Pervasive computing, Ambient intelligence, Post-PC era, Cyber-physical systems. Basic technologies: Embedded Systems Communication technologies
P.Marwedel - 2-
Universitt Dortmund
throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution.
National Research Council Report (US) Embedded Everywhere
P.Marwedel Source. Ed Lee, UC Berkeley, ARTEMIS Embedded Systems Conference, Graz, 5/2006] - 3-
Universitt Dortmund
, the market for remote home health monitoring is expected to generate $225 mln revenue in 2011, up from less than $70 mln in 2006, according to Parks Associates. . [www.itfacts.biz, Sep. 4th, 2007]
According to IDC the identity and access management (IAM) market in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.1% to reach $189.3 mln by 2012 [www.itfacts.biz, July 26th, 2008]. Accessing the Internet via a mobile device up by 82% in the US, by 49% in Europe, from May 2007 to May 2008 [www.itfacts.biz, July 29th, 2008]
P.Marwedel - 4-
Universitt Dortmund
Importance of education
1.3 importance
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Universitt Dortmund
Estimated 98% of 8 Billion CPUs produced in 2000 used for embedded apps
Where Has CS Focused? Interactive Computers 200M Servers, per Year etc.
In Vehicles
Embedded
Universitt Dortmund
History of Computing
Technology discontinuities drive new computing paradigms and applications
Mainframe Mini Workstation PC Routers Cell phones, PDAs Networked Embedded Systems?
Universitt Dortmund
Real-time Dependability
Embedded Systems
Robots Control systems Feature extraction and recognition Sensors/actors A/D-converters
8-
Universitt Dortmund
Welcome to EES
Logistic
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Universitt Dortmund
Architectures
Design Tools
Algorithms
Low-cost Low-power
ctrl MSP430
proc. ARM-Cortex
Universitt Dortmund
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEMS - Architecture - Pipelining SENSORS - Definition of sensor; classification criteria - Active and passive sensors
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Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
Office hours: by appointment Im very responsive by email Please put [EES course] in mail subject line
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Universitt Dortmund
Exam
1-hour written examination. There will be two questions: a- general question b- practical question
(e.g. MCU configuration, experience in lab, )
The exam is passed if the evaluation of the written test is at least 18/30.
Final mark can be integrated with a short oral test The oral test will contribute to the total score with up to a maximum of 3 points,
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Universitt Dortmund
A set of possible project proposals will be available in the last part of the course.
If you have proposal, come and discuss possible project ideas with me! Project work completion is not mandatory. The project will be evaluated mainly for the diligence and the effort of the students Up to 15 minute power point interactive presentation (slide in English) like a conference talk with a demo Up to 12 page report in the style of a technical conference paper (Italian or English)
(e.g. IEEE style www.ieee.org/web/publications/pubservices/confpub/AuthorTools/conferenceTemplates.html )
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Universitt Dortmund
MSP-EXP430FG4618
Experimenters Board Integrated 12-bit ADC & DAC, OpAmps, DMA, Multiplier, LCD Controller Board: mic, buzzer, LCD, touch-pad, buttons, proto space, RS232, JTAG, 3.5mm audio jack Chipcon expansion: CCxxx0EMK EVM inteface Interfaces: SPI, UART, I2C, IrDA
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Universitt Dortmund
eZ430-RF2500
CC2500 Radio
Kit includes:
2 x eZ430-RF2500T target boards 1 x eZ430-RF USB emulator 1 x AAA battery pack IAR Kickstart Development Tool Wireless Sensor Monitor Demo SimpliciTI preloaded Documentation and source code
MSP430F2274 MCU
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Universitt Dortmund
Jennic
WSN, Body Sensors SDK
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Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
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Universitt Dortmund
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Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Military applications
http://www.submarine.co.mp/wallpaper/submarine_640.jpg
Authentication
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Smart buildings
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Application Examples
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Universitt Dortmund
Jakob Engblom
CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when close to empty
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P.Marwedel
Universitt Dortmund
Pedometer
Obvious computer work: Count steps Keep time Averages etc.
P.Marwedel
- 30 -
Universitt Dortmund
Mobile phones
Multiprocessor
8-bit/32-bit for UI
DSP for signals 32-bit in IR port
32-bit in Bluetooth
8-100 MB of memory All custom chips
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
- 31 -
Universitt Dortmund
64 kB of memory
Electronics to interface to motors and sensors
P.Marwedel
Jakob Engblom
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Universitt Dortmund
Massive signal processing Several processing tasks per connected mobile phone Based on DSPs Standard or custom 100s of processors
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Telecom Switch
Rack-based Control cards IO cards DSP cards ... Optical & copper connections Digital & analog signals
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
- 35 -
Universitt Dortmund
Sewing Machine
User interface Embroidery patterns Touch-screen control Smart Sets pressure of foot depending on task Raise foot when stopped New functions added by upgrading the software
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Inside your PC
Custom processors Graphics, sound 32-bit processors IR, Bluetooth Network, WLAN Harddisk RAID controllers 8-bit processors USB Keyboard, mouse
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
- 37 -
Universitt Dortmund
Forestry Machines
Networked computer system Controlling arms & tools Navigating the forest Recording the trees harvested Crucial to efficient work Tough enough to be out in the woods
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Cars
Multiple networks Functions by embedded Body, engine, telematics, processing: media, safety ABS: Anti-lock braking systems Multiple processors Up to 100 ESP: Electronic stability Networked together control Airbags Efficient automatic gearboxes Theft prevention with smart keys Blind-angle alert systems ... etc ... Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel - 39 -
Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
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Universitt Dortmund
Extremely Large
Functions requiring computers:
Radar
Weapons Damage control
Navigation
basically everything Computers: Large servers 1000s of processors
Jakob Engblom
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
An increasing number of embedded systems connect to the Internet. Resource management. Security.
