hepatitis B e antibody HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen HBIG hepatitis B immune globulin HBsAb hepatitis B surface antibody HBsAg hepatitis

B surface antigen HBV hepatitis B virus HCV hepatitis C virus HDV hepatitis delta virus Hct hematocrit HDL high-density lipoprotein HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn hGH human growth hormone hCG human chorionic gonadotropin H&E hematoxylin and eosin (stain)

HI hemagglutination inhibition HIAA hydroxyindole acetic acid HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLA human leukocyte antigen HPF high-power field HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography HPV human papillomavirus HSV herpes simplex virus HTLV human T-cell leukemia virus human T-cell lymphotropic virus HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome HVA homovanillic acid ICDH isocitric dehydrogenase ICU intensive care unit

IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus IEP immunoelectrophoresis IF immunofluorescence IFA indirect immunofluorescent assay Ig immunoglobulin (can be found as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) IHA indirect hemagglutination IM infectious mononucleosis, intramuscular INH isoniazid IRMA immunoradiometric assay ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IU International unit IV intravenous 17-KGS 17-ketogenic steroids KOH

potassium hydroxide 17-KS 17-ketosteroids L liter LA latex agglutination LAP leucine aminopeptidase LD lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-density lipoprotein LE lupus erythematosus LH luteinizing hormone MAO monoamine oxidase MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCV mean corpuscular volume MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia (syndrome)

mEq milliequivalent MHA-TP micro-hemagglutination test (for treponema pallidum) P.1120 L microliter mg milligram mol mole mmol millimol mm Hg millimeters of mercury MoM multiples of the median (also see the Glossary) MRI magnetic resonance imaging mRNA messenger RNA (also see the Glossary) N normal NANB non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis C) NBT nitroblue tetrazolium

NPV negative predictive value NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 5-NT 5-nucleotidase OGTT oral glucose tolerance test 17-OHKS 17-hydroxyketosteroids O&P ova and parasites PA pernicious anemia PAP prostatic acid phosphatase Pap Papanicolaou smear pCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCV packed cell volume PCR polymerase chain reaction (also see the Glossary) PDW

platelet distribution width pg picogram Ph Philadelphia chromosome PK pyruvate kinase PKU phenylketonuria PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil PNH paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria PO by mouth (Latin, per os) pO2 partial pressure of oxygen POC point of care ppm parts per million PRA plasma renin activity PSA prostate-specific antigen PSP phenolsulfonphthalein

PPV positive predictive value PT prothrombin time PTH parathyroid hormone RA refractory anemia, rheumatoid arthritis RAIU thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine RAST radioallergosorbent test RBC red blood cell RDW red cell distribution width RE reticuloendothelial RF rheumatic fever, rheumatoid factor Rh rhesus factor RIA radioimmunoassay RNA ribonucleic acid ROC

receiver-operating characteristic RSV respiratory syncytial virus rT3 reverse T3 s second (as time measurement) SBE subacute bacterial endocarditis SD standard deviation SGOT serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (see aspartate aminotransferase, AST) SGPT serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (see alanine aminotransferase, ALT) SI Systme Internationale dUnites SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion P.1121 SLE systemic lupus erythematosus S/S sensitivity/specificity STD sexually transmitted disease T3

triiodothyronine T4 thyroxine TB tuberculosis TBG thyroxine-binding globulin TDM therapeutic drug monitoring TGT thromboplastic generation time THC marijuana (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) TIBC total iron-binding capacity TLC thin-layer chromatography TMP/SMX trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole TORCH toxoplasma, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex TP total protein TPN total parenteral nutrition TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone TSI thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin TT thrombin time TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTP/HUS thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic uremic syndrome U unit UIBC unsaturated iron-binding capacity ULN upper limit of normal URI upper respiratory infection UTI urinary tract infection UV ultraviolet V variable VCA viral capsid antigen VDRL

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test for syphilis) VIP vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VLDL very-low-density lipoprotein VMA vanillylmandelic acid VZV varicella-zoster virus vWF von Willebrand factor WBC white blood cell WHO World Health Organization Z-E Zollinger-Ellison (syndrome) Glossary1 Chromosome an individual portion of DNA containing some or all genes of a cell or virus. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid: double-helix strands composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, T) with A on one strand paired with T and C paired with G on the other strand. The order of nucleotides determines genetic information. FISH fluorescent in-situ hybridization: technique for fluorescent staining of molecules (e.g., used for gene mapping and to identify chromosome abnormalities). Gene

functional unit in genome of cells and viruses that encode RNA and proteins. Genotype individuals genetic makeup indicated by their DNA sequence. Haplotype group of adjacent alleles inherited together. Heterozygous two different alleles at a specific autosomal gene locus (or X chromosome in a female). Homozygous two identical alleles at a specific autosomal gene locus (or X chromosome in a female). P.1122 MoM multiples of the median: Unit used to express marker concentrations in maternal serum that allows for variations in concentration during gestation and between laboratories (see alpha-fetoprotein). mRNA messenger RNA: template for protein synthesis. Sequence of a strand of mRNA is based on sequence of a complementary strand of DNA. Mutation permanent change in structure of DNA. Nucleic acids chains of nucleotides that form DNA and RNA. Oncogene gene with ability to convert noncancer cell to a cancer cell. Proto-oncogenes are genes able to contribute to formation of cancer due to mutations in nucleotide sequence or organization, e.g., retroviral oncogenes are derived from proto-oncogenes. PCR polymerase chain reaction: quick way to make unlimited number of copies of any piece of DNA. Phenotype clinical expression of specific genes and/or environmental factors, e.g., hair color,

presence of a disease. Retrovirus class of viruses, including HIV and RNA tumor viruses, that replicate by copying RNA genome into DNA form by reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase enzyme that copies RNA into DNA carried by retroviruses. RNA ribonucleic acid: delivers DNA messages to cytoplasm of cell where proteins are made. Similar to a single strand of DNA but uracil (U) is substituted for (T) in genetic code. Order of nucleotides is usually determined by a corresponding sequence in DNA. Southern blot named for Dr. Southern. Procedure used to identify and locate DNA sequences that are complementary to another piece of DNA (called a probe). Tyrosine kinase enzymes that add phosphate to tyrosine in proteins (many encoded by proto-oncogenes). Some (e.g., ABLand EGF receptor tyrosine-kinases) are inhibited by anticancer drugs (e.g., Gleevec). WB western blot: procedure used to identify and locate proteins using specific antibodies that bind to these proteins. Symbols > < to to greater than equal to or greater than less than equal to or less than; up to times, e.g., 4 increase = fourfold increase plus or minus Approximately increased to markedly increased decreased to markedly decreased

Footnote Gutmacher AE, Collins FS. Genomic medicinea primer. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1512.
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