Metal Spinning Book 1

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Metal spinning.
New York city, The Industrial press, c1912.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6vx0v19n
Public Domain
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TT 206
.114
1912
Copy 1
PRICE 25 CENTS
METAL SPINNING
PRINCIPLES OF THE ART, AND TOOLS
AND METHODS USED
SECOND EDITION
MACHINERY'S REFERENCE BOOK NO. 57
PUBLISHED BY MACHINERY, NEW YORK
W|fo
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MACHINERY'S REFERENCE BOOKS
Ths treatse s one unt n a comprehensve Seres of Reference books orgnated
by Machnery, and ncudng an ndefnte number of compact unts, each coverng
one sub|ect thoroughy. The whoe seres comprses a compete workng brary
of mechanca terature. The prce of each books s 25 cents one shng de-
vered anywhere n the word.
LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS
No. 1. Worm Gearng. Cacuatng D-
mensons Hobs Locaton of Ptch Cr-
ce Sef-Lockng Worm Gearng, etc.
No. 2. Draftng-Room Practce .
Systems Tracng, Letterng and Mount-
ng.
No. 3. Dr gs. Prncpes of Dr
gs g Pates Exampes of gs.
No. 4. Mng Fxtures. Prncpes of
Fxtures Exampes of Desgn.
No. 5. Prst Prncpes of Theoretca
Mechancs.
No. 6. Punch and De Work. Prnc-
pes of Punch and De Work Makng and
Usng Des De and Punch Desgn.
No. 7. Lathe and Paner Toos. Cut-
tng Toos Borng Toos Shape of Stan-
dard Shop Toos Formng Toos.
No. 8. Workng Drawngs and Draft-
ng Boom Knks.
No. 9. Desgnng and Cuttng Cams.
Draftng of Cams Cam Curves Cam De-
sgn and Cam Cuttng.
No. 10. Exampes of Machne Shop
Practce. Cuttng .Beve Gears Makng
a Worm-Gear Spnde Constructon.
No. 11. Bearngs. Desgn of Bear-
ngs Causes of Hot Bearngs Aoys
for Bearngs Frcton and Lubrcaton.
No. 12. Out of prnt.
No. 13. Bankng Des. Makng Bank-
ng Des Bankng and Percng Des
Spt Des Nove Ideas n De Makng.
No. 14. Detas of Machne Too De-
sgn. Cone Pueys and Bets Strength
of Countershafts Tumber Gear Desgn
Fauts of Iron Castngs.
No. 15. Spur Gearng. Dmensons
Desgn Strength Durabty.
No. 16. Machne Too Drves. Speeds
and Feeds Snge Puey Drves Drves
for Hgh Speed Cuttng Toos.
No. 17. Strength of Cynders. For-
muas, Charts, and Dagrams.
No. 18. Shop Arthmetc for the Ma-
chnst. Tapers Change Gears Cuttng
Speeds Feeds Indexng Gearng for Cut-
tng Spras Anges.
No. 19. Use of Formuas n Mechancs.
Wth numerous appcatons. . .
No. 20. Spra Gearng. Rues, Formu-
as, and Dagrams, etc.
No. 21. Measurng Toos. Hstory of
Standard Measurements Capers Com-
passes Mcrometer Toos Protractors.
No. 22. Cacuaton of Eements of
Machne Desgn. Factor of Safety
Strength of Bots Rveted onts Keys
and Key ways Togge-|onts.
No. 23. Theory of Crane Desgn. b
Cranes Shafts, Gears, and Bearngs
Force to Move Crane Troeys Par
Cranes.
No. 24. Exampes of Cacuatng De-
sgns. Charts n Desgnng Punch and
Rveter Frames Shear Frames Bet
and Bar Passes etc.
No. 25. Deep Hoe Drng. Methods
of Drng Constructon of Drs.
No. 26. Modern Punch and De Con-
structon. Constructon and Use of Sub-
press Des Modern Bankng De Con-
structon Drawng and Formng Des.
No. 27. Locomotve Desgn, Part I.
Boers, Cynders, Ppes and Pstons.
No. 28. Locomotve Desgn, Part II.
Stephenson and Waschaerts ave Mo-
tons Theory, Cacuaton and Desgn.
No. 29. Locomotve Desgn, Part III.
Smokebox Exhaust Ppe Frames
Cross-heads Gude Bars Connectng-rods
Crank-pns Axes Drvng-whees.
No. 30. Locomotve Desgn, Part I .
Sprngs, Trucks, Cab and Tender.
No. 31. Screw Thread Toos and Gages.
No. 32. Screw Thread Cuttng. Lathe
Change Gears Thread Toos Knks.
No. 33. Systems and Practce of the
Draftng-Boom.
No. 34. Care and Repar of Dynamos
and Motors.
No. 35. Tabes and Formuas for Shop
and Draftng-Boom. The Use of Formu-
as Souton of Tranges Strength of
Materas Gearng Screw Threads Tap
Drs Dr S es Tapers Keys, etc.
No. 36. Iron and Stee. Prncpes of
Manufacture and Treatment.
No. 37. Beve Gearng. Rues and
Formuas Exampes of Cacuaton
Tooth Outnes Strength and Durabty
Desgn Methods of Cuttng Teeth.
No. 38. Out of prnt. See No. 98.
No. 39. Fans, entaton and Heatng.
Fans Heaters Shop Heatng.
No. 40. Fy Whees. T her Purpose,
Cacuaton and Desgn.
No. 41. gs and Fxtures, Part I.
Prncpes of Desgn Dr g Bushngs
Locatng Ponts Campng Devces.
No. 42. gs and Fxtures, Part II.
Open and Cosed Dr gs.
No. 43. gs and Fxtures, Part III.
Borng and Mng Fxtures.
I No. 44. Machne Backsmthng. Sys-
' 'terns, Toos and Machnes used.
No. 45. Drop Forgng. Lay-out of
Pant Methods of Drop Forgng Des.
No. 46. Hardenng and Temperng.
Hardenng Pants Treatng Hgh-Speed
Stee Hardenng Gages.
No. 47. Eectrc Overhead Cranes.
Desgn and Cacuaton.
No. 48. Fes and Fng. Types of
Fes Usng and Makng Fes.
No. 49. Grders for Eectrc Overhead
Cranes.
See nsde back cover for addtona ttes
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MACHINERY'S REFERENCE SERIES
EACH NUMBER IS ONE UNIT IN A COMPLETE LIBRARY OF
MACHINE DESIGN AND SHOP PRACTICE RE ISED AND
REPUBLISHED FROM MACHINERY
NUMBER 57
METAL SPINNING
Second Edton
CONTENTS
Prncpes of Meta Spnnng, by C. Tues - - - 3
Toos and Methods Used n Meta Spnnng-, by Wam
A. Panter 15
Copyrght, 1912, The Industra Press, Pubshers of Machnery
49-55 Lafayette Street, New York Cty
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CHAPTER I
PRINCIPLES OP METAL SPINNING
Meta spnnng, that process of sheet meta goods manufacturng
whch deas wth the formng of sheet meta nto crcuar shapes of
great varety by means of the athe, forms and hand-toos, s fu of
knks and schemes pecuar to tsef. It s the purpose of ths treatse
to gve a descrpton of spnnng n genera, and to outne some of
the methods and toos used n spnnng for rapd producton.
The products of meta spnnng are used n a great many nes of
manufacture. Exampes of ths work are chandeer parts, cookng
utenss, sver and brttana hoow-ware, automobe amps, cane-
heads and many other sheet meta specates. Brass, copper, nc,
aumnum, ron, soft stee, and, n fact neary a metas yed ready
to the spnner's sk. At best spnnng s physcay hard work, and
the softer the stock, the easer and ucker the spnner can transform
t nto the re ured product.
There are but two practca ways of formng peces of sheet meta
nto hoow crcuar artces: by des and by spnnng. By far the
cheapest and best method of producng uanttes of ths cass of
work s by the use of des, but there are many cases where t s m-
practca or mpossbe to foow ths course. Des are expensve and
there s constant danger of breakage, whereas spnnng forms are
easy and cheapy made and are amost never damaged by use be-
yond a reasonabe amount of wear. Thus t w be seen that when
the producton s sma, t does not pay to make costy des. Agan,
the styes or desgns of many artces that are spun are constanty
beng changed f made by des each change woud necesstate a new
de, whe n spnnng merey a. new wooden form s re ured and
sometmes the od form can be atered, costng practcay nothng.
St other advantages of spnnng are that n workng soft stee, a
much cheaper grade may be spun than can be drawn wth des
beads may be roed at the edges of shes at tte expense exper-
menta peces may be made ucky, and, added to these features
comes the fact that very dffcut work that cannot possby be made
wth des can be spun wth comparatve ease. It must not be con-
strued from the above that spnnng s to be preferred to de work
n a or even n the ma|orty of cases, because, on the contrary, de
work s a more economca method of manufacture, and shoud aways
be used when possbe on producton work. The cases aready cted
are merey gven to pont out some o the nstances n whch, for
economca reasons, spnnng s to be preferred to de work.
Machnery, December, 1909.
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4 No. 57 METAL SPINNING
The Spnnng- Lathe
The prncpa too used n the operaton of spnnng s the spnnng
athe, shown n Fg. 1. Whe n many respects ths machne s sm-
ar to any other athe, t s but wthout back-gears, carrage or ead-
screw, s very rgd n constructon, and, on the whoe, very much
resembes a speed athe. Lke other athes, the spnnng athe s ft-
ted wth a cone puey preferaby of wood, because of ts ghtness
and grppng uates , aowng the use of four or fve dfferent
speeds. Speed s an mportant factor n spnnng. Arbtrary rues
for spnnng speeds cannot be gven, as the thcker the stock the
Fg. 1 Spnnng: Lathe
sower must be the speed thus whe 1/32-nch ron can be ready
spun at 600 revoutons, 1/16-nch ron woud necesstate reducng
the speed to 400 revoutons per mnute. nc spns best at from
1,000 to 1,400 revoutons copper works we at 800 to 1,000 brass
and aumnum re ure practcay the same speed, from 800 to 1,200
whe the comparatvey sow speed of 300 to 600 revoutons s effect-
ve on ron and soft stee. Brttana and sver spn best at speeds
from 800 to 1,000 revoutons.
One of the essenta parts of the spnnng athe s the T-rest. The
base of ths rest s movabe on the ways of the athe, and t has at
the sde nearest the operator, a stud about four nches n dameter
and sx nches hgh, through whch s swveed the T-rest proper.
