in SS
- Calculate mean cell-residence time
5 5
-
30.0 .63 30 11.1 /
S BOD allowed BOD in SS
S mg L
=
= =
( )
( )
1
1
s d c
c m d
K k
S
k

+
=

( ) 100 1 0.050
11.1
c
+
=
51
( )
( )
100 1 0.050
11.1
2.5 0.050 1
c
c
+
=

5.0
c
d =
SOLUTION
Calculate hydraulic detention time assuming a
value of 2,000 mg/L MLVSS value of 2,000 mg/L MLVSS
( )( )
0
(1 )
c
d c
Y S S
X
k
=
+
( )( ) 5.0 0.5 84.0 11.1
2000
(1 0.050 5.0)
=
+
0.073 or 1.8 d h =
Calculate volume of aeration tank
52
V
Q
=
1.8
0.15 3600 /
V
s h
=
3
972 V m =
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Activated sludge
Plug-flow with recycle Plug-flow with recycle
Fluid particles pass through the tank in sequence
Achieved in long, narrow aeration tanks
Assumptions
The concentration of microorganisms in the influent to the
aeration tank is approximately the same as that in the effluent
from the aeration tank; applicable if c/ > 5. from the aeration tank; applicable if c/ > 5.
The rate of soluble BOD
5
utilization as the waste passes
through the aeration tank is given by
53
; average conc of microorganisms in the aeration tank
m avg
u avg
s
SX
r X
K S
=
+
Activated sludge
Plug-flow with recycle Plug-flow with recycle
Design equation:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
1
1 ln /
m
d
c s i
Y S S
k
S S K S S
=
+ +
recycle ratio, /
r
Q Q
54
0
recycle ratio, /
ln log to base e
influent conc to aeration tank after dilution w/ recycle flow, mg/L
1
r
i
i
Q Q
S
S S
S
+
=
+
Activated sludge
Food to microorganisms ratio (F/M) Food to microorganisms ratio (F/M)
F/M ratio is controlled by wasting part of microbial mass
High rate of wasting, high F/M ratio organisms saturated w/ food
poor efficiency
Low rate of wasting, low F/M ratio organisms are starved more
complete degradation
Long c (low F/M)
0 5
mg BOD /d mg
mg MLVSS mgd
QS F
M VX
= = =
Long c (low F/M)
Larger, costly tanks; high oxygen reqt; high power cost
Less sludge
F/M values: 0.1 1.0 mg/mg-d
55
EXAMPLE
Compute the F/M ratio for the new activated-sludge
plant in the previous example. plant in the previous example.
Q= 0.150 m
3
/s
S
0
= 84.0 mg/L
V= 970 m
3
X= 2000 mg/L
Solution: Solution:
Calculate F/M
56
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
3
3
0.150 / 84 / 86, 400 /
0.56 /
970 2000 /
m s mg L s d
F
mg mg d
M m mg L
= =
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Activated sludge
Sludge return Sludge return
Purpose: to maintain sufficient concentration of
activated sludge in reactor basin
Typically 50-100% of raw waste flow
57
Activated sludge
Return sludge flow rate (from mass balance)
if effluent suspended solids are negligible, X
e
X X
X Q X Q
Q
r
r w
r

=
g/m ion, concentrat sludge return maximum
g/m (MLSS), solids suspended liquor mixed
/d m rate, flow sludge return
/d m rate, flow r wastewate
3
3
3
3

r
r
X
X
Q
Q
effluent suspended solids are not negligible, X
e
where,
58
/d m rate, flow wasting sludge
g/m ion, concentrat sludge return maximum
3

