Table of Contents
Particulars Abstract Page No. 02 03-09 03 04 04-05 06 07 08 09 10-17 10-11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18-26 18-20 21-23 24-26 27-31 27 28 29 30 31
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction Objectives of The Study Literature Review Methodology of The Study Small Scale Industry Small Scale Industry And Its Importance Globalization And Small Scale Industry
CHAPTER TWO
SWOT Analysis Development Management And Small Industries In Bangladesh Government Offers Incentive To SSI Sector In Bangladesh Place Of SSIs In The National Economy Of Bangladesh Growth And Structural Transformation Of SSIs SSI Assistance Policies And Institutional Arrangements Global And National Changes Implications For Small Scale Industries
CHAPTER THREE
Sample small scale industry: North Khulna Poultry Feed Sample small scale industry: Shahdat Rice Mill Sample small scale industry: Bismillah Bakery
CHAPTER FOUR
Major Findings Concluding Remark Conclusion References Acronyms
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Abstract
The small scale industries play a vital role in the growth of the country. It contributes almost 40% of the gross industrial value added in the Bangladeshi economy. By less capital intensive and high labor absorption nature, SSI sector has made significant contribution to employment generation and also rural industrialization. Under the changing economic scenario, SSI has to face number of diverse problems like vast population, large scale un-employment and underemployment and scarcity of capital resources and the like. Hence, the government has been providing some special facilities through different policies and programs to overcome the problems and for the growth and development of small scale industries. The efforts of the government have resulted in the phenomenal increase in the number of units in the small scale sector. The government also introduced various schemes and incentives for the promotion of SSIs. Constant support to SSI sector by the Govt. in terms of infrastructure development, fiscal and monetary policies have helped to emerge as dynamic and vibrant sector of Bangladeshi economy. Over the past five decades, Government policies and schemes have been to protect the interests of the SSIs and facilitate its rapid development from time to time. Keyword: Small Scale Industry, Environment.
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Literature Review
On survey of entrepreneurs ranked the problems in the following order: need for credit; marketing; training; technology; information; extension and consultancy; and infra-structural support services (Karim, 1996). Based on some literature review numbers of external and internal factor of the development barriers can be identified for the SSI sector. These are: information and knowledge, political, economic, legal System, government issues, technology, natural calamity etc, which can be categorized as external factors and people, machinery, structure or materials and process as internal factors (Salman, 2000). The entrepreneur in Schumpeterian model is an innovator entrepreneurs who depends necessary social and economic overheads. These economic and social overheads are very poor in backward region, which cause the short supply of entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1954). Darzi defined an entrepreneur basically he is one who has initiative, skill for innovation and who looks for high achievement (Darzi, 2004). Butt (1998) mentioned an entrepreneur who is a front line actor in the process of industrial development with his dynamism, ability and ingenuity; he brings a change in the socio-economic order. Cooper, Woo and Dunkelberg stated, as from entrepreneurial point of view the most crucial stage is the start-up period (Cooper, Woo and Dunkelberg, 1989). McClellands hypothesis is that a society with a generally high level of achievement will produce more rapid economic development. The inner urge of the individual to something new, something unique in a particular field has been found to be an important factor. It includes entrepreneurial motivation, personal efficiency and capability. Achievement motivation and