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PRINCIPLES OF METAL SPINNING 5
As the ustraton shows, provson s made for rasng and owerng
the rest, and the entre rest may be camped n any desred poston
by means of the hand-whee shown beneath the ways. The rest proper
conssts of an arm, 12 to 15 nches ong, smar to a wood turner's
rest, and through the face of ths arm are from tweve to sxteen
cosey spaced -nch hoes. These hoes are to receve the pn
aganst whch the hand toos are hed whe spnnng. The pn s
three nches ong and of -nch stee, turned down on one end to
oosey ft the hoes n the rest.
Another mportant part of the spnnng athe s the ta-center.
Ths center s sometmes the ordnary dead center that s n genera
Fg. 2. Revovng Center
Pg. 3. Sectona Spnnng Chuck
machne shop use, but neary a spnners use the revovng center,
shown n Fg. 2. The revovng center s nch dameter wthout
taper and about sx nches ong, and s ftted nto the socket n whch
t runs ths socket s, n turn, ftted to the taper hoe n the ta-
stock. At the bottom of the hoe n the socket are two stee buttons,
hardened and ground convex on ther faces. These buttons act as
ba bearngs and reduce frcton to a mnmum.
Forms and Chucks for Spnnng'
The shape of a she made by spnnng s dependent on the form or
chuck upon whch the meta s spun. Forms are used for pan spn-
nng where the shape of the she w permt of ts beng ready
taken from the form after the spnnng has been competed but when
the shape of the she s such that t w not draw, as the moders
say, t becomes necessary to empoy sectona chucks, smar to the
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one shown n Fg. 3. Generay speakng, spnnng forms are made
of kn dred mape. After beng bored and threaded to ft the athe
spnde, the spnner turns the mape bock to agree wth a tempet
shaped n outne to the sampe she. When no sampe s furnshed :
the tempet must be ad out from a sketch or drawng n ether
case proper aowance s made for the thckness of the stock. When
arge uanttes of shes are to be spun, a ake, the form s some-
tmes made of gnum vtge. Another method s to turn the mape
form sma enough so that one she may be spun and cemented to t
and then ths meta-cased form s used to spn the baance of the
shes. For contnuous spnnng, forms are made of cast ron or stee,
whch of course makes a most satsfactory surface to spn on and
gves ndefnte servce.
a ch n c|-t/ A'. T.
Fg. 4. uck Method of Spnnng Dffcut
She Wthout Sectona Chuck
Fg. 5. Spnnng on
Pugs
A sectona or spt chuck, as t s sometmes caed, s, as the
name mpes, a spnnng chuck or form whch may be taken apart
n sectons after the she has been spun over t. As before stated,
ths cass of spnnng chuck s ony used when the fnshed she coud
not be removed from an ordnary form after spnnng. After a she
has been spun over a sectona chuck, the she and the sectons of
the chuck are together pued engthwse from the core of the chuck.
Then, startng wth the key secton, t s an easy matter to remove
each secton from the nsde of the she. As the sectons are removed,
they are repaced upon the core, spped under the retanng fange and
the chuck s ready for spnnng a new she. The whoe operaton of
removng and repacng the sectons of a chuck takes ess tme than
t does to te t, and, as the sectons are of dfferent s es, t s easy
to repace them n the proper order. Lke other forms, sectona
chucks are made of wood or meta, accordng to the re urements of
the |cb. The core and retanng rng are frst made from one pece
and then the sectons are turned n a contnuous rng and spt wth
a fne saw. In some cases t s necessary to add a sma pece to the
ast secton to make up for the stock ost n spttng the sectons.
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Another knd of sectona chuck, known to the trade as a pug
shown n Fg. 5 s used extensvey n some shops n cases where
the she must have pro|ectons or shouders at both ends, and no
bottom to the she s re ured. In makng the pug, whch s aways
n two parts, the frst haf s turned to take the she from one end
to the center of the smaest dameter. Into the end of ths part s
bored a hoe to whch s ftted the end of the second part, whch s
afterwards turned to ft the she. Over ths two-part pug the she
s spun then the bottom of the she s cut out and the frst haf of
the pug removed, thus aowng the she to be wthdrawn. The frst
part s then repaced and the pug s ready for use agan. Fg. 4
shows a method of spnnng dffcut shes that ordnary woud re-
ure a sectona chuck. The she shown at the eft of Fg. 4 s frst
spun as far as the buged part on an ordnary form that ends at ths
Fg. 6. Three Types of Foowers
pont. Then after anneang, t s repaced on the form and whe
another operator hods the wooden .arm, supported wth a pn n the
T-rest, the spnner forms the meta o.round the buge-shaped end of
the arm. The arm, beng statonary on the nsde of the she, acts as
a contnuaton of the spnnng form, and by ths method as good a
she s obtaned as coud be spun wth a sectona chuck.
For spnnng operatons upon tubng or press-drawn tubes, stee
arbors are generay used. Tubng may be ready spun upon an arbor
and t can be reduced or expanded to compy wth the shape of she
re ured much more ucky than the she coud be spun from the
bank.
Foowers
For hodng the sheet meta bank to the spnnng form, a bock
of wood known as the foower, s used see Fg. 6 . Foowers are
made to sut the shape of the work wth whch they are to be em-
poyed, aways beng made wth the argest possbe bearng on the
work thus a she wth a fat bottom tweve nches n dameter woud
be turned wth the ad of a foower havng an 11 -nch face, whe
a she wth a 4-nch face wcud take a foower wth a 3 -nch face.
A shes do not have fat bottoms, conse uenty, n spnnng such as
do not, t becomes necessary to empoy hoow foowers. Hoow fo-
owers have ther bearng surfaces turned, out to ft the ends of hs
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|S/o. 57-METAL SPINNING
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forms wth whch they are to be used. In practce, the bank s hed
aganst the end of the spherca form wth a sma fat foower unt
enough of the she has been spun to admt of the hoow foower
beng used. A foowers are made wth a a|ge center hoe n one
end to receve the revovng ta-center.
In startng to spn a dffcut she t sometmes happens that the
necessary sma foower w not hod the bank. To prevent ths
sppng, the face of the foower s covered wth emery coth. Often,
however, on rough work, the spnner w not stop to face the fo-
ower, but w make a arge shaow dent at the center of the bank
the extra pressure re ured to force the meta aganst the form w
usuay overcome the sppng tendency.
Hand Toos
Hand toos, n great varety, form the prncpa asset of the spn-
ner's kt. Spnnng toos are made of too stee forged to the re-
ured shapes, and are hardened and poshed on the workng end.
The round stee from whch they are made vares from y 2 nch to
y 2 nch n dameter, accordng to the cass of work upon whch they
are to be used. The ength of a spnnng too s about 2 feet, and t s
ftted nto a wooden hande 2 nches dameter and 18 nches ong,
makng the tota ength of the handed too about 3. feet, as shown n
Fg. S. As the spnner hods ths hande under the rght armpt, he
secures a great everage upon the work and s better abe to suppy
the physca power re ured to brng the meta to the desred shape.
The commonest and by far the most usefu of the spnnng toos s
the combnaton pont and ba whch together wth a number of
other toos, s shown n Fg. 11. Ths too s used n dong the buk
of the spnnng operatons for startng the work and brngng t
approxmatey to the shape of the form. Its range of usefuness s
arge on account of the many dfferent shapes that may be ut ed by
merey turnng the too n a dfferent drecton. Next n mportance
comes the fat or smoothng too whch, as the name mpes, s for
smoothng the she and fnshng any rough surfaces eft by the pont
and ba too. The fshta too, so named from ts shape, s used prn-
cpay n farng the end of a she from the nsde, spnnng on
ar, as t s sometmes termed. Ths too s used to good advantage
n any pace where t s necessary to stretch the meta to any extent,
and ts thn roundng edge proves usefu n settng the meta nto
corners and narrow grooves. Other toos are the ba too whch s
adapted to fnshng curves the hook too, used on nsde work and
the beadng too whch s needed n rong over a bead at the edge of
a she when extra strength or a better fnsh s desred.
When much beadng of one knd s beng done, a arge heavy par
of round-nose pers Fg. 10 wth the |aws bent around n a curve
and sprung apart enough to aow for the thckness of the meta
proves to be a handy too. After the edge of the she has been fared
out to start the bead, the pers are opened enough to admt the meta
and then cosed and the stock guded around to form the bead as far
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10
No. 57 METAL SPINNING
as possbe. In ths way the arger part of a bead s rapdy formed,
one |aw of the pers actng as a spnnng too and the other corre-
spondng to the back-stck. Durng ths operaton, the pers are, of
course, supported by beng hed aganst the T-rest.
Cosey aed wth these spnnng toos are two other toos aso
shown n Fg. 11 known as the damond pont and the skmmer. The
damond pont s for trmmng the edges of the she durng the spn-
nng operaton and for cuttng out centers or other parts of the work.
The skmmer s for ceanng up the surface of a she, removhg a
sma amount of meta n dong so, the amount dependng upon the
sk the spnner used n the spnnng proper.
v n
P
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COMBINATION FLAT OR
POINT AND BALL SMOOTHING FISH-TAIL BALL TOOLS
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nuuP U1AMUNU BEADING SKIMMERS
POINT
Fg. 11. Hand Toos of arous Forms used n Spnnng
When the bottoms are to be cut from a arge number of shes and
t s necessary that they be cut exacty ake, a too known as a swve
cutter s used. Ths too see Fg. 9 s smpy an ron bar wth a
cutter on one end, whch swves near the center around a' pn n the
T-rest thus by a sght movement of the arm the cutter s brought
up to the work, cuttng a pece from the she of exacty the same s e
each tme.
The Spnnng Operaton
In order to make cear the successve steps n spnnng, et us
brefy consder the makng of a copper head-ghc refector, and the
way the work s handed when a few hundred peces are to be made.
By tra spnnng, the s e of the bank re ured for one of the
refectors s determned, and wth the s uare shears the copper sheets
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are cut nto peces an eghth of an nch arger each way. These s uares
are then taken to the crcuar shears and cut to round shapes ready
for the spnnng athe. The spnnng form, of kn-dred mape, s
screwed to the spnde and the bet thrown to that step of the cone
puey whch w brng the speed nearest to 1,200 revoutons. From
the stock-room a foower s seected whose face w neary cover the
bottom of the form. It s now up to the spnner. Hodng a bank
and aso the foower aganst the end of the form, he runs the ta-
center up to the center n the foower |ust hard enough to hod the
bank n pace. Then, startng the athe, he centers the bank by
ghty pressng aganst ts edge a hard wood stck. As soon as t nes
up he runs the center up a tte harder and camps t n pace. Some
spnners w hop n a bank wth the athe runnng, but ths s
dangerous practce and sometmes the bank w go sang across the
room. Cften ths happens n trung up the bank and for ths reason
t s consdered advsabe to have a wre gratng at the further sde
of the athe to prevent serous accdents for a sheet meta bank s a
dangerous msse traveng at the hgh rate of speed whch s mparted
to t by the athe.