Many specialized networks have been developed for embedded systems: Automotive. Device control.
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
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Universitt Dortmund
control panel
ASIC
controller
UI processes
Programmable DSP
Dual-ported RAM
Heterogeneity within H/W & S/W parts as well S/W: control oriented, DSP oriented H/W: ASICs, COTS ICs
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Universitt Dortmund
System-on-Chip (SoC)
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Universitt Dortmund
Past
Microprocessor
Now / Future
Network
Microcontroller
DSP Graphics
Processor
Processor Sensor Processor Cryptoprocessor Game Processor Wearable Processor Mobile Processor
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Universitt Dortmund
More SoCs
Universitt Dortmund
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P.Marwedel
Characteristics
Universitt Dortmund
Speed
Power
Cost
Domain-specific processors
DSP Network processors
Microcontrollers
ASIPs
Application-specific instruction-set processor
Reconfigurable SoC
FPGA Gatearray
ASIC
Application-specific integrated circuit
Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
Cost efficient
Dedicated towards a certain application Knowledge about behavior at design time can be used to minimize resources and to maximize robustness Dedicated user interface (no mouse, keyboard and screen)
P.Marwedel - 54 -
Universitt Dortmund
A real-time constraint is called hard, if not meeting that constraint could result in a catastrophe [Kopetz, 1997].
All other time-constraints are called soft. A guaranteed system response has to be explained without statistical arguments
P.Marwedel - 55 -
Universitt Dortmund
Real-Time Systems
P.Marwedel
Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
Dependability?
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Moores Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
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Universitt Dortmund
Courtesy, Intel
8085
0.001 1970
Universitt Dortmund
100
386
Courtesy, Intel
1980
1990 Year
2000
2010
Universitt Dortmund
Margarshack03
STMicroelectronics Roadmap
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P.Marwedel
Universitt Dortmund
Frequency
P6 Pentium proc
Courtesy, Intel
8085
8086 286
386
1970
Universitt Dortmund
Hard bound
Courtesy, Intel
Universitt Dortmund
Power density
1000
100
10 4004 Hot Plate P6 8008 8085 Pentium proc 386 286 486 8080 1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year 8086
Universitt Dortmund
Cell Phone
Small Signal RF Power RF
Power Management
Analog Baseband
Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU)
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Universitt Dortmund
DSM
Microscopic Problems
Ultra-high speed design Interconnect Noise, Crosstalk Reliability, Manufacturability Power Dissipation Clock distribution.
1/DSM
Macroscopic Issues
Time-to-Market Millions of Gates High-Level Abstractions Reuse & IP: Portability Predictability Verification and Theres a Lot of Them!
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Universitt Dortmund
100,000 100,000,000
1,000 1,000,000 58%/Yr. compounded Complexity growth rate 100 100,000 10 10,000 21%/Yr. compound Productivity growth rate 1 1,000 0.1 100 0.01 10
0.01 10 0.001 1
1985
1981
1983
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
ITRS Roadmap
Source: Sematech
10,000 10,000,000
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Universitt Dortmund
20000
10000
10
20 30 Number of designers
40
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
[http://www.molecularimprints.com/Technology/ tech_articles/MII_COO_NIST_2001.PDF9]
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
Billion $/Year
Hardware
1990
1992
1994
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Universitt Dortmund
... > 70% of the development cost for complex systems such as automotive electronics and communication systems are due to software development
[A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1999]
Rob van Ommering, COPA Tutorial, as cited by: Gerrit Mller: Opportunities and challenges in embedded systems,
P.Marwedel
- 73 -
Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
- 75 -
Universitt Dortmund
testing
P.Marwedel - 76 -
Universitt Dortmund
Co-design methodology
Must architect hardware and software together: provide sufficient resources; avoid software bottlenecks. Can build pieces somewhat independently, but integration is major step. Also requires bottom-up feedback.
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
P.Marwedel
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Universitt Dortmund
spec spec HW architecture SW architecture detailed design detailed design integration integration testtest
system
P.Marwedel
hardware software
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Universitt Dortmund
Codesign in time
Tasks
System design
ASIC design Fabrication Test
PCB test
Time
Copyright J. Madsen, some modifications applied
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Universitt Dortmund
Codesign in time II
Tasks
Co-Design Process
SW design
SW test
System design
Shared Design
ASIC design Fabrication Test
PCB test
Universitt Dortmund
Universitt Dortmund
Synthesis
HW: HDL
DataFlow, Structural), (Behavioral,
Schematic
Textual/Graphical representation
SW: Algorithm,
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Universitt Dortmund
System architecture
Hardware
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Universitt Dortmund
system architect
results
HW developer
evaluation (co-simulation)
SW developer
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Universitt Dortmund
lat: 40 13 lon: 32 19
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Scotch Road
Moving map obtains position from GPS, paints map from local database.
I-78
Universitt Dortmund
Performance: Map should scroll smoothly. No more than 1 sec power-up. Lock onto GPS within 15 seconds.
Cost: $500 street price = approx. $100 cost of goods sold. Physical size/weight: Should fit in hand. Power consumption: Should run for 8 hours on four AA batteries.
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Universitt Dortmund
GPS receiver
search engine
renderer
display
database
user interface
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Universitt Dortmund
display
frame buffer
memory
panel I/O
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Universitt Dortmund
position
database search
renderer
pixels
user interface
timer
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Universitt Dortmund
System integration
Must spend time architecting the system before you start coding. Some components are ready-made, some can be modified from existing designs, others must be designed from scratch. Put together the components. Many bugs appear only at this stage. Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs quickly, test as much functionality as early as possible.
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