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power motivation are equally important for entrepreneurship (McClelland and Winter, 1969). According to McClelland people could be entrepreneurs if they have high need for achievement (McClelland, 1961). Davies identified the need for achievement as the factor that instigates people to be entrepreneurial and venture into innovative and productive activities enhancing economic growth (Davies, 1991). Access to finance is the major problem for SSIs as commercially lending institutions typically ignores the financial requirements of the SSIs primarily due to their weakness in offering fixed asset as collateral (Hasan, Mazharul and Rahman, Tawfiq, 2001). Misuse of political power is responsible for imperfect market. As a result, genuine entrepreneurs are underprivileged in terms of inaccessibility to certain business (Rahman and Das, 2005). Besides Roni (2003) stated the entrepreneurship in the political arena of Bangladesh is not adequately supported. Dun and Bradstreet statistics attribute about 52 percent of all business failure to management issues and as much as 90 percent of small business failures to incompetent managers (Hasan, Mazharul and Rahman, Tawfiq 2001). A working session of National Review Forum held in Dhaka, Bangladesh organized by the Centre for policy Dialogue (CPD). According to CPD, infrastructure like high cost of electricity, water and transportation, high interest, extortion is very important for SSI sector and it is making business difficult and non-viable in competition (Source: http://www.cpdbabgladesh.org/media/press_050603). Weak information infrastructure, just like weak transport infrastructure, can reduce attractiveness of merchandise trade with particular areas (George Caspary and David OConnor 2003). Government, NGOs and International development agencies need to take proper steps to facilitate entrepreneurship (Rahman and Das, 2005). Small firms which possess more information about themselves and their environment engage in formal strategic planning and they perform better financially than their counterparts (Orpen, 1993). Still there is lack of awareness about new age and e-commerce (Salman, 2000). Roni observed the socio-cultural environment has a far-reaching effect upon the entrepreneurs. Positive result in people who are willing to assume entrepreneurial activities and the negative environment will be in the opposite (Roni, 2003). Roni also claimed that entrepreneurs can emerge from socially marginal groups, like religious culture, ethnic or migrant minority. Many authors have emphasized on social integration factors. According to Morris and Somerset, increase in the scale or range or interaction is necessary and those barriers to interaction must be broken down if entrepreneurship is to occur (Morris and Somerset, 1971). However, it is obvious that strong group ties may draw actors in to non-entrepreneurial roles (Lipret 1967, Marris and Somerset 1977). According to Esater-Brook, security essentially involves protection form uncertainties, want and social disapproval and political interference (Esater-Brook 1949, 1963). Easter Brook described the government role as being three possible types: protective, promotional or corrective (Esater Brook 1949). Rahman argued the higher prestige is attached to industrial profession as compared to other profession which has motivated farmers to adopt this profession (Rahman, 1981). With the advent of an era of liberalization and globalization, the small-scale entrepreneurs are facing an acute competition (Mittal and Batra,2004).
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Investment Limits Up toTk.5.0 lakh in fixed assets Up to Tk.5.0 lakh in fixed assets Up to Tk.7.5 lakh in Plant & Machinery Up to Tk.10 lakh in Plant & Machinery Up to Tk.20 lakh in Plant & Machinery Up to Tk.35 lakh in Plant & Machinery
up to T.60 lakh in Plant & Machinery up to Tk.80 lakh in Plant & Machinery
Additional Conditions Less than 50/100 persons with or without power No condition No condition No condition No condition No condition
No condition
up to Tk.100 lakh in Plant & Machinery up to Tk.150 lakh in Plant & Machinery
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Table (1): The definition of small scale industries changes over the years
Now-a-days Bangladeshi Small Scale Industries are mostly modern small-scale industries. Modernization has widened the list of products offered by this industry. The items manufactured in modern small-scale service and business enterprises in Bangladesh include rubber products, plastic products, chemical products, glass and ceramics, mechanical engineering items, hardware, electrical items, transport equipment, electronic components and equipments, automobile parts, bicycle parts, instruments, sports goods, stationery items and clocks and watches, etc.
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To provide additional employment opportunities. To mobilize resources of capital and skill from various parts of the country. To provide a more equitable distribution of national income. To provide a helping hand to large industries and facilitate them in their work.