Wth a pece of beeswax soap s sometmes used for economca
reasons the spnner ghty rubs the rapdy revovng bank and then
ad|usts the pn n the T-rest to a pont near enough to the bank to
obtan a good everage wth the spnnng too. Hodng the hande
of hs pont and ba too under hs rght armpt and usng the too
as a ever and the pn on the rest as a fucrum, he sowy forces the
meta dsk back n the drecton of the body of the form, never aow-
ng the too to rest n one spot, but constanty workng t n and out,
appyng the pressure on the way out to the edge o.f the dsk and
ettng up as he comes back for a new stroke. In the meantme hs
eft hand s busy hodng a short pece of hard wood caed the back-
stck , frmy aganst the reverse sde of the meta at a constanty
changng pont opposte the too. The ob|ect of the back-stck s to
keep the stock from wrnkng as t s stretched toward the edge of
the dsk. Wrnkes cause the meta to crack at the edges and for ths
reason they must be kept from the stock as much as possbe.
After a few strokes of the spnnng too have been taken, the she '
w appear about as shown at B, Fg. 12, and at ths pont t s neces-
sary to trm the she at the edges wth the damond-pont too. Trm-
mng s re ured because spnnng stretches the stock and the resut-
ng uneven edge w cause spts n the meta f t s not trmmed
occasonay. As a carpenter s known by hs chps, so a spnner s
known by the way hs work stretches. Whe the even pressure of
a good spnner w stretch the stock very tte, the uneven pressure
of the nexperenced man w ead hm nto a sorts of troube on
account of the way the stock w go. In ether case the meta aways
stretches east n the drecton n whch the sheet stock was orgnay
roed, conse uenty gvng the edge a sght ova shape. In trmmng
nc, the spnner hods a swab of coth |ust above the damond pont,
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12
to prevent the chps from fyng nto hs face and eyes or those of
hs neghbors. Wth other metas the swab s unnecessary.
The refector s now takng shape. Wth each successve stroke the
spnner sets a tte more of the meta aganst the form. Not ony does
spnnng stretch the meta, but t hardens t as we therefore, at the
stage C t becomes necessary to annea the partay competed refector,
whch s done by heatng t to a ow red n a gas furnace. In runnng
through a ot of shes, the common practce s to spn them a as far
as possbe wthout anneang, and after anneang the whoe ot, to
compete the spnnng.
After repacng the she upon the form, t s trmmed and worked
further aong the form, graduay assumng the appearance shown at
4TH STEP I 5TH STEP
D
Fg. 12. Successve Steps n Spnnng a Refector
D. At ths tme, the spnner goes back to the sma radus at the front
end of the she and wth a ba too he coses the anneaed meta hard
down aganst the form, for the spnnng has tended to pu the stock
sghty from the form at ths pont. The body of the refector s now
practcay competed and the spnner drects hs attenton to rong
the bead at the outsde edge. Sowy he begns to ro the edge of the
she back, usng hs hook too to compete the bead as far as possbe
and exercsng care to keep the back-stck frmy aganst the meta
so as to keep the wrnkes out. Now, wth the damond pont, he
gves the edges a fna trm, and wth the beadng too coses down
the bead snugy aganst the rest of the she, as shown at E. Lasty,
the swve cutter s paced n the proper hoe of the T-rest and a turn
of the too cuts out the center to the exact s e, and the refector s
competed. If any burrs or rough paces reman they are easy re-
moved at ths tme wth the skmmer or damond pont, and a tte
emery coth gves the she a fnshed appearance.
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Referrng to the ustraton Fg. 7, A, B and C represent the three
most mportant stages of spnnng a she ke that shown at C. An-
neang s necessary between steps A and B. D s a she spun upon
a form of the pug varety, and E and F are two vews of a she spun
after the method shown n Fg. 4, F beng the competed she. G
ustrates a very dffcut she to spn, on account of the sma foower
that must be used the ength of the sma dameter aso adds to the
dffcuty. H shows a she that must be spun upon a sectona chuck,
whe 7 s a pan easy |ob of ornamenta spnnng. The ba shown
at was spun from one pece of aumnum and t s more of a curosty
than a specmen of practca spnnng. It was frst spun over a form
that woud eave one-haf of the ba compete and the stock for the
other haf straght out ke a short tube. Next a wooden spt chuck
was made, hoowed out to receve the fnshed end of the ba and the
open end was graduay spun down and n unt the ba was compete
wth but a 1/16-nch hoe at the end. Ths hoe was pugged and the
hoow ba was done.
Pg. 13. An Interestng- Exampe of Meta Spnnng
As another exampe of meta spnnng, assume the shape shown n
Fg. 13. The she s to be 20 nches n dameter, 6 nches deep, and
0.060 nch thck. The meta to be used s nc. Ths s an nterestng
meta spnnng |ob, and not a partcuary dffcut one. The she can
be best spun wth the ad of two spnnng forms, such as are ustrated
n Fgs. 14 and 15. These forms shoud be made of kn-dred mape f
there are comparatvey few shes to be spun. If there are many,
the forms shoud be made of cast ron. Fg. 14 shows the frst form to
be used, whch conforms to the outsde of the she as far as the centers
of the spherca rng. Beyond these ponts, the form s straght. The
bank to be spun s paced as ndcated by the dotted nes, and foower
No. 1 s used to hod the work aganst the form. The chef troube
w be met n propery startng the she, because of the sma foower
that must be empoyed. However, foower No. 2 may be substtuted
after workng the meta back aganst the form a few nches, and as
ths gves a better grp on the she, there w be no further danger
of sppng. After spnnng the nc she to the shape of the frst
form Fg. 14 t w probaby have to be anneaed, but ths can ony be
determned by tra. In anneang nc, the fame shoud not be aowed
to touch the meta. The haf competed she s then put on form No.
2 shown n Fg. 15. It s an easy matter to spn the meta round to
compete the arc. The dotted ne shows the poston of the she before
startng the ast part of the spnnng. Of course, t w be understood
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14
that the she must be trmmed severa tmes durng the spnnng, and
f the trmmng s fre uenty done, a we-shaped she shoud resut.
For spnnng on form No. 2, foower No. 3 must be used. Ether
beeswax or soap shoud be fre uenty rubbed over the work whe
spnnng. If t s necessary to cut out the center, t can be done before
removng the she from the ast form by smpy removng the foower
and usng a damond pont too, or n arge product work the swve
cutter w work we. The she w cng to the form wthout the
foower. The spnnng speed shoud be from 800 to 1,000 R. P. M.
Fg. 14
Fg. 15
Whe the operaton of spnnng s a comparatvey smpe one to
descrbe, t s not easy earned, and to-day good a-around spnners
are hard to fnd. The mts of accuracy are not as cosey defned as
n straght machne work, but there are tmes when good fts are
absoutey necessary, as n cases where two shes must sp snugy
together. In ths chapter we have taken up ony the pan every-day
knd of spnnng, and were we to foow ts work n the god and
sversmth's trade, we woud see t evove nto a fne art. In order
to nsure reay good work comng from the spnnng athe, there s
a wde range of knowedge that the spnner must have. That know-
edge may be brought together and summed up by a snge word
|udgment.
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CHAPTER II
TOOLS AND METHODS USED IN
METAL SPINNING
The prncpa ob|ect of ths chapter s to descrbe n deta the var-
ous operatons of spnnng meta so that a too-maker or machnst
who has not access to a meta spnner, w be abe to make hs own
toos, rg up an engne or speed athe, and make the smpe forms
or modes that are re ured n expermenta work. To do ths nte-
genty, t s necessary to foow n deta every step n meta spnnng
from the crcuar bank to anneang, pckng, dppng, burnshng,
etc., and aso to know how to make the smper forms of spnnng
toos, what ubrcants to use on the dfferent knds of metas, what
matera to make the spnnng chuck of, and how far the meta can be
worked before anneang.
Spnnng meta nto compcated and eaborate shapes, s an art
fuy as dffcut as any craft, and the man s truy an artst that can
make artstc and gracefu outnes n meta, especay when ony a
few peces are re ured and the cost w not aow of makng speca
chucks to do the work on and wth no outne chucks to govern hs
desgn, the forms beng made by sk and manpuaton of toos aone.
Such sk s far superor to that of the Russan meta worker, who,
nstead of makng a vase or ornament of one pece, cuts up severa
sectons and soft soders them together, after coverng them wth
crude gngerbread work to dsguse hs poor meta work.
The amateur can mtate the Russan work, but never the work of
the sked spnner. There are severa grades of spnners, most of
them never attanng the sk of the mode-maker or the facty for
handng the dfferent metas. A man that has had severa years of
experence spnnng brass or copper woud not be abe to spn brtan-
na or whte meta wthout stretchng t to a very uneven thckness.
As brass or copper s harder than the other metas mentoned, they re-
sst the too more and re ure more pressure n formng, and f the
operator used the same pressure on the softer metas, he woud stretch
or dstort them, so that they woud be perhaps one- uarter of the
orgna thckness at anges and corners where the stran n spnnng
woud be greatest, whch woud run the artces. The best test for
sk n ordnary spnnng, s to take a ong dffcut shape, after beng
fnshed, and saw t n two engthwse, and f the varaton n thck-
ness s ess than 25 per cent of the orgna gage, t s good practce.
Some spnners can keep wthn 10 per cent of the gage on ordnary
work, but they are scarce.
The spnnng trade n ths country s mosty foowed by foregners.
Germans and Swedes beng the best. The Amercan that has nte-
Machnery, March and Apr, 1910.
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16 No. 57 WET A L SPINNING
gence and sk enough to be a frst-cass spnner, w generay ook
around for somethng easer about the tme that he has the trade
ac ured. It s an occupaton that cannot be foowed up n od age,
as t s too strenuous, the operator beng on hs feet constanty, and
havng to use hs head as we as hs musces.
Genera Remarks on Meta Spnnng Chucks
For common pan shapes, a patternmaker's facepate, wth a tap-
ered center screw, s suffcent for hodng the wood chuck. The hoe
n the wood shoud be the same taper as the screw, thus gvng an
even grp on the thread. If a straght hoe ony s used, and t s not
reamed out before screwng to the pate, t w ony have a bearng
on one or two threads, and f the chuck s taken off and repaced on the
facepate, t w not run true. Care shoud aso be taken to face off
the end of the chuek fat, or to sghty recess t, so that t w screw
up eveny aganst the facepate, as a hgh center w cause t to rock
and run out of true.
