1110-2-307
ETL 1110-2-307
20 August 1987
Engineering and Design FLOTATION STABILITY CRITERIA FOR CONCRETE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 203141000 CEECED Technical Engineer Letter No. 1110-2-307 Engineering and Design FLOTATION STABILITY CRITERIA FOR CONCRETE HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 1. Purpose. stability of This ETL provides concrete hydraulic guidance for structures.
ETL lliO-2-307
20 Au~st
1987
evaluating
flotation
HQUSACE/OCE works
elements
Gravity Sliding
Dam
Design.
for Concrete
b. ETL Structures.
Stability
4. Hydraulic structures, such as Uframe locks, Discussion. stilling basins, pumping stations, conduits, canal linings, and are subjected to buoyant forces which spillway sills and aprons, This ETL provides guidance for affect structural stability. determining if the structures are adequately stable with respect to buoyant forces. 5. Flotation defined as: Safety Factor. The flotation safety factor, SFf, is
SFf
w, + w. + s =---
(1)
Uwg
where Ws = Weight of the structure, including weights of fixed equipment and soil above the top surface of The moist or saturated unit weight the structure. should be used for soil above the groundwater table and the submerged unit weight should be used for soil below the groundwater table. = Weight of the water contained within the structure which is controlled by a uechanical valve, or pump). operator (i.e., a gate, loads. 1
Wc
S Surcharge
u=
Uplift forces acting on the The uplift forces should be with References 3a and 3b. = Weight of the gravity
Wg
of surcharge water above top surface structure which is totally controlled flow.
by
When calculating SFf, the vertical friction along the exterior faces neglected. The basic assumptions flotation safety factor are given 6. Flotation Stability should be designed to factors:
Criteria. Concrete hydraulic structures have the following minimum flotation safety
Loading Conditions Construction Normal Operation Unusual Operation Scheduled Maintenance (e.g., structure dewatered with normal tailwater or normal lower pool) Extreme Maintenance (e.g., structure dewatered with maximum tailwater or maximum lower pool)
Any relaxation of these values will be accomplished only with the approval of HQUSACE (CEECED) and should be justified by a comprehensive study of the piezometric pressure data and foundation and backfill. engineering properties of the structure, Design 7. Design Examples. flotation safety factors are FOR THE COMMANDER: examples contained for in calculating the Enclosure 2.
2 Enclosures
&
EIL lll&2-307 20 Aug 87 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND DERIVATION FLOTATION SAFETY FACTOR OF
1. Definitions SFf Ws
and
= Flotation
= Weight of the structure, including weights of fixed equipment and soil above the top surface of The moist or saturated unit weight is the structure. used for soil above the groundwater table and the submerged unit weight is used for soil below the groundwater table. = Weight of the water contained within the structure which is controlled by a mechanical operator (i.e. , a gate, valve, or pump). = Weight of the gravity of water structure flow. loads. acting of on the the base base of the structure. above the which is top surface totally controlled
UC
Wg
by
s=
Surcharge
forces
compo~ent of the
reaction.
Lateral
T = Tangential
PU, PD
component pressure
of
= Uplift
heads.
2.
Basic a. b.
and is
should
A mathematical definition of flotation safety satisfy the equation of vertical equilibrium. normal component of
the
base
d. Flotation is a state of neutral equilibrium which is independent of the submergence depth. Therefore, the flotation safety factor is also independent of the depth of submergence over the structure.
Enclosure
11
m 111G2-307 20 Aug 87 e. Water which is contained treated as an additional weight. as the interior is flooded). within (This the structure is why damaged should ships be sink
#. The flotation analysis is only uncoupled from the stability analysis if the location of the loading resultant is within the kern of the base. If the resultant is not within the kern, the uplift pressure distribution should be modified over the portion of the base which is not in compression.
3.
Derivation
of
Flotation geometry
Safety and
Figure
loading
can
ll, as:
the
vertical
equilibrium
of
the
structure
N+
W.
W.
Wg
- S = O
(l-1)
As factor,
discussed in Paragraph 2 above, a flotation safety SFf, should satisfy the following basic conditions: SFf should be independent within the of the submergence should depth. be treated
(a)
as
structure
(l1)
can
be
rewritten
to
satisfy
N +
= Ws +Wc
+ s
(l-2)
The
SFf
can
be
defined
to
satisfy
condition
(c)
as:
SFf
N + (U - Wg) = -.
(1-3)
Wg
into Eq. (l-3), we get
SFf
Ws + w= + s = --
(1-4)
U-wg
1-2
v
_______
I I I I ,, -
IMPERMEABLE DARY
I - .
,.
Figure
11
Generic
Geometry
and
Loading
Conditions
13
1110-2-307 20 Aug 87
DESIGN
EXAMPLES
1. DESIGN
EXAMPLE
1 - U-FRAME
LOCK
A.
Design this
In illustrated:
CASE
1: Normal a. b. c.
Condition ft ft
CASE
II:
Extreme a. b. c.
Maintenance
Condition ft ft
Upper pool elevation 95.0 Lower pool elevation 81.0 Lock chamber dewatered
B.
Structural
Dimensions
and
Loading
in
Figure
The structural dimensions and loading diagrams The loads are tabulated in Table 2-1. 21.
Enclosure
2-1
8.5~
EL.99. EL. 86.0 EL.81.O
. .