w
r
Q
X
X X
X Q Q X Q X Q
Q
r
e w r w
r

=
) (
] / [
10
6
L mg
SVI
X
r
=
Activated sludge
Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
Procedure:
Measuring MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) &
sludge settleability
59
Activated sludge
Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
SVI
g mg
MLSS
SV
SVI / 000 , 1 =
mg/L solids, suspended liquor mixed
mL/L settling, min 30 after cylinder graduated L - 1 in solids settled of vol
mL/g index, volume sludge
MLSS
SV
SVI
SVI
Indicator of sludge settling characteristics control/limits
MLSS & return rates
Typical values:
MLSS concentration: 2,000 3,500 mg/L; SVI: 80-150
mg/L
60
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61
62
EXAMPLE
Calculate the return sludge flow rate in a WWTP
given the following data: given the following data:
Aeration tank volume = 970 m
3
Flow = 0.150 m
3
/s
MLVSS (X) = 2000 mg/L
MLSS (X) = 1.43(MLVSS)
Effluent suspended solids = 30 mg/L Effluent suspended solids = 30 mg/L
Wastewater temp = 18 degrees C
c
= 5 days
63
SOLUTION
Compute anticipated MLSS
L mg MLSS / 860 , 2 ) 000 , 2 ( 43 . 1 = =
Solving for return sludge concentration
Selecting SVI based on temp & MLSS: SVI=175
Solving for sludge wasting flowrate, Q
w
Solving for sludge wasting concentration
L mg MLSS / 860 , 2 ) 000 , 2 ( 43 . 1 = =
L mg SVI X
r
/ 700 , 5 714 , 5 175 10 10
6 6
= = =
L mg X X / 986 , 3 43 . 1 / = =
Solving for Q
w
64
L mg X X
r r
/ 986 , 3 43 . 1 / = =
d m
L mg d
L mg m
X
VX
Q
r c
w
/ 3 . 97
) / 986 , 3 )( 5 (
) / 2000 )( 970 (
3
3
= = =
Converting to m
3
/s: s m
d s
d m
Q
w
/ 0011 . 0
/ 400 , 86
/ 3 . 97
3
3
= =
11/19/2010
17
SOLUTION
Assuming effluent SS are neglected
X Q X Q
X X
X Q X Q
Q
r
r w
r

=
s m Q
m g m g
m g s m m g s m
Q
r
r
/ 15 . 0
/ 860 , 2 / 714 , 5
) / 714 , 5 )( / 0011 . 0 ( ) / 860 , 2 )( / 150 . 0 (
3
3 3
3 3 3 3
=
=
65
Activated sludge
Sludge production Sludge production
Activated sludge process converts organic & inorganic
substances into cell material
Cell material sludge (needs to be removed)
Production: 0.4-0.6 kg MLVSS/kg BOD
5
removed
Amount sludge to be removed (wasted) each day:
The difference between the increase in sludge mass & the
suspended solids (SS) lost in the effluent:
66
Mass to be wasted = increase in MLSS SS lost in effluent
Activated sludge
Sludge production Sludge production
Amount of activated sludge generated (increased) per
day:
1
obs
d c
Y
Y
k
=
+
( )( )
3
0
10 /
x obs
P Y Q S S kg g
=
5
net waste activated sludge produced each day in VSS, kg/d
observed yield, kg MLVSS/kg BOD removed
x
obs
P
Y
Typically, MLSS increase is,

Mass of SS lost in effluent
67
( ) 1.25 1.667
x
MLSS P =
( )
w e
SS Q Q X =
EXAMPLE
Estimate the mass of sludge to be wasted each day
from an activated sludge plant with the following data: from an activated sludge plant with the following data:
Q = 0.150 m
3
/s
Y = 0.50 kg VSS/kg BOD
5
removed
k
d
= 0.050 d
-1
c
= 5 days
S
0
= 84 mg/L S
0
= 84 mg/L
S = 11.1 mg/L
Q
w
= 0.0011 m
3
/s
X
e
= 30 mg/L
68
11/19/2010
18
SOLUTION
Calculate observed yield, Y
obs
( )( )
5
5
0.50 kg VSS/kg BOD removed
obs
Y
Y
= = =
+ +
Calculate net waste activated sludge produced
Assuming MLSS = 1.43 (MLVSS)
( )( )
5
-1
1 1 0.050 d 5 d
obs
d c
Y
k
= = =
+ +
( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )
3
0
3 3 3 3
10 /
0.40 0.150 m /s 84.0 g/m 11.1 g/m 86, 400 s/d 10 kg/g
377.9 kg/d VSS
x obs
x
x
P Y Q S S kg g
P
P
=
=
=
Calculate SS lost in effluent
69
( ) Increase MLSS = 1.43 377.9 kg/d 540.4 kg/d =
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
3 3 3 3
0.150 m /s 0.011 m /s 30 g/m 86, 400 s/d 10 kg/g
385.9 kg/d
w e
w e
Q Q X
Q Q X
=
=
SOLUTION
Mass to be wasted
Mass to be wasted = 540.4 385.9 = 154.5 kg/d
70
Activated sludge
Oxygen demand Oxygen demand
O
2
is used in the reactions to degrade substrate to
produce high-energy compounds reqd for cell synthesis
& respiration
Minimum residual in reactor: 0.5-2 mg/L DO (dissolved
oxygen) oxygen)
Mass of O
2
demand:
71
( )( )
2
3
0
10 /
1.42
O x
Q S S kg g
M P
f
=
5
conversion factor for converting BOD to ultimate BOD
u
f
EXAMPLE
Estimate the volume of air to be supplied (m
3
/d) for the activated
sludge plant with the following design values:
Q = 0.150 m
3
/s Q = 0.150 m
3
/s
S
0
= 84.0 mg/L
S = 11.1 mg/L
P
x
= 377.9 kg/d of VSS (net waste activated sludge produced/day)
Assume BOD
5
is 68% of the ultimate BOD and that the oxygen
transfer efficiency is 8%.
NOTE:
air
= 1.185 kg/m
3
By mass, air contains 23.3% oxygen
72
11/19/2010
19
SOLUTION
Calculate mass of oxygen required
( )( )
3
0
10 / Q S S kg g
Calculate volume of air