In arge chucks over fve nches t s best to have three or four
wood screws, besdes the center screw. The hoes for these can be
spaced off accuratey on a crce n the ron facepate, and dred and
countersunk. It s best to have twce as many hoes as screws that
s, f four screws are used there shoud be eght hoes, so that f the
chuck has to be repaced at any tme and the wood has shrunk, t
can be turned one-eghth of a revouton further than the orgna
chuckng.
Where a chuck has to be used severa tmes, t s better practce
to cut a thread n the wood and screw the chuck drecty to the
spnde of a athe, not usng the facepate. Ths thread can be chased
wth a reguar chasng too, where the operator has the sk, or
f not, the wood can be bored out and a speca wood tap used. Such
a tap has no futes and t s bored hoow, there beng a wa about
3/16 nch thck. One tooth does a the cuttng, that s the one at the
end of the thread. The chps go nto the hoow part of the tap. The
end of the tap for about 4 nch shoud have the same dameter as the
hoe before threadng to act as gude for the cuttng tooth.
It s essenta that a chuck shoud run very true and be baanced
perfecty, as the hgh speed at whch t runs w cause t to vbrate
and run out of true, causng the fnshed meta to show chatter marks.
The best wood for chucks s hard mape, and t shoud be seected
for ts even gran and absence of checks and cracks. It s best to
pant the ends wth paraffne or red ead, or to mmerse the chucks
n some vegetabe o after turnng. Cottonseed o s very good for
ths purpose, but care shoud be taken not to soak the chucks too
ong.
For a man not sked n spnnng, t s better to use meta chucks
than wood, for f there are many shes of a knd, the operator s
abe to bear too hard on the too, thus compressng the chuck and
makng the ast shes smaer than the frst. Corners and anges not
we supported mght aso be knocked off. The wrter prefers cod
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TOOLS AND METHODS 17
roed stee for chucks up to 6 nches n dameter and cast ron for the
arger ones, but where good stee castngs can be obtaned, a good
chuck can be made by turnng roughy to shape a wood pattern, aow-
ng enough for shrnkage and fnshng, and hoowng out the back to
ghten t. When the chuck s fnshed a over n the athe, t shoud
baance much better than a cast ron one, as there are not the chances
of havng bow hoes n the ron, thus throwng the chuck out of ba-
ance.
Anneang
The dstance that meta can be drawn wthout anneang, can ony
be earned by experence. A fat bank rotated n the athe, beng soft,
w offer tte resstance and t can be graduay drawn down by a
too hed under the chuck and aganst the bank. Ths too s pushed
from the center outward and forward at the same tme, and every
tme t passes over the bank or dsk the meta becomes harder by
frcton, and the change of formaton and the resstance at the pont
of the too greater. Ths can be fet as the too s under the oper-
ator's arm. When the sprng of the meta s such that the too does
not gan any, but ony hardens the meta, the she shoud be taken
off and anneaed. If the meta has been under a severe stran, t
shoud be hammered on the horn of an anv or any meta pece that
w support the nsde. The hammer shoud be a wood or rawhde
maet, but never meta, the ob|ect beng to put dents or futes n the
meta to reeve the stran when heatng for anneang f ths s not
done the she w crack.
After anneang the she t shoud be pcked to cean the oxde or
scae from the surface otherwse the meta w be ptted. When
the scae s crowded nto the meta and when t w not fnsh smooth
after spnnng to shape, the meta can be fnshed by skmmng or
shavng the outer surface whch cuts out a too marks t can then
be fnshed wth medum emery coth or the she can be brght dpped,
and be run over wth a burnshng too before buffng. Burnshng
can be done on the spnnng chuck, but the speed shoud be hgher
than for spnnng ths re ures some sk for a good |ob, and t can
be done ony on meta chucks.
Anneang s best accompshed n a wood or gas oven, where a
forge fre s used. The meta shoud never touch the coke or other
fue, but t shoud be hed n the fame above the fre. Where ony
part anneang s re ured, the she can be mmersed n water, the
part to be anneaed beng exposed above the water, and a bowppe
used on t. The remander of the she w then be hard. Ths way
of anneang s sometmes necessary on a speca shapes.
Brass shoud be heated to a cherry red, and hed at that pont for
a few mnutes, n a muffe furnace. If an open furnace s used, |ust
brng the meta to a cherry red and then dp t n water ths method
s better than when watng for t to coo, the acton beng |ust the op-
poste to that on stee. Brass such as the common yeow brass s not
sutabe for spnnng, there beng but 55 per cent copper and 45 per
cent nc. There are two grades of brass sutabe for spnnng. These
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18
| o. 57 METAL SPINNING
are known as spnnng and drawng, havng 60 per cent copper and
40 per cent nc, and extra spnnng and drawng havng 67 per
cent copper and 33 per cent nc. There s aso a better grade known
as ow brass havng from 75 to 80 per cent copper t has the coor
of bron e and s ony used on very deep and dffcut spnnng.
The scae, after anneang, shoud be pcked off n an acd bath
descrbed further on n ths chapter , and the part thoroughy washed
n runnng water. Brass, German sver and the harder metas shoud
be hammered before anneang t s not necessary to hammer nc,
copper, aumnum, etc.
A pyrometer n an anneang furnace woud be an advantage where
uanttes of the softer metas such as nc, aumnum, etc., are beng
heated. Copper s anneaed the same as brass and s aso pcked.
nc s coated wth o before beng put n the oven, and when the o
Fg. 16. nc Lamp Shade Spun n One Operaton wthout Anneang-
turns brown, whch occurs when the temperature s about 350 degrees,
the meta s ready to take out t shoud then be punged n water to
shed the scae, but not pcked. The metng pont of nc s 780 de-
grees F. Aumnum can be anneaed the same as nc, as the metng
pont s 1,140 degrees F.
Stee shoud be anneaed by heatng to a cherry red and then aow-
ng t to coo sowy t shoud be scaed n a speca pcke, thoroughy
washed, and then put back n the fre ong enough to evaporate every
partce of acd that may have remaned from the pckng operaton.
Any acd remanng on the stee w neutra e any ubrcant that s
apped when spnnng. Anneang shoud be avoded wherever poss-
be. Open hearth stee ony shoud be used. It shoud be free from
scae and preferaby cod roed. Bessemer stee s not sutabe, ex-
cept for very shaow spnnngs. Tn pate made from open hearth
stee can be spun about one-haf as deep as ts dameter where the
shape s not too rreguar. German sver s dffcut to spn, espe-
cay when t contans over 15 per cent ncke t has to be hammered
before anneang, the same as brass, to avod cracks.
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TOOLS AND METHODS
Lubrcants
19
Common yeow soap cut up n strps about nch or nch s uare
s a good ubrcant for spnnng most metas. It shoud be apped
eveny to the dsk or bank whe t s revovng, by hodng the soap
n the hand and drawng t across the surface. Beeswax s the best
fcr spnnng stee, but t s expensve. Lard o mxed wth whte
ead s a far substtute. Ether mutton or beef taow apped wth a
coth swab s very good on most a metas aso vasene and graphte
mxed to a paste and apped the same as taow.
Exampes of Spnnng- arous Metas
The dfferent metas are maeabe, ducte and tenacous n the
foowng order whte meta or brtanna, aumnum, nc, copper,
ow brass, hgh brass, German sver, stee, tn pate. Whte meta
does not harden n spnnng, but t re ures speca sk n handng,
Fgr. 17. Gas Burner for Heatng Spnnng Chuck
or the meta w be of very uneven gage. The best meta for an
amateur to start on s copper, as t s both tenacous and ducte, and
w stand much abuse n the fre and on the athe. One of the pecu-
ar propertes of nc s that t has a gran or texture, and when
spnnng, the two sdes that go through the ros engthwse w
be onger than the sdes that have the cross gran, re urng the she
to be trmmed off ute a dstance to even the edge.
To show the possbtes of workng the dfferent metas, and ther
reatve spnnng vaues, a number of artces made from dfferent
materas are ustrated herewth.
A nc amp shade s shown n Fg. 16 that s 141/4 nches n dam-
eter and nches deep. Ths shade was spun n one operaton, wth-
out anneang, from a fat crcuar bank. A nc shoud be warmed
before spnnng, ether over a gas burner at the athe or n hot soap
water, and the chuck aso shoud be heated, as otherwse the bank
w soon ch, f spun on a cod meta chuck, as the chuck absorbs
the heat ong before the operaton s fnshed. Of course ths does
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20
not appy to wooden chucks. The chuck may be heated by usng the
burner shown n Fg. 17, whch s ocated around the spnde of the
athe. The s e of the burner shoud, of course, be n proporton to
that of the chuck used. The burner ustrated s 8 nches n dam-
eter. It has severa sma hoes dred for the gas on the sde facng
the chuck. The heat of the chuck s reguated by varyng the suppy
of gas to the burner. The bank s heated before t s put on the
Fgs. 18 and 19. Exampes of Aumnum and Copper Spnnng 1
chuck and the frcton of the spnnng too heps to keep t warm unt
t comes n contact wth the chuck. The meta retans ts heat unt
the |ob s fnshed, and ths sometmes saves an anneang operaton.
In Pg 18 s shown an exampe of aumnum spnnng. The artce
ustrated s a cuspdor havng a top 7 nches n dameter, a neck
wth a 4-nch fare, a dameter at the top of 9 nches, and a heght
Fg. 20. German Sver
Refector
Fg. 21. Open Hearth Cod-roed
Stee She
of 6 4 nches. Ths she was spun wthout anneang, whch shows
the extreme ductty of aumnum. The copper she shown n Fg.
19, has a maxmum dameter of 7 nches, and a depth of 8 nches
t was spun wth four anneangs. A German sver refector, whch
s 10 nches n dameter at the argest end and 5 nches deep, s shown
n Fg. 20. The spnnng of such a refector, when made from ths
matera, s ute dffcut. An open hearth cod-roed stee she wth
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a maxmum dameter of 3 nches and a depth of 4 nches s shown n
Fg. 21. Ths she was spun wthout anneang, whch shows that the
grade of stee used s we adapted for ths work.
In Fg. 22 two fnshed brass shes are shown to the rght, and aso
the number of operatons re ured to change the form of the meta.
The upper she s 6 nches ong and 3 nches n dameter at the
Fg. 22. arous Steps n Spnnng the Two Brass Shes at the Rght
arge end, whe the ower one s 7 4 nches ong by 3 nches n
dameter. It was necessary to annea these shes between each
operaton, the upper she beng anneaed four tmes and the ower
one three tmes. These peces were made n uanttes suffcent to war-
rant the makng of chucks for each operaton, whch enabed them to
be spun wth ess sk than woud be re ured f a fnshng chuck
Fg. 23. Another Brass Spnnng Operaton the Chuck used s shown at A
ony were made. When a snge fnshng chuck s used, the varous
operatons n spnnng a she of ths knd woud be eft to the |udg-
ment of the spnner, who woud decde the mt of the stretch of
meta between the operatons before anneang.