+
. ... .,., .. . .:. m 5 -
EL.103.O f ; ::
,. .,, ,. .. ,.. .. . .. *
O I
I I I I I
EL.85.O
EL.85.O
O O
I I
---
EL. 64.0 4
Wcl
EL.42.O
*-s; .,,.,.;..:-:..,:,::,:,: ,, ,:...\,::::.:::::: i...::i. .,. . ,. .. ..- .....,. . . - ... . . .... -,..........,. . EL. 32.0 TV..,.,..,.,,..:;, . .... ~ \;.,..-. : ~:,....~ +
UPLIFT
PRESSURE
Figure
21
Structural
Dimensions
and
Loading
Diagrams
2-2
Table
21
Summary
of
Loads
Loads - ._ _ ___ ___ _ ___ Weight of the structure, the WS1 lock on
Weight of soil above WS2 # landside, Weight of soil above riverside, WS3 # Ws =
36.2 the lock on 24.8 468.7 chamber, WC2 WC1 105.0 18.0 123.0
36.2
24.8 468.7 0 0 0
Wsl +
of of
WS2
+ W53 in lock
Weight Weight Wc
in culvert,
= Wcl
above
the
lock
on 21.1 21.1
the
lock
Wgl + wg2
pressure pressure uplift, U S at at point point a b (See (See Fig. Fig. 21) 2-1)
Surcharge
load,
* All loads are in kips/ft except as noted xx Uplift pressures are in kips/sq ft # Saturated weight (130 lbs/cu ft) is used for soil above EL. 81.0 and submerged weight (67.5 lbs/cu ft) is used for soil below EL. 81.0
2-3
c.
Flotation
Safety
Factors
The flotation safety factors can be calculated by substituting the appropriate loads from Table 2-1 into (1) in the basic letter:
Equation
CASE
I : Normal
Operating
Condition
SFf
(1)
CASE
II:
Extreme
Maintenance
Condition
sFf
Ws + Wc + s .-_____
(1)
Uwg
468.7 + O + O = __---_454.3 = 1.13 38.7 0. K.
> 1.1
2.
DESIGN
EXAMPLE
2 STILLING
BASIN
A.
Desi@n
Condition
The water profile used for the unusual operating condition with one tainter gate half open is shown in Figure 22. The upper pool elevation is at EL. 95.0 and the tailwater is at The drain effectiveness for uplift calculation is EL. 64.0. assumed to be 50%.
2-4
I
I
A. .
EL. 95.0
EL.55.O
Figure
2-2
Stilling
Basin
Water
Profile
B.
Structural
Dimensions
and
given
in
dimensions
Figure
23
Structural
Dimensions, 2-5
Stilling
Basin
The final loading condition is shown in Figure 24. It should be noted that, in this design example, the results of the stability analysis indicate that a portion of the stilling basin slab is not in compression. Full uplift force is applied for the portion of the slab that is not in compression and the final uplift distribution as shown in Fig. 24 is obtained through an iteration process. From the information given in Figs. 22, 23, and 24, it can be shown that:
Ws
WC
Wg u
= Weight of the concrete stilling basin = 212.6 kips/ft = Weight of the water contained in the basin up to EL.35.O = 44.5 kips/ft = Weight of the water above EL. 35.0 = 244.3 kips/ft = Final uplift force = 441.2 kips/ft
Figure
24
Loading
Conditions,
Stilling
Basin
c.
Flotation
Safety
The flotation safety factor can substituting the loads into Equation 2-6
letter:
1110-2-307 20 Aug 87
W.+wc+s
SFf
=--------
(1)
Uwg
212.6 + 44.5 + O = ---------- 441.2 244.3
= 1.31
> 1.3
0.
K.
3.
DESIGN A.
EXAMPLE Design
3 - PUMPING
STATION
Condition
The loading conditions for an unusual operation condition with water in sump at EL. 249.0 when pumps are shutoff are shown in Figure 2-5. The saturation line is at EL. 263.4 and moist fill is used above saturation line.
B.
Structural
Dimensions
and
Loading
in
Figure
loading
w,
= Weight of the structures = B + R + S~ + P + S.G. + V.P. where B, weight of the superstructure R, weight of the trash rack SB , weight of the substructure P, weight of the pumps, motors, and equipment S.G., weight of the switch gear V.P., weight of the vacuum pump = 333.5 + 30.1 + 2694.1 + 152.0 = 3227.9 k = Uplift = 3080.6 k = Weight of the water contained structure = O k = Surcharge loads = O k + 17.2
Ws
u
w. s
within
the
in the sump is Because of the open trash rack, the water weight of the water controlled by gravity flow, and therefore; the sump should be treated as Wg.
in
Wg =
45
37.71x
6 xO.0625 2-7
= 636.36
--D
A
1
GROUND
/3:
----
Wr
>
I r=
-N
NOTE: YpOUNDMENT Poo L ELEv. EQUAL 249 WHEN PUMPS ARE SHUTOFF.
N i
r
-
4 . .
LLINE BASE
OF
COMpu-fED
x:{ ,. ,:
: L-232
PRESSURE
SECTION
A-A
Figure
2-5
Pumping
Station
Dimensions
and
Loading
Diagrams
28
c.
Flotation
Safety
Factor
SFf
WE + w. + s =------ U-wg 3227.9+ O + O = --------- - 3080.6 - 636.36 = 1.32 > 1.3 O.K.
(1)
2-9