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in some cases, generator of higher competitiveness on the market primarily focused on domestic demand and the local market in recent times receiving all-out support from the government and, accordingly, to create favorable conditions for the development of the SSI sector is among the priorities in the policy of the government the development partners are also focusing on mitigating hindrances to foster this sector At the same time, some of the SSI weaknesses need to be pointed out, for instance due to difficult access to financing, a great part of the SSIs are engaged with activities which are characterized by higher labor intensity than invested capital and, thus, leading to sub-optimal use of resources a substantial part of the entrepreneurs do not have sufficient marketing, financial, accounting and legal knowledge, which hinders smooth-running of their business and reduces the efficiency of the enterprises
low access level and disregard of the real needs for information and consultation
underestimating of the quality requirements and lack of knowledge on standard specifications some entrepreneurs are not well acquainted with the current effective international agreements and requirements
The importance of SSI for the national economy could also be outlined in terms of the opportunities for further strengthening and development of the sector and its impact on the economy toward: reduction of the unemployment rate increase of economic competition development of new high-technology industries reduction of regional economic discrepancies possibility to loop the production cycle and achieve higher efficiency by setting up clusters (related production) on regional or branch principle increase of the welfare of the nation The potential threats for the successful development of the SSI sector are mainly in the following directions:
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impossibility to extend an individual enterprise by modernization, expansion of activities and employment of new workers because of the adverse external (macroeconomic) environment - high taxation and insurance liability, difficult access to financing, administrative barriers etc. - and also due to the inability of the entrepreneurs to deal with its challenges insufficient managerial skills of the entrepreneurs, inability to react adequately to liberalized markets and reshaping the manufactured produce and provided services in compliance with the international standard requirements
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of industrial estates with necessary infra-structural facilities and development of linkages between SSI and large & medium sized industries in the country. Despite these various measures, the desired level of development and target set for could not be achieved as between 1962 and 2003; they increase from 16,331 to 67,867 only (BSCIC, 2003). However, it is argued that entrepreneurs are not concerned only with tax or incentive facilities. Moreover, there is need to improve the management and business skills of those involved in SSI in order to promote efficiency and success. Again, SSI is recognized as an important source of enterprise, growth and innovation. Further, it ensures quality of life as well as growth of an economy with equity. Therefore, effective and efficient management is a critical input in ensuring the development of SSI in Bangladesh. Further, development management of SSI sector denote ideas used in a new process to manage evolutionary change from the present environment into a better environment which ensure development of individual on one hand and growth of a society with equity on the other, in a country like Bangladesh. However, one of the notable successes in entrepreneurship and innovation as well as growth & development of small industry, which is the subject of this research study.
Government Bangladesh
offers
incentive
to
SSI
sector
in
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SL No. 1. 2. 3.
Heads Custom duty on imported machinery Excise duty Income tax rebate
Incentives * 10% for developed areas * 5%for undeveloped areas In SSI sector there is no excise duty * For developed areas 7 years * For undeveloped 9 years * BSCIC registered units are exempt from payment of advance income tax on import of their raw materials. * 80: 20 * Fixed capital 10% * Working capital 14%
4. 5.
Table (3): Current position of SSIs [Source: Ministry of Industry, Government of Bangladesh.]
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Any precise quantitative estimate of the importance of SSIs in Bangladesh economy is prohibited by non-availability of comprehensive statistical information about these industries at the national level. The latest BSCIC estimates suggest that there are currently 55,916 small industries excluding handlooms. Whatever the correct magnitude, the SSIs are undoubtedly quite Year No. of Units Small Cottage Small Employment Cottage Value Added (TK.) Small and Cottage Combined 17987 21154
1990 2000
24590 38294
321743 405476
322110 523472
855200 1331032
2010 (end of 55916 511621 808959 166724 29323 June) Average 6.36 2.95 7.55 4.73 3.15 Annual Growth Rate (% change) predominant in the industrial structure of Bangladesh comprising over 90% of all industrial units. This numerical predominance of the SSIs in Bangladeshs industrial sector becomes visible in all available sources of statistics on them. Together, the various categories of SSIs are reported to contribute between 80 to 85 per cent of industrial employment and 23 per cent of total civilian employment. However, serious controversies surround their relative contribution to Bangladeshs industrial output due to paucity of reliable information and different methods used to estimate the magnitude. The most commonly quoted figure by different sources (ADB, World Bank, Planning Commission and BIIDS)relating to value added contributions of the SSIs is seen to vary between 45 to 50per cent of the total manufacturing value added.