A brass she that s made n fve operatons and wth four annea-
ngs s shown n Fg. 23. The fnshng chuck used s a spt or key
chuck on whch t s necessary to cut out the end of the she n order
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22
to wthdraw the key after the she s spun. Ths she, whch s
shown fnshed to the rght, s 5 nches ong. It s spun smooth on
a machne stee chuck, and s not skmmed, but gone over wth a
panshng too at the ast operaton. The two peces shown n Fg.
22 were aso fnshed n ths way.
Fg. 24. An Exampe of Ar Spnnng and the Chucks used
Fg. 24 shows a brass she, whch s a good exampe of ar spn-
nng, so caed because the fnshng or second operaton on part of
the shape s done n the ar, thus avodng the use of a sectona or
spt chuck. The she shown s about 5 nches n dameter. The
frst or breakng-down chuck s shown at A. The neck or sma part
Fg. 25. Msceaneous Coecton of Spnnng Chucks
of the pece, and aso a porton of the spherca surface, s formed by
the spnnng too wthout any support from the chuck. After the she
s spun or broken down on chuck A, t s anneaed and pcked. It s
then put back on chuck A and panshed or hardened on the part that
s to retan ts present shape. The work s then paced on the chuck
B and the soft part s manpuated by the too unt t conforms to
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TOOLS AND METHOLS
23
the shape shown to the rght. Whe ths soft part of the meta s
beng formed, the part whch was prevousy hardened retans ts
shape.
arous Types of Meta-spnnng Chucks and
ther Constructon
A msceaneous coecton of spnnng chucks s shown n Fg. 25.
As w be seen, the arger ones are machned out n the back to
ghten them, and aso to gve them an even baance. The arger of
those ustrated measure about 9 nches n dameter, and they are
made of cast ron, whe the smaer chucks shown n ths vew are
of machne stee. The chuck marked A s a key chuck. Another
coecton of spnnng chucks of varous shapes s shown n Fg. 26.
Fg. 26. Another Group of Spnnng Chucks. Those n the Upper Row
are of the Spt or Key Type
Those n the upper row are a key or spt chucks, and the keys
are shown wthdrawn from the sockets. A these chucks, up to 6
nches n dameter, are made of machne stee those seen n the
ower row are shapes whch are comparatvey easy to spn.
A coecton of hard mape chucks s shown n Fg. 27, some of
whch represent shapes that are dffcut to spn. The chuck A s 15
nches ong, and the maxmum dameter of B s 12 nches. These
fgures w serve to gve an dea of the proportons of the other
chucks. A of the chucks shown have threads cut n them and they
are screwed drecty to the spnde of the athe, the facepate beng
dspensed wth. Some of the arger wooden chucks used measure
approxmatey 5 feet n dameter. A chuck of ths s e s but up of
sectons whch are gued together.
A number of bron e sectona spt chucks are shown n Fg. 28.
When spnnng over a sectona chuck, t s frst necessary to break
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24
down the she as far as s practcabe on a sod chuck. Care shoud
be taken, however, to eave suffcent cearance so that the work may
be wthdrawn. The she s then anneaed, after whch t s put on
the sectona chuck and the under cut or sma end s spun down to
the chuck surface. When the entre surface of the she s spun down
to a bearng, the she s panshed or skmmed to a smooth surface
Fg. 27. arous Forms of Spnnng Chucks made from Hard Mape
Fg. 28. A Group of Bron e Sectona Chucks
the open edge s aso trmmed even and the she s poshed wth
emery coth.
A arge bron e chuck of seven sectons, one of whch s a key sec-
ton, s shown at A. The argest dameter of ths chuck s 10 nches.
It has a cast ron center hub and a stee cap at the top for hodng
the sectons n pace. Ths cap, when n pace n the retanng groove
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TOOLS AND METHODS
25
shown, s fush wth the top of the chuck. Another arge chuck hav-
ng fve sectons and one key secton s shown at B. The retanng
cap n ths case s of a dfferent form. The ower parts of the sectons
of a these chucks ft n a groove at the bottom of the hub. A chuck
of fve sectons that s wthout a bndng cap, s shown at C. Ths
s not a good desgn as the hub or center s too straght, and a of
the grp or drve s from the bottom groove, whch s not suffcent.
The shape shown at D s more dffcut to spn than any of the others,
as t s smaer at the openng n proporton to ts s e. Ths chuck
aso re ures more sectons n order that t may be wthdrawn from
the she after the atter s spun. The chuck E s ntended for a sma
she that s aso dffcut to spn. The drve pns whch prevent the
segments of the chuck E from turnng may be seen pro|ectng from
ts base. The centerng pns at the outer end of chucks D and E and
Pg. 29. Sectona Chucks made from Wood
the bndng caps may aso be seen. The chuck A, because of ts s e,
s hoowed out to reduce the weght. A of these chucks were made
for hard servce, and they have been used n spnnng thousands of
shes.
Another group of sectona chucks s shown n Fg. 29. They are
mosty made from hard mape. The sectons of chuck A are paned
and ftted together and thn peces of paper are gued to these sec-
tons before they are gued coectvey for turnng. By usng the
paper between the |onts, the sectons may be easy separated after
they are turned to the proper s e and form. If the dfferent sectons
were gued wthout paper between them, the |ont formed woud be
so good that the separaton of the sectons coud not be controed,
and parts from opposte sectons woud be torn away. The use of the
paper, however, between the gued |onts, contros the separaton of
the sectons. The chuck shown at D s aso made wth the paper be-
tween the sectons. Chucks B and E are turned from the sod, care
beng taken to have the gran of the wood engthwse. After they are
turned to the re ured form, they are spt nto sectons wth a sharp
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chse. Before dong ths, the key-secton shoud frst be ad out.
There shoud be as few sectons as possbe, the number beng |ust
suffcent to enabe the wthdrawng of the chuck from the she after
the atter s spun to shape. Ths method of makng a chuck, whe
ucker than the other, s not good practce, except for sma work.
A gnum vta chuck s shown at A n Fg. 30 ths was made wth
paper between the sectons. The key-secton s shown on top. Ths
wood, whe beng more durabe than hard mape, costs sxteen cents
a pound n the rough and, countng the waste matera, s not any
cheaper than bron e, and s ess durabe. The hard mape chucks B
and C were turned from the sod, after whch the sectons were spt.
The segments shown n the center of the ustraton dd not spt
eveny, owng to a wndng or twstng gran.
Fgr. 30. Other Exampes of Wooden Sectona Chucks
The constructon of a sectona spnnng chuck s shown n Fg. 31.
Ths ustraton aso shows the proper proporton for the centra hub
and ts taper. Ths hub shoud never be straght, but shoud have
from 5 to 7 degrees taper on the centra part. There shoud aso
be a taper of 1 degree on the other bndng surfaces as ndcated.
These parts are made taperng so that the she can be reeased from
the athe after spnnng, wthout hammerng or drvng when straght
surfaces are used the work has to be pred off, and t s aso harder
to set up the sectons for the next she. Another dsadvantage s that
wth straght fttngs the wear cannot be taken up. An end cap or
bnder shoud be used wherever possbe as t steades the chuck. A
drve pn shoud aso be used and the hoe for t dred n the argest
secton ths s mportant, as t gves the sectons a more postve
drve. If they sp they w soon wear themseves oose and eave
openngs at the |onts.
The pan vew shows the method of ayng out the varous sectons.
The key shoud be ad out frst. One key s enough for the partcuar
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TOOLS AND METHODS
27
form, of chuck ustrated, but t s often necessary to use two key
sectons when the she openng s sma.
When a sectona chuck s to be made, t s mportant to decde frst
on the s e of the centra hub A, the number of sectons C, and aso the
desgn of the cap or bnder B. Ths cap must not exceed n s e the
openng n the fnshed she, as t woud be mpossbe to remove t
after the chuck sectons
were taken out. After
the s e of the hub A has
been decded upon, a
wooden form shoud be
turned that s a dupcate
of A, except that a spher-
ca surface E shoud be
added. Ths spherca part
shoud be sghty smaer
than the nner dameter
of the bron e sectons n
order to aow for machn-
ng them. In turnng ths
wooden pattern on whch
the paster patterns for the
sectons are to be formed,
the shouder D shoud be
omtted, as a removabe
meta rng w take ts
pace.
When the wooden hub s
ready, two meta part-
tons or tempets of the
same outne as the chuck,
though about one-haf nch
arger than ts tota dam-
eter, for shrnkage and
fnshng, are fastened to
the hub n the correct pos-
ton for makng a paster
pattern for the key secton.
These patterns shoud
have extenson ends so
that the sectons when cast
may be hed by them whe
they are beng turned.
The tempets shoud be banked around wth a wad of cay, and they
shoud aso be coated on the nsde wth sperm o to keep the pas-
ter from stckng. There shoud be two brads drven n the hub for
each secton of paster to hod the sectons n pace whe they are
beng turned. After the paster for the key secton has hardened, the
tempets shoud be ocated one on each sde of the key secton, so
Machnery, N. T.
Fg. 31. Eevaton and Pan showng Constructon
of Sectona Chuck
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that the two ad|acent sectons may be made. In ths way a the
sectons are fnshed. After about forty-eght hours the paster w
be hard enough to turn n the athe wth a hand too. The form
shoud be roughy outned and penty of stock eft for shrnkage, as
bron e shrnks consderaby. Before takng the sectons off the wooden
frame, the meta band D shoud be removed to aow the sectons to
be separated. Ths shoud not be done, however, unt they are num-
bered, so that they can be agan paced n ther proper postons.
After the sectons are cast, they shoud be surfaced on a dsk grnder,
or fnshed wth a fe, care beng taken to remove as tte meta as
possbe. Each secton s next tnned on both contact faces, and then
Fg. 32. A Modern Spnnng Lathe
a are assembed and sweated or sodered together by a bow-ppe.
It s sometmes necessary to put a coupe of strong meta bands around
the sectons to hod them frmy n pace when soderng and aso
to support them durng the turnng operaton.
The centra hub A shoud be machned frst then the assembed
outsde she shoud be machned to ft the hub A, both on the taper
part and at the pont D. Whe the segments are beng bored and
faced, they are hed by the extenson ends not shown whch were
provded for ths purpose. Ths outer she shoud aso be machned
a over the nsde so that t w be n baance. It s then taken out of
the chuck and a hoe s dred n the argest secton for drve pn H.