( )( )
( )( )( )( )
( )
2
2
2
0
3 3 3 3
10 /
1.42
0.15 / 84.0 / 11.1 / 86, 400 / 10 /
1.42 377.9 /
0.68
852.8 /
O x
O
O
Q S S kg g
M P
f
m s g m g m s d kg g
M kg d
M kg d
=
=
852.8 / kg d
At 8% transfer efficiency,
73
( )
( )( )
3
3
852.8 /
3,102 /
1.185 / 0.232
air
net
kg d
V m d
kg m
= =
( )
3
3
3,102 /
38, 775 /
0.08
air
total
m d
V m d = =
Activated sludge
Sludge problems Sludge problems
Bulking sludge
Poor settling characteristics; poor compactibility
Types wrt to cause:
1. Growth of filamentous organisms (in low pH, low N & high
carbohydrates)
2. Water trapped in the bacterial flow
Rising sludge
A sludge that floats to the surface after apparently good A sludge that floats to the surface after apparently good
settling
Results from denitrification (reduction of nitrates/nitrites N
gas); gas is trapped causing sludge to float
Solution:
Increase rate of return sludge flow (Q
r
)
Decrease mean cell residence time (avoid denitrification)
74
Oxidation ponds
Sewage lagoon; waste stabilization pond Sewage lagoon; waste stabilization pond
Used as water treatment systems for small
communities
Types:
Aerobic ponds
Facultative ponds Facultative ponds
Anaerobic ponds
Maturation or tertiary ponds
Aerated lagoons
75
Oxidation ponds
Aerobic ponds Aerobic ponds
Shallow ponds; < 1 m deep
DO maintained throughout depth (O
2
supplied by algal
photosynthesis)
Anaerobic ponds
Deep ponds that receive high organic loadings; anaerobic conditions
throughout
Process:
Acid fermentation complex organic materials are broken down to short- Acid fermentation complex organic materials are broken down to short-
chain acids & alcohols
Methane fermentation - acids & alcohols converted into gas (methan & CO
2
)
Primarily used as pre-treatment (for high-temp, high-strength
wastewater)
76
11/19/2010
20
Oxidation ponds
Facultative ponds Facultative ponds
1-2.5 m deep
Aerobic upper zone (photosynthesis, surface
reaeration), facultative middle zone, anaerobic lower
zone
Rules of thumb in design Rules of thumb in design
BOD5 loading rate should not exceed 22 kg/ha-d
Detention time: 6 months
77 78
Oxidation ponds
Maturation & tertiary ponds (polishing pond) Maturation & tertiary ponds (polishing pond)
Used for polishing effluents from biological processes
DO is furnished through photosynthesis & surface
reaeration
Aerated lagoons Aerated lagoons
Ponds oxygenated by surface or diffused air aeration
79
Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)
RBC process consists of a series of closely-spaced discs RBC process consists of a series of closely-spaced discs
(3-3.5 m dia, plastic) mounted on a horizontal shaft &
rotated
Half of surface area is immersed in water
80
11/19/2010
21
Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)
Process: Process:
Microbes adhere to rotating surface & grow there until
entire surface is covered (1-3 mm thick layer slime)
As discs rotate, film of wastewater is exposed to air
(absorbing O
2
) treating water
As disc complete rotation, film of water mixes w/ water
in reservoir (adding O
2
to reservoir water) in reservoir (adding O
2
to reservoir water)
As attached microbes pass through reservoir, they
absorb organics for breakdown
Excess growth of microbes are sheared clarification
81

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ile suspended solids or MLVSS) in aeration tank

) in sludge being wasted, mg/L

Typically, MLSS increase is,

Calculate volume of air

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