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No
% of total 61.76 10.93 6.63 5.65 5.02 3.15 3.82 0.72 0.37 1.49 100
No
% of total 49.92 10.24 6.36 5.88 8.34 8.76 3.79 1.30 2.68 2.04 100
Rice Mills Bakery Flour Mills Light Engineering Works Printing & Publishing Readymade Garments Saw Mills Soaps Plastic Products Automobile Servicing & Repairing Total Table (4): SSI sub-sectors
12242 2167 1315 1120 995 757 713 143 74 296 19822
13482 2765 1718 2252 1775 2365 1023 351 725 550 27006
In terms of number of establishment, the SSI sub-sector has exhibited notable dynamism, registering reasonably high growth rates over the decades of1990s and 2000s. This numerical expansion of the SSIs has contributed towards substantial new business creation in the industrial economy of Bangladesh. Available evidence suggests that the SSIs were responsible for giving birth to 36.24% of the new industrial enterprises during 1997 to 2008. Growth in SSI employment seems to have been even better during the period. The dismal performance in value added growth is explained by the weak and faulty data base used by the BBS to estimate the parameters. This phenomenon of gross underestimation of SSI value added resulting from weak estimation procedures used by the BBS has been confirmed by many researchers.
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CHAPTER THREE (Case Study) Sample small scale industry: North Khulna Poultry Feed
Personal information: Profullah Chandra Biswas was born in 1970.He is the 3rd of 5 children of his parents. His father was a small businessman and mother was a housewife. He was a good student in school level. But his education life terminated after HSC examination. He passed HSC in 1989. He doesnt try for any jobs. He wants to be a businessman from student life. Then he wanted to be self-dependent. Business History: He started his 1st business as grocery shops in 1990. He faced large amount of loss in the business. He closed the business within 2 years. He remained unemployed about 2 year. In 1993 he started the business of poultry farming. Before the starting the poultry farming there is no poultry farm in the village. He got expected profit from the business. He continued his business about 10 years. In 2003 he started the business on poultry feed. His beginning capital was 30 lakh. 10 lakh is the own and 20 lakh is loan. Now his capital is about TK. 1.2 corer. All time he wants to be self-dependent. Industry Information: The sample industry name is North Khulna Poultry Feed. The industry situated in the Koya Bazar beside Khulna-Shatkhira highway. The area of the industry is medium in size. It is the first poultry feed industry in the Khulna division.
PEST Analysis:
Political View: Stable political environment Maintaining the rules and regulation regarding the business No direct influence of destructive politics in the business Payment of Tax and VATs regularly
Economic View: Unique business in the area Past experience of poultry farming Cheap Labor facilities Availability of poultry farm in the area Availability of energy
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Socio-cultural View: Encourage people for poultry farming Availability of potential consumers Ensure the availability of poultry feed Offered direct service to the people
Technological View: New dimensional technology to the area Ready feed though using technology reduce time and cost to make the feed Ready feed ensure the quality demanded by poultry farmer
SWOT analysis:
Strengths: First ready poultry feed company in the Khulna Division The industry has enough capital to maintain any obstacles BSTI approved product Cheap labor facilities Availability of poultry farms
Weaknesses: No branch Small market area Low capital compare to other poultry feed company Excess use of generator increase the cost of energy Cost of raw materials are high in recent time
Opportunities: Availability of potential customers Reduce the rate of feed at optimum Training system for employees make them more efficient Availability of labor Perfect source of feed for newly established poultry farms
Threats: There are many ready feed companies available in Bangladesh Stink of the poultry feed is annoying matter for labor Disease like Bird flu, Gambaro etc. of poultry reduce its demand
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Capital: Profullah Chandra Biswas started his business in his self-fund and loan. He took loan from Agrani Bank. His starting capital was Tk.3000000. He started his business in 2003. Now 2011 his capital is TK.12000000.