The hub A s then caught n the athe chuck wth the assembed sec-
tons on t, and a seat s turned for the cap B. After ths s done
the bnder bands can be removed, but not before. The chuck can be
fnshed wth a hand too and fe after the roughng cut s taken.
After the sectons are removed from the hub and numbered at the
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TOOLS AND METHODS
29
bottom or nner ends, they can be separated by heatng them. If the
|onts are propery ftted there w be ony a thn fm of soder,
whch can be wped off when hot.
A twenty-four-nch meta spnnng athe that s rgged up n a mod-
ern way, s shown n Fg. 32. The hand whee of the tastock has
been dscarded for the ever A, whch s more rapd and can be ma-
npuated wthout stoppng the athe. Ths athe has a roer bearng
for the center B whch s a practca mprovement over types pre-
vousy used. The pn C, whch s used n the rest as a fucrum for
the spnnng toos, s aso an mprovement, beng arger than those
ordnary used. It s nch n dameter, 6 nches ong, and t has
r
H
Ah

v
Fg. 33. ew shoeng how the Too s hed when Spnnng

a reduced end for the hoes n the rest, nch n dameter by 1 nch
ong. Ths pn s arge enough so that the spnner can convenenty
hod t wth hs eft hand when necessary, and t can aso be rapdy
changed to dfferent hoes. The pns ordnary used, because of ther
sma s e, do not have these advantages. The speed of a spnnng
athe havng a fve-step cone shoud be about 2,250 to 2,300 revou-
tons per mnute wth the bet on the smaest step, and from 600 to
700 revoutons per mnute wth the bet on the argest step. The
fastest speed gven s sutabe for a work under 5 nches n dam-
eter, and the sowest for work wthn the capacty of the athe. On
arge shes t s sometmes necessary to change from one speed to
another as the work progresses. Fgs. 33 and 34 show the spnner at
work, and ustrate how the too shoud be hed, and aso the proper
poston of the eft hand.
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Constructon of the Tastock and Back-center
Fg. 35 shows a spnnng-athe tastock, whch has been changed
from the hand-whee-and-screw type to one havng a ever and a roer
bearng. The spnde A whch s wthdrawn from the ever and
turned one- uarter of a revouton to gve a better vew of the roers,
s made from 1 -nch cod roed stee. The roers aganst whch
the center bears do not pro|ect beyond the spnde, so that the atter
can be wthdrawn through the tastock. Ths emnates the excessve
overhang caused by ba bearngs and other centers. When the cen-
ter pro|ects too far, the tastock cannot be set cose to the wcrk
owng to the necessty of wthdrawng the center when removng the
HH
k - t
UaH
UA
H
I
1 m-1 1
s
T -
HI m :
n
Eft
K_.IL
- -.:,-,
- HS
uB
IB
BCSS
v r I
- - 1
f S
Fg. 34. Another ew shewng the Poston of the Spnner and the
Way the Too s hed -when formng the Meta
spun part. The appcaton of ths prncpe to a spnnng athe s
orgna and the type of center ustrated was used ony after a
other knds had faed, ncudng a the types of ba bearngs and
revovng pns. The best forms of ba bearng centers do not ast
over a year, f n constant use, and they w not aways revove on
sma work. Two other spndes are shown n ths engravng, whch
were taken from other athes n order to show dfferent vews of the
parts. The cyndrca peces B are the hardened frcton roers
whch beong n the sot of the spnde F, and C s the hardened pn
upon whch they revove. The hardened center D has a threaded end
on whch the back-centers E of dfferent engths and shapes are
screwed. The frcton roers shoud aways be n a vertca poston,
and care shoud be taken to have them exacty centra wth the spnde.
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and aso gves the prncpa dmensons of a roer bearng for a 1 -
nch spnde. A s a hardened stee bushng, whch s drven nto
the machne stee spnde. The parts B are the hardened stee roers
whch trave n opposte drectons. These roers have a sma amount
of frcton, and ths s dstrbuted over a arge area. A spnde revov-
Fg. 35. Detaed ew of a Spnnng-athe Tastock
ng at 2,300 revoutons per mnute w not cause these roers to
rotate very rapdy, whe a ba bearng wth bas traveng n a
channe y 2 nch or 2 nches n dameter woud be traveng at the
same speed as the drvng spnde. They aso wear out rapdy as the
end stran s very great, t beng necessary to force the center aganst
__
_
K 1
,
o
B

1
B
r
#
1
- W
f
1.
:: c
B
B
secton a-a
Fg. 36. Sectona ew showng the Back-center and ts
Doube Roer Bearng
the meta wth consderabe pressure to keep t from sppng. C s the
hardened pn upon whch the roers revove, and D s the hardened
spnde on whch the varous back-centers are screwed. The coar E
shoud ether be fattened for a wrench, or a 5/16-nch hoe, n whch a
wre can be nserted, shoud be dred through the spnde, so that
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32
t can be kept from rotatng when screwng on the back-centers. Some
spnners prefer the spnde oose, so that t can be wthdrawn when
changng the centers, whe others prefer one wth consderabe atera
moton, but not enough to permt of wthdrawa. By nsertng a
screw-pont n the recess F, the center has consderabe atera mo-
ton, but not enough to aow t to be wthdrawn. Ths recess s use-
fu n that t heps to dstrbute the o. A parts shoud be hard-
ened and drawn to a ght straw coor they shoud aso be ground or
apped to a true ft after hardenng. Back-centers of ths constructon
Fg. 37. Attachment used for Rong Sharp Turns and Beads
have been n use for over three years n one estabshment, and t
has not been necessary to repace a snge part.
Toos Used n Meta Spnnng
Fg. 37 shows an attachment whch s used to ro any bead or form.
Ths too, when n use, s nserted n the tastock spnde n pace
of the reguar center. It s ad|ustabe for any dameter. The ro
ustrated s for makng a sharp turn, but rounds and other forms
are used. The she beng spun by ths too shoud be hed on a ho-
ow chuok. The ro s set at a pont where the meta s to be turned
over, and by ts use the curve may be governed and made unform
wth ess sk than when the work s done by ar spnnng. In
addton, the spnnng may be done n ess tme. Ths attachment,
for some shapes, makes the use of sectona chucks unnecessary.
Fg. 38 shows severa spnnng toos, the heads of whch were turned
n the athe nstead of beng forged. Ths method of makng spn-
nng toos s beeved to be orgna. The spnners prefer them to
the toos whch are forged n one pece, because the heads whch
are screwed to the shanks are made of the best uaty of stee, such
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TOOLS AND METHODS
33
as the hgh-speed or sef-hardenng stee. The shapes are aso better
and the surfaces more true. The heads of these toos are a threaded
wth standard 4-nch, -nch and -nch ppe taps, accordng to the
s e. Obvousy, a spnner can have as many dfferent shaped heads
as may be re ured of each of the s es gven, and ony one hande.
Fg. 38. Meta Spnnng 1 Toos wth Hgh-speed Stee Removabe Heads
The taperng threads n these heads nsure that they w aways
screw on the shanks tghty no matter how often they may be repaced.
The -nch s e takes a -nch cod roed hoder the -nch , a
-nch hoder, and the -nch, a -nch hoder. These w be found
arge enough for the heavest work. The egg-shaped too A s a good
Fg. 39. Toos used for Trmmng and Skmmng Spun Work
form for roughng or breakng down, as t has penty of cearance
on the hee, and a bunt pont that w not tear the meta. Ths too
s shown n four s es. The ba or spherca too B s a good one to
to use on curves and arge sweeps. The too C s eptc, and s
sghty dfferent from A, as t has a bunter pont. One or these
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34
heads s shown at D screwed onto a reducer by whch t s hed n the
athe chuck whe beng turned. These heads or ponts can aso be
turned whe on the hande by usng a steady rest.
Fg. 40. A Group of Spnnng Toos of arous Shapes
Pg. 41. Another Group of Spnnng Toos
A group of trmmers, skmmers and edgers s shown n Fg, 39.
Three skmmers of the but-up type are ustrated, the shanks beng
cf machne stee and the bades beng rveted to the hoders. These
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bades are made of ether hgh-speed or reguar stee. Skmmers
whch are forged n the reguar way from one pece of stee, are
shown at B. A number of edgers C, whch are made of hgh-speed or
sef-hardenng stee, are aso ustrated. These toos are used wth-
out handes unt they are worn down short, after whch tangs are
forged on ther ends and they are used n handes. Edgers are ut-
ed on a knds of work for trmmng the ends of the shes. The
skmmer s sedom used on meta chucks, but mosty n connecton
wth wooden chucks, where the meta cannot be smoothed down wth
a pansher. The skmmer s run over the meta ghty, takng a
thn shavng and smoothng the uneven surfaces. It re ures con-
Fg. 42. Spnners' Pers whch are used for turnng the Edge of the
Meta when makng a Large Bend
sderabe sk to use ths too wthout wastng the meta. The sur-
face of the work s fnshed wth emery coth after skmmng.
Fgs. 40 and 41 show a number of spnnng toos of varous shapes.
The etters A ndcate the breakng-down or round-nosed toos of dffer-
ent s es. Ths type of too, whch s fnshed smooth and has a bunt
pont, s used for formng corners and sharp anges, and t s the too
most commony used by spnners. The panshers and burnshers B
are used on a convex surfaces and for fnshng on meta chucks
where there s to be no skmmng done. The toos C are known as
hook or poker toos, and they are used to turn up beads or curves from
the nsde- of the she. The hoders havng roers are used for turn-
ng over beads, the meta frst beng trmmed and turned to a vertca
poston. The other shapes shown are rreguar toos for speca work
and they are not n day use.
Two pars of spnners' pers for turnng over the edge of the meta
when makng arge curves are shown n Fg. 42. The wedge-shaped
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peces shown n ths ustraton are used when breakng down or
roughng shes to gve a bearng to the meta n order to prevent t
from wrnkng or buckng when changng ts formaton. These peces
are made of hard wood wth the excepton of the one to the rght,
whch s of stee. When one of these peces s n use t s hed n
the eft hand at a pont drecty opposte the spnnng too, the meta
beng between the two. Wood s preferabe n most cases, as t does
not harden the meta bank.
The toos shown n Fg. 43 are used n spnnng stee. The round
toos are of drawn brass, and they can be used where the stee toos
Fg. 43. Some Spnnng 1 Toos used n
Workng Stee
cannot, for whe a stee too s perfecton on brass, a brass too s the
ony thng on stee. It wears out, however, much more rapdy than
one of stee. The ros shown n the center are used for breakng
down stee shes. These toos are hardened and have hardened roer
bearngs. The handes are made of one-nch ron ppe, whch s fed
wth ead to gve weght and strength.