Market area: Poultry farmer of Khulna, Satkhira, Bagerhat get the service from ready poultry feed. It has some fixed customer. Production System: Production system is technology based. North Khulna poultry feed uses the technology to produce quality feed. Employees: There are 45 employees working in the North Khulna poultry feed. There are 35 male and 10 female employers in the industry. Owner Profullah Chandra Biswas offered training facilities to the employees to make them more efficient. As incentives he provides occasional increment, performance reward etc. to the employees. Management system: Management system doesnt use technology to manage the organization. That means management system of North Khulna poultry feed manages the organization manually but efficiently. At present this industry has one computer and they are trying to record data on computer repository. Competitors: Aftab Poultry Feed Narish Poultry Feed Kazi Poultry Feed Quality Poultry Feed Paragon Poultry Feed etc.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Free medicine supply Arrange training program Future Plan: Expand business Establish a poultry hatchery Generate more capital
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PEST Analysis
Political View: Stable political environment No direct influence of politics in the business Maintaining the rules and regulation regarding the business Economic View: Unique business in the area Small capital of owner Cheap Labor facilities Availability of energy Industrial area close to owners house
Socio-cultural View: First rice mill in the area Paddy to rice service in their hand Reduce processing time and cost of the people Offered direct service to the people
Technological View:
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New dimensional technology to the area Rice mill helps to reduce time and human effort Rice mill also ensure the quality of rice
SWOT analysis:
Strengths: First rice mill in the area The industry has no burden of loan Standard quality of the rice Cheap labor facilities Availability of energy
Weaknesses: Limited market area Unable to accumulate large capital Excess use of generator increase the cost of energy Industry capacity is limited against huge demand
Opportunities: High demand in village area Fixed customers Low rice husking rate Training system for employees make them more efficient Availability of labor Generator service available during load shedding
Threats: There are 4 rice mills available in the area Mobile rice husking machine Sound of the rice mill is annoying matter to passerby and others Capital: Shahdat Hossain started his business in his own capital. He doesnt taking any loan from Banks, NGO or other sources. His starting capital was Tk.30000. He started his business in 1990. Now 2011 his capital is TK.1700000.
Market area:
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Market area of this rice mill is limited and competitive. Shahdat Rice Mill fulfills only local demand. It has some fixed customers. Production System: Production system is both technology and manual based. Employees: There are 12 employees working in the rice mill. 4 male and 8 female employers are working in the industry. Owner Shahdat Hossain offered training facilities to the employees to make them more efficient. As incentives he provides occasional increment, performance reward, provide rice, husk etc. without any cost to the employees. Management system: Management system doesnt practice technologically. Management system of rice mill manages the organization manually but efficiently. Competitors: Mainly 4 rice mills. The mills are Chanchal Rice Mill, Mir Rice Mill, Bakkar Rice Mill & Beauty Rice Mill. Mobile rice husking machine Corporate Social Responsibility: Free rice supply to hunger class people in various occasion/ season. Future Plan: Expand capacity Beside rice mill start wheat, turmeric, coconut, etc. processing
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PEST Analysis:
Political View: Stable political environment Maintaining the rules and regulation regarding the business No direct influence of destructive politics in the business Payment of Tax and VATs regularly
Economic View: Situated in central point of the city Availability of raw materials Cheap Labor facilities High demand of bakery and confectionery product in Khulna city Availability of energy
Socio-cultural View: Encourage people for eating bakery and confectionary product Magnificent potential consumers Ensure the availability of product like biscuit, cake, bread etc. Offer home delivery service to the people
Technological View: Establishment cost of machinery equipment is very low in here Machinery equipment helps to reduce time and cost Technology helps to attractive shape of product according to customer expectation
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SWOT analysis:
Strengths: Quality Food BSTI approved Efficient Labor Management Weaknesses: Loan Rented Factory Lack of Capital Opportunities: Demand Low Labor Cost Marginal Profit Threats: Competitors Mobile Court Capital:
The amount of initial investment of the bakery is 50-60 thousand. The current investment of the firm is 2000000. The amount of cash investment is 500000 and the amount of loan is 1500000. The loan was collected from relatives and from the banks. The amount of bank loan is 1000000 taka.