Hard wood toos that are used for breakng down arge thn copper
banks rangng from 2 to 5 feet n dameter are shown n Fg. 44.
These toos are aso used where the surface that the too w cover
wthout hardenng the meta s mportant. Banks whch are broken
down wth these toos are fnshed wth the reguar types.
The handes of spnnng toos vary n dameter from 1 4 to 1
nch, and n ength from 16 nches to 20 nches. The toos shoud
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pro|ect from the handes from 9 to 18 nches, and the tota ength of
the too and hande shoud average from 30 to 34 nches.
A group of wood workng toos s shown n Fg. 45. These toos
are of the type commony used by spnners for turnng the varous
shapes of wooden spnnng chucks. As the toos ustrated are the
knd reguary used for wood turnng by patternmakers and other
wood-workers generay, they w need no descrpton.
Preparaton of the Meta
Brass, copper, and German sver shoud be pcked after anneang n
order to get the scae or oxde from the surface. There are furnaces
Pg. 44. Wooden Toos whch are used on Large
Thn Copper Banks
that annea wthout scang by excudng the ar when heatng, but
they are not n genera use. A pckng bath may be made by usng
one part of o of vtro suphurc acd and fve parts of water. The
shes can be put n hot, or the bath can be heated by a co of ead
or copper ppe runnng through t. Steam n no case shoud enter
the bath, as the ron n the feed ppe, w spo the pcke. Any basket
or box that may be used to hod the shes n the pcke shoud not
contan any ron. If a box s used t shoud be hed together wth
copper nas. The pcke can be used cod, but t w take a tte
onger tme to remove the scae. As soon as the scae s free, whch
w be n about haf an hour, the shes shoud be removed or washed
thoroughy n runnng water. The shes shoud be aowed to dry
before the next operaton, whch s that of spnnng. A ead-ned
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38
wooden tank or an earthen |ar may be used for hodng the pcke.
The pkke whch s used for stee shoud be about haf as strong as
that empoyed for brass. After the work s n ths pcke, the atter
shoud be brought to the bong pont, after whch the peces shoud
Fg. 45. Wood-turnner Toos whch are u
Spnnng Chucks
d n turnng
be taken out and washed. They are then repaced n the fre for
a short tme to evaporate any acd that may reman after washng.
Fnshed brass artces may be gven dfferent shades by dppng
them n a souton consstng of one part a ua forts ntrc acd and
two parts o of vtro. Ths souton shoud stand seven or eght
hours to coo after mxng, and be kept ,n a crock mmersed n a
water bath.
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OUTLINE OP A COURSE IN SHOP AND DRAFTING-ROOM
MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS, MACHINE DESIGN
AND SHOP PRACTICE
Any ntegent man engaged n mechanca work can ac ure a we-rounded
mechanca educaton by usng as a gude n hs studes the outne of the
course n mechanca sub|ects gven beow. The course s ad out so as to
make t possbe for a man of tte or no educaton to go ahead, begnnng
wherever he fnds that hs needs begn. The course s made up of unts so that
t may be foowed ether from begnnng to end or the reader may choose
any specfc sub|ect whch may be of especa mportance to hm.
Premnary Course n Arthmetc
g Sheets 1A to 5A: Whoe Num-
bers: Addton, Subtracton, Mut-
pcaton, Dvson, and Factorng.
g Sheets 6 A to 15 A: Common
Fractons and Decma Fractons.
Shop Cacuatons
Reference Seres No. 18. Shop
Arthmetc for the Machnst.
Reference Seres No. 52. Advanced
Shop Arthmetc for the Machnst.
Reference Seres No. 53. Use of
Logarthmc Tabes.
Reference Seres Nos. 54 and 55.
Souton of Tranges.
Data Sheet Seres No. 16. Mathe-
matca Tabes. A book for genera
reference.
Draftng-room Practce
Reference Seres No. 2. Draftng-
room Practce.
Reference Seres No. 8. Workng
Drawngs and Draftng-room Knks.
Reference Seres No. 33. Systems
and Practce of the Draftng-room.
Genera Shop Practce
Reference Seres No. 10. Exampes
of Machne Shop Practce.
Reference Seres No. 7. Lathe and
Paner Toos.
Reference Seres No. 25. Deep Hoe
Drng.
Reference Seres No. 38. Grndng
and Grndng Machnes.
Reference Seres No. 48. Fes and
Fng.
Reference Seres No. 32. Screw
Thread Cuttng.
Data Sheet Seres No. 1. Screw
Threads. Tabes reatng to a the
standard systems.
Data Sheet Seres No. 2. Screws.
Bots and Nuts. Tabes of standards.
Data Sheet Seres Nos. 10 and 11.
Machne Too Operaton. Tabes re-
atng to the operaton of athes, screw
machnes, mng machnes, etc.
Reference Seres Nos. 50 and 51.
Prncpes and Practce of Assem-
bng Machne Toos.
Reference Seres No. 57. Meta
Spnnng.
g's and Fxtures
Reference Seres Nos. 41, 42 and 43.
gs and Fxtures.
Reference Seres No. 3. Dr gs.
Reference Seres No. 4. Mng
Fxtures.
Punch and De Work
Reference Seres No. 6. Punch and
De Work.
Reference Seres No. 13. Bankng
Des.
Reference Seres No. 26. Modern
Punch and De Constructon.
Too Makng-
Reference Seres No 64. Gage
Makng and Lappng.
Reference Seres No. 21. Measur-
ng Toos.
Reference Seres No. 31. Screw
Thread Toos and Gages.
Data Sheet Seres No. 3. Taps and
Threadng Des.
Data Sheet Seres No. 4. Reamers,
Sockets, Drs, and Mng Cutters.
Hardenng and Temperng
Reference Seres No. 46. Habden-
ng and Temperng.
Reference Seres No. 63. Heat
Treatment of Stee.
Backsmth Shop Practce
and Drop Forgng
Reference Seres No. 44. Machne
Backsmthng.
Reference Seres No. 61. Back-
smth Shop Practce.
Reference Seres No. 45. Drop Forg-
ng.
Automobe Constructon
Reference Senes No. 59. Machnes,
Toos and Methods of Automobe
Manufacture.
Reference Seres No. 60. Construc-
ton and Manufacture of Automo-
bes.
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Theoretca Mechancs
Reference Seres No. 5. Frst Prn-
cpes of Theoretca Mechancs.
Reference Seres No. 19. Use of
Formuas n Mechancs.
Gearng-
Reference Seres No. 15. Spur
Gearng.
Reference Seres No. 37. Beve
Gearng.
Reference Seres No. 1. Worm
Gearng.
Reference Seres No. 20. Spra
Gearng.
Data Sheet Seres No. 5. Spur
Gearng. Genera reference book con-
tanng tabes and formuas.
Data Sheet Seres No. 6. Beve,
Spra and Worm Gearng. Genera
reference book contanng tabes and
formuas.
Genera Machne Desgn
Reference Seres No. 9. Desgnng
and Cuttng Cams.
Reference Seres No. 11. Bearngs.
Reference Seres No. 56. Ba
Bearngs.
Reference Seres No. 58. Heca
and Eptc Sprngs.
Reference Seres No. 17. Strength
of Cynders.
Reference Seres No. 22. Cacua-
tons of Eements of Machne De-
sgn.
Reference Seres No. 24. Exampes
of Cacuatng Desgns.
Reference Seres No. 40. Fy-
whees.
Data Sheet Seres No. 7. Shaftng,
Keys and Keyways.
Data Sheet Seres No. 8. Bearngs,
Coupngs, Cutches, Crane Chan
and Hooks.
Data Sheet Seres No. 9. Sprngs,
Sdes and Machne Detas.
Data Sheet Seres No. 19. Bet,
Rope and Chan Drves.
Machne Too Desgn
Reference Seres No. 14. Detas
of Machne Too Desgn.
Reference Seres No. 16. Machne
Too Drves.
Crane Desgn
Reference Seres No. 23. Theory of
Crane Desgn.
Reference Seres No. 47. Desgn
of Eectrc Overhead Cranes.
Reference Seres No. 49. Grders
for Eectrc Overhead Cranes.
Steam and Gas Engne Desgn
Reference Seres Nos. 67 to 72, n-
cusve. Steam Boers, Engnes,
Turbnes and Accessores.
Data Sheet Seres No. 15. Heat,
Steam. Steam and Gas Engnes.
Data Sheet Seres No. 13. Boers
and Chmneys.
Reference Seres No. 65. Formuas
and Constants for Gas Engne De-
sgn.
Speca Course n Locomotve Desgn
Reference Seres No. 27. Boers,
Cynders, Throtte ave, Pston
and Pston Rod.
Reference Seres No. 28. Theory
and Desgn of Stephenson and Wa-
schaert s ave Moton.
Reference Seres No. 29. Smoke-
box, Frames and Drvng Machnery.
Reference Seres No. 30. Sprngs,
Trucks, Cab and Tender.
Data Sheet Seres No. 14. Locomo-
tve and Raway Data.
Dynamos and Motors
Reference Seres No. 34. Care and
Repar of Dynamos and Motors.
Data Sheet Seres No. 20. Wrng
Dagrams, Heatng and entaton,
and Msceaneous Tabes.
Reference Seres Nos. 73 to 78, n-
cusve. Prncpes and Appcatons
of Eectrcty.
Heatng and entaton
Reference Seres No. 39. Fans,
entaton and Heatng.
Reference Seres No. 66. Heatng
and entatng Shops and Offces.
Dagrams, Heatng and entaton,
Iron and Stee
Reference Seres No. 36. Iron and
Stee.
Reference Seres No. 62. Testng
the Hardness and Durabty of
Metas.
Genera Reference Books
Reference Seres No. 35. Tabes
and Formuas for Shop and Draft-
ng-room.
Data Sheet Seres No. 12. Ppe and
Ppe Fttngs.
Data Sheet Seres No. 17. Mechan-
cs and Strength of Materas.
Data Sheet Seres No. 18. Beam
Formuas and Structura Desgn.
Dagrams, Heatng and entaton
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No. 50. Prncpes and Practce of As-
sembng- Machne Toos, Part I.
No. 51. Prncpes and Practce of As-
sembng Machne Toos, Part II.
No. 52. Advanced Shop Arthmetc for
the Machnst.
No. 53. Use of Logarthms and Logar-
thmc Tabes.
No. 54. Souton of Tranges, Part I.
Methods, Rues and Exampes.
No. 55. Souton of Tranges, Part II.
Tabes of Natura Functons.
No. 56. Ba Bearng's. Prncpes of
Desgn and Constructon.
No. 57. Meta Spnnng 1 . M a c h 1 n e s,
Toos and Methods Used.
No. 58. Heca and Eptc Sprngs.