Market area: Khulna City and its adjacent area. Production System: Production system is technology based. Bismillah Bakery uses the technology to produce quality products. Employees:
At present there are 20 workers in production process and 5 in selling and distribution and 2in administration. Among them 16 are male and 4 are female. There are 4 vehicles for the distribution of the products. They have only one selling and distribution center. Md. Kabir Hossain offered training
facilities to the employees to make them more efficient. As incentives he provides occasional increment, performance reward etc. to the employees.
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Management system: Management system doesnt use technology to manage the organization. That means management system of Bismillah Bakery manages the organization manually but efficiently. Competitors: Bangladesh Bakery Barisal Bakery Hoogli Bakery Howrah Bakery etc.
Corporate Social Responsibility: There is no remarkable contribution Future Plan: To be a leading position in Bakery Market To produce more items Expand home delivery service
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Concluding Remarks
The economic arguments for SSIs should be more broad-based and include emphasize the various special merits intrinsic and specific to their smallness. A uniform set of definitions should be designed and used by all pertinent agencies (i.e. BBS, Ministry of Industries/ BSCIC, Planning Commission and NBR) with respect to classification of enterprises by size. A sufficiently large sample survey should be carried out to generate a bench mark national level database both for accurate estimation of the SSI contributions to the national economy and for formulation of comprehensive policies for the sector. Given heavy reliance of the national economy on the SSIs for generating employment and income especially for the poor in the rural areas, development of entrepreneurship, new business creation and development of intersectional linkages the SSIs should be declared as a priority sector and backed by formulation of a proactive SSI development policy. Within the SSI sector, the fast growing sub-sectors exhibiting greater dynamism and prospects for sustained future growth should be declared as thrust sector and supported by adequate incentives on a priority basis. Develop separate and specialized institutions in three areas: (a) finance, (b) technology and (c) skill development. North Khulna Poultry Feed should expand business boundary to the whole country. Shahadat Rice Mill should increase capital and production capacity as soon as possible and expand business to a variety processing industry like wheat, turmeric, coconut etc. Bismillah Bakery should use cross product sale system.
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Conclusion
Thus, to conclude SSI is an instance of a successful story in the development of Bangladesh in general and in small industries sector in particular. Again, the question that remains is what more can be done for better market management through growth with equity as well as to stimulate entrepreneurship, innovation, small enterprise development and growth of the economy of a country like Bangladesh.
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References
Available at www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/1/2.pdf www.ilo.org/public/english/iira/documents/.../smallscaleent.pdf www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/684/7/07_chapter-i.pdf www.papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682186 (Browsing Date 10th December, 2011) Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), "Changes and Challenges: A Review of Bangladesh's Development 2009" Chowdhury, P. K., Financing of Small-Scale Industries in Bangladesh (Ph.D.Thesis) Chandigarh: Punjab University, 2010, p.4. Field Survey 14th December 2011 at North Khulna Poultry Feed and Shahdat Rice Mill Dumuria, Khulna and Bismillah Bakery, Joragate, Khalishpur, Khulna. I & D Analysis, Role of Small Industry in Economic Development, vol.3, 2008. Industrial Policy 2006, Ministry of Industries, Government of Bangladesh Memorandum of the President of the International Development Assistance and the International Finance Corporation to the Executive Directors on a Country Assistance Strategy of the World Bank Group for the People's Republic of Bangladesh, March, 1998 Pickle, Hal. B and Abrahamson, Small Business Management, New York: John Wiley & Soils, 2004, p.5. Sharma, S.V.S. Small Entrepreneurial Development in some Asian Countries.- A Comparative Study, New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers, 2009, p.1.
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ACRONYMS
ADB=Asian Development Bank BASIC Bank= Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited BBS= Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BIIDS= Bangladesh Institute of International Development Studies BRAC= Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BSCIC= Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industry Corporation SSI= Small Scale Industry CPD= Centre for Policy Dialogue FDI=Foreign Direct Investment GDP= Gross Domestic Product GB= Grameen Bank NGO= Non-Government Organization
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