Cacuaton and Desgn.
No. 59. Machnes, Toos and Methods
of Automobe Manufacture.
No. 60. Constructon and Manufacture
of Automobes.
No. 61. Backsmth Shop Practce.
Mode Backsmth Shop Wedng Forg-
ng of Hooks and Chans Msceaneous.
No. 62. Hardness and Durabty Test-
ng of Metas.
No. 63. Heat Treatment of Stee.
Hardenng, Temperng, Case-Hardenng.
No. 64. Gage Makng and Lappng.
No. 65. Pormuas and Constants for
Gas Bngne Desgn.
No. 66. Heatng and entaton of
Shops and Offces.
No. 67. Boers.
No. 68. Boer Furnaces and Chm-
neys.
No. 69. Feed Water Appances.
No. 70. Steam Engnes.
No. 71. Steam Turbnes.
No. 72. Pumps, Condensers, Steam and
Water Ppng.
No. 73. Prncpes and Appcatons of
Eectrcty, Part I. Statc Eectrcty
Eectrca Measurements Batteres.
Eectrcty, Part II. Magnetsm Eec-
tro-Magnetsm Eectro-Patng.
Eectrcty, Part III. Dynamos Motors
Eectrc Raways.
Eectrcty, Part I . Eectrc Lghtng,
Eectrcty, Part . Teegraph and Tee-
phone.
Eectrcty, Part I. Transmsson of
Power.
No. 79. Locomotve Budng, Part I.
Man and Sde Rods.
No. 80. Locomotve Budng, Part II.
Whees Axes Drvng Boxes.
No. 81. Locomotve Budng, Part III.
Cynders and Frames.
No. 82. Locomotve Budng, Part I .
ave Moton.
No. 83. Locomotve Budng, Part
Boer Shop Practce.
No. 84. Locomotve Budng, Part I.
Erectng.
No. 85. Mechanca Drawng, Part I.
Instruments Materas Geometrca
Probems.
No. 86. Mechanca Drawng, Part II.
Pro|ecton.
No. 87. Mechanca Drawng, Part III
Machne Detas.
No. 88. Mechanca Drawng, Part I .
Machne Detas.
No. 89. The Theory of Shrnkage and
Forced Fts.
No. 90. Raway Repar Shop Practce.
No. 91. Operaton of Machne Toos.
The Lathe, Part 1.
Tn' Lathe, Part II.
Paner, Shaper, Sotter.
Drng Machnes.
Borng Machnes.
Mng Machnes, Part I.
Mng Machnes, Part II.
Grndng Machnes.
No. 99. Automatc Screw Machne
Practce, Part I. Operaton of the Brown
Sharpe Automatc Screw Machne.
Fractce, Part II. Desgnng and Cuttng
Cams for the Automatc Screw Machne.
Practce, Part III. Crcuar Formng and
Cut-off Toos.
Practce, Part I . Externa Cuttng
Toos.
Practce, Part Interna Cuttng Toos.
Practce, Part I. Threadng Operatons.
Practce. Part II. Knurng Operatons.
Practce, Part III. Cross Drng, Burr-
ng and Sottng Operatons.
ADDITIONAL TITLES WILL BE ANNOUNCED IN MACHINERY FROM TIME TO TIME
MACHINERY'S DATA SHEET SERIES
Machnery's Data Sheet Books ncude the we-known seres of Data Sheets
orgnated by Machnery, and ssued monthy as suppements to the pubcaton
of these Data Sheets over 500 have been pubshed, and 6,000,000 copes sod. Re-
vsed and greaty ampfed, they are now presented n book form, kndred sub-
|ects beng grouped together. The purchaser may secure ether the books on
those sub|ects n whch he s specay nterested, or, f he peases, the whoe set at
one tme. The prce of each book s 25 cents one shng devered anywhere
n the word.
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CONTENTS OF DATA SHEET BOO
No. 1. Screw Threads. Unted States,
Whtworth, Sharp - and Brtsh Assoca-
ton Standard Threads Brggs Ppe
Thread O We Casng Gages Fre Hose
Connectons Acme Thread Worm
Threads Metrc Threads Machne, Wood,
and Lag Screw Threads Carrage Bot
Threads, etc.
No. 2. Screws, Bots and Nuts. F-
ster-head, S uare-head, Headess, Co-
ar-head and Hexagon-head Screws Stand-
ard and Speca Nuts T-nuts, T-bots and
Washers Thumb Screws and Nuts A. L.
A. M. Standard Screws and Nuts Machne
Screw Heads Wood Screws Tap Drs
'Lock Nuts Eye-bots, etc.
No. 3. Taps and Des. Hand, Machne,
Tapper and Machne Screw Taps Taper
De Taps Seers Hobs Screw Machne
Taps Straght and Taper Boer Taps
Stay-bot, Washout, and Patch-bot Taps
Ppe Taps and Hobs Sod S uare, Round
Ad|ustabe and Sprng Screw Threadng
Des.
No. 4. Reamers, Sockets, Drs and
Mng' Cutters. Hand Reamers She
Reamers and Arbors Ppe Reamers Taper
Pns and Reamers Brown Sharpe,
Morse and arno Taper Sockets and Ream-
ers Drs Wre Gages Mng Cutters
Settng Anges for Mng Teeth n End
Ms and Anguar Cutters, etc.
No. 5. Spur Gearng. Dametra and
Crcuar Ptch Dmensons of Spur Gears
Tabes of Ptch Dameters Odontograph
Tabes Rong M Gearng Strength of
Spur Gears Horsepower Transmtted by
Cast-ron and Rawhde Pnons Desgn of
Spur Gears Weght of Cast-ron Gears
Epcycc Gearng.
No. 6. Beve, Spra and Worm Gear-
ng. Rues and Formuas for Beve
Gears Strength of Beve Gears Desgn
of Beve Gears Rues and Formuas for
Spra Gearng Tabes Factatng Cacu-
atons Dagram for Cutters for Spra
Gears Rues and Formuas for Worm
Gearng, etc.
No. 7. Shaftng, Keys and Keyways.
Horsepower of Shaftng Dagrams and
Tabes for the Strength of Shaftng
Forcng, Drvng, Shrnkng and Runnng
Fts Woodruff Keys Unted States Navy
Standard Keys Gb Keys Mng Key-
ways Dupex Keys.
No. 8. Bearngs, Coupngs, Cutches,
Crane Chan and Hooks. Pow Bocks
Babbtted Bearngs Ba and Roer Bear-
ngs Camp Coupngs Pate Coupngs
Fange Coupngs Tooth Cutches Crab
Coupngs Cone Cutches Unversa
onts Crane Chan Chan Frcton
Crane Hooks Drum Scores.
No. 9. Sprngs, Sdes and Machne
Detas. Formuas and Tabes for Sprng
Cacuatons Machne Sdes Machne
Handes and Levers Coars Hand
Whees Pns and Cotters Turn-buckes,
etc. '
No. 10. Motor Drve, Speeds and Feeds,
Change Gearng, and Borng Bars. Power
re ured for Machne Toos Cuttng
Speeds and Feeds for Carbon and Hgh-
speed Stee Screw Machne Speeds and
Feeds Heat Treatment of Hgh-speed
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
n m m m nn
013 960 723 5 #
Stee Toos Taps
ng for the Lathe, cm
etc.
No. 11. Mng Machne Indexng,
Campng Devces and Paner acks.
Tabes for Mng Machne Indexng
Change Gears for Mng Spras Anges
for settng Indexng Head when Mng
Cutches g Campng Devces Straps
and Camps Paner acks.
No. 12. Ppe and Ppe Fttngs. Ppe
Threads and Gages Cast-ron Fttngs
Bron e Fttngs Ppe Fanges Ppe
Bends Ppe Camps and Hangers Dmen-
sons of Ppe for arous Servces, etc.
No. 13. Boers and Chmneys. Fue
Spacng and Bracng for Boers Strength
of Boer onts Rvetng Boer Settng
Chmneys.
No. 14. Locomotve and Raway Data.
Locomotve Boers Bearng Pressures
for Locomotve ournas Locomotve
Cassfcatons Ra Sectons Frogs,
Swtches and Cross-overs Tres Tractve
Force Inerta of Trans Brake Levers
Brake Rods, etc.
No. 15. Steam and Gas Engnes. Sat-
urated Steam Steam Ppe S es Steam
Engne Desgn oume of Cynders
Stuffng Boxes Settng Corss Engne
ave Gears Condenser and Ar Pump
Data Horsepower of Gasone Engnes
Automobe Engne Crankshafts, etc.
No. 16. Mathematca Tabes. S uares
of Mxed Numbers Functons of Frac-
tons Crcumference and Dameters of
Crces Tabes for Spacng off Crces
Souton of Tranges Formuas for Sov-
ng Reguar Poygons Geometrca Pro-
gresson, etc.
No. 17. Mechancs and Strength of Ma-
teras. Work Energy Centrfuga
Force Center of Gravty Moton Frc-
ton Penduum Fang Bodes Strength
of Materas Strength of Fat Pates
Rato of Outsde and Insde Rad of
Thck Cynders, etc.
No. 18. Beam Formuas and Structura
Desgn. Beam Formuas Sectona Mod-
u of Structura Shapes Beam Charts
Net Areas of Structura Anges Rvet
Spacng Spces for Channes and I-
beams Stresses n Roof Trusses, etc.
No. 19. Bet, Rope and Chan Drves.
Dmensons of Pueys Weghts of Pu-
eys Horsepower of Betng Bet eoc-
ty Anguar Bet Drves Horsepower
transmtted by Ropes Sheaves for Rope
Drve Bendng Stresses n Wre Ropes
Sprockets for Lnk Chans Formuas and
Tabes for arous Casses of Drvng
Chan.
No. 20. Wrng Dagrams, Heatng and
entaton, and Msceaneous Tabes.
Typca Motor Wrng Dagrams Resst-
ance of Round Copper Wre Rubber Cov-
ered Cabes Current Denstes for ar-
ous Contacts and Materas Centrfuga
Fan and Bower Capactes Hot Water
Man Capactes Msceaneous Tabes:
Decma E uvaents, Metrc Converson
Tabes, Weghts and Specfc Gravty of
Metas, Weghts of Fets, Draftng-room
Conventons, etc.
Machnery, the monthy mechanca |ourna, orgnator of the Reference and
Data Sheet Seres, s pubshed n four edtons the Shop Edton, 1.00 a year
the Engneerng Edton, 2.00 a year the Raway Edton, 2.00 a year, and the
Foregn Edton, 3.00 a year.
The Industra Press, Pubshers of Machnery,
49-55 Lafayette Street, New York Cty, U. S. A.
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Metal Spinning Book